Rehabilitación de trauma facial ocasionado por fuegos artificiales utilizando triamcinolona / Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation using triamcinolone on patient suffered by facial firework injury

Introduction: Facial injuries are a common occurrence at the emergency room. Treatment for this type of trauma is complex in terms of re-establishing good oral and facial function, plus aesthetics. Objective: This paper aims to report a clinical case of aesthetic and functional rehabilitation using triamcinolone in a patient affected on the face by a fireworks explosion. Case report: A 26-year-old man was admitted to the oral and maxillofacial surgery service of the Sergipe Urgency Hospital presenting trauma after the explosion of a "Firework rocket" in his face. The patient had extensive soft tissue injury in gingival mucosa, right labial commissure, and tongue. There was also inferior incisive avulsion and dentoalveolar fracture. His clinical and tomographic evaluation presented comminuted mandibular fracture. After eighteen days he was discharged and sent to the dentistry service of the Federal University of Sergipe for aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of his facial damages. Two months later, the patient attended a University dental service to begin aesthetic and postoperative functional rehabilitation. First, the necrotic bone was removed, following intralesional infiltration of hexacetonide triamcinolone 20mg/mL into the scar of the labial region and the commissure of the lips was performed. Each application was performed after twenty days of interval. Later, lingual frenectomy and glossosplasty were done for improving his lingual mobility and then hexacetonide triamcinolone 20mg/mL infiltrations were also done in the tongue base in the following sessions. Conclusions: After five infiltrations, it was observed an improvement in the scar appearance and texture, which also had a lower contracture, as well as a lingual motricity improvement(AU)

Introducción: Las lesiones faciales son frecuentes en el servicio de emergencia. El tratamiento para este tipo de trauma es complejo en términos de restablecer una buena función bucal y facial, además de la estética. Objetivo: Reportar un caso clínico de rehabilitación estética y funcional a través del uso de hexacetónido de triamcinolona en un paciente afectado por una explosión de fuegos artificiales en su rostro. Caso clínico: Hombre de 26 años ingresado en el servicio de cirugía oral y maxilofacial del Hospital de Urgencia de Sergipe por presentar un traumatismo después de la explosión contra su rostro de un cohete de fuegos artificiales. El paciente tenía una lesión extensa de partes blandas en la mucosa gingival, comisura labial derecha y lengua. También hubo avulsión incisiva inferior y fractura dentoalveolar. A través de la evaluación clínica y de tomografía, fue posible observar fragmentación múltiple ósea en el sitio de la fractura, compatible con fractura mandibular conminuta. Después de dieciocho días fue dado de alta y enviado al servicio de odontología de la Universidad Federal de Sergipe para la rehabilitación estética y funcional de sus daños faciales. Dos meses después, el paciente asistió al servicio dental de la universidad para comenzar la rehabilitación funcional estética y posoperatoria. Primero, se retiró el hueso necrótico, luego se realizó la infiltración intralesional de hexacetónido de triamcinolona 20 mg/mL en la cicatriz de la región labial y se realizó la comisura de los labios; con un intervalo de 20 días entre cada aplicación. Posteriormente, se realizaron frenectomía lingual y glososplastia, para mejorar su movilidad lingual, y luego se realizaron infiltraciones de 20 mg/mL de hexacetónido de triamcinolona en la base de la lengua en las sesiones siguientes. Comentarios principales: Después de cinco infiltraciones se observó una mejora en el aspecto y la textura de la cicatriz, que también tenía una contractura más baja, así como una mejora de la motricidad lingual(AU)

Stability as a key factor for bone repair in nonunion of mandibular osteotomy / Estabilidad como factor clave en la reparación de la nonunión de la osteotomía mandibular

Stability is necessary to ensuring proper bone repair after osteotomies and fractures. The aim of this research was to analyze how the repair of pseudoarthrosis sites was affected by different conditions in related to soft tissue. An experimental study was designed with 18 New Zealand rabbits. Six study groups were formed. An osteotomy was performed on the mandibular body of each animal and muscle was installed at the osteotomy site to model pseudoarthrosis. Fixation by surgery was then carried out, using plates and screws. The animals were submitted to euthanasia after 21, 42 and 63 days to make a descriptive comparison of the histological results. No animal was lost during the experiment. In all the samples, bone formation was observed with different degrees of progress. Defects treated with or without removal of the tissue involved in pseudoarthrosis presented comparable bone repair, showing that stability of the bone segments allows the repair of adjacent tissue. In some samples cartilaginous tissue was associated with greater bone formation. Stabilization of the fracture is the key in bone repair; repair occurs whether or not the pseudoarthrosis tissue is removed.

La estabilidad de las osteotomías y de las fracturas son fundamentales para asegurar la adecuada reparación ósea; el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la reparación presente en sitios de pseudoartrosis realizando la limpieza de la zona previo a la fijación o manteniendo el tejido de la nounión en el mismo lugar durante la osteosíntesis. Se diseñó un estudio experimental incluyendo 18 conejos de raza Neozelandesa. Se formaron 6 grupos de estudios a quienes se relizó una osteotomía en el cuerpo mandibular y posterior instalación de músculo en el lugar de la osteotomía para fabricar un modelo de pseudoartrosis. En cirugía posterior se fijó con placa y tornillos. Se realizaron eutanasias a los 42 y 63 días para comparar los resultados de forma descriptiva mediante estudio histológico. No fue perdido ningún animal durante el experimento. En todas las muestras evaluadas se observó formación ósea en diferentes niveles de avance; defectos tratados con o sin el retiro del tejido involucrado en la pseudoartrosis presentaron una condición de reparación ósea comparables, determinando que la estabilidad de los segmentos óseos permite la reparación del tejido adyacente. El tejido cartilaginoso se presentó en algunas muestras asociadas a sectores con mayor presencia de formación ósea. La estabilización de la fractura es clave en la reparación ósea; la reparación se produce manteniendo o retirando el tejido presente en la pseudoartrosis.

Tratamiento Ortopédico de las Fracturas de Cóndilo Mandibular A Propósito de Tres Casos / Orthopedic Treatment for Mandibular Condyle Fracture: A Three Case Series

RESUMEN: Las fracturas de cóndilo mandibular son frecuentes en el trauma maxilofacial. Pueden tratarse ortopédicamente o en forma quirúrgica, dependiendo principalmente de las características morfológicas y funcionales del caso, y también de la experiencia del cirujano y los recursos disponibles. En los últimos años se ha establecido una corriente proclive al tratamiento quirúrgico, basada en la rápida recuperación del enfermo y la disminución de las secuelas funcionales y estéticas. Sin embargo, el tratamiento ortopédico bien indicado y ejecutado, puede ser una buena alternativa de tratamiento y que debe ser considerada dentro de las propuestas terapéuticas. El Objetivo de este estudio, es presentar una serie de tres casos de pacientes afectados por fracturas de cóndilo mandibular, tratados en forma ortopédica, en el Hospital El Carmen Dr. Luis Valentín Ferrada, Santiago - Chile. Además, se presentará una revisión de las dos tendencias de tratamiento con énfasis en las indicaciones y protocolo adecuado de tratamiento ortopédico.

ABSTRACT: The Mandible condyle fracture, are common in maxillofacial trauma. They can be treated orthopedically or surgically, depending on the characteristics of the case, the available means and the experience of the surgeon. In recent years, a trend has been established that is prone to surgical treatment, based on the patient's rapid recovery and the reduction of aesthetic and functional sequelae. However, orthopedic treatment can be an excellent treatment alternative. This is why today the treatment of mandibular condyle fractures has become a controversy in the specialty. The objective of this report is to present a series of three cases of patients with mandibular condylar fractures, treated orthopedically, at the Carmen Clinical Hospital, Santiago - Chile. In addition with a brief review of the two treatment trends will be presented with emphasis on the indications and appropriate protocol of orthopedic treatment.

Fratura condilar em criança de 4 meses: relato de caso / Condylar fracture in a 4-month-old-child: case report and literature review

Objetivo: apresentar um relato de caso clínico de uma criança de 4 meses de idade que sofreu uma fratura do côndilo após queda e foi submetida a tratamento conservador, discutindo aspectos que determinaram a opção por esta conduta. Relato de caso: paciente apresentava, no exame clínico, discreto edema na região do mento e não apresentava limitação da abertura bucal. Devido a estes achados clínicos e à idade do paciente, mesmo com imagem tomográfica evidenciando a fratura condilar, optou-se pela realização de tratamento conservador e acompanhamento clínico do paciente. Considerações finais: a decisão da conduta terapêutica deve ser baseada em exames físicos, clínicos e imaginológicos do paciente. Em pacientes muito jovens, como o relatado neste caso, é preciso ter cautela com a indicação dos procedimentos a serem realizados, pois é um paciente que está em intenso desenvolvimento e crescimento. O acompanhamento em longo prazo da manutenção de movimentação fisiológica da articulação temporomandibular do paciente também é fundamental para que se tenha sucesso no tratamento escolhido, evitando-se patologias como a anquilose ou outras alterações que dificultem uma abordagem mais conservadora ou minimamente invasiva. (AU)

Objective: the present study report a clinical case of a 4-month-old child who suffered a condyle fracture after falling and submitted to a conservative treatment, discussing issues that determined the option for this management. Case report: patient presented, on clinical examination, mild edema in the ment region and did not presented limitation of the oral opening. Due to these clinical findings and the patient's age, even with a tomographic image evidencing the condylar fracture, we chose to perform conservative treatment and clinical follow-up of the patient. Final considerations: the therapeutic management decision should be based in patient's physical, clinical and imaging examinations. In very young patients, as reported here, care should be taken to indicate the procedures to be performed, as it is a patient who is in intense development and growth. Long-term follow-up of the maintenance of the physiological movement of TMJ is also fundamental for the success of the treatment, avoiding pathologies such as ankylosis or other changes that hinder a more conservative or minimally invasive approach. (AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico o conservador para fracturas de cóndilo mandibular / Surgical or conservative treatment for mandibular condyle fractures

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas maxilofaciales se asocian a importante morbilidad, pérdida de función y secuelas estéticas, entre otros. Dentro de las fracturas mandibulares, las fracturas de cóndilo mandibular son las más frecuentes. Estas pueden ser tratadas mediante un tratamiento quirúrgico (reducción abierta más estabilización con miniplacas de titanio) o un tratamiento conservador (ortopédico). MÉTODOS: Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos ocho revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyen 66 estudios primarios, de los cuales, seis corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que, en comparación con el tratamiento conservador, el tratamiento quirúrgico en fracturas de cóndilo mandibular probablemente se asocia a menor dolor articular, menor maloclusión y menor desviación lateral en apertura bucal.

INTRODUCTION: Maxillofacial fractures are associated with significant morbidity, loss of function and aesthetic sequelae, among others. Within mandibular fractures, mandibular condylar fractures are the most frequent. These can be treated by surgical treatment or conservative treatment (orthopedic). METHODS: We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified eight systematic reviews including 66 primary studies overall, of which six were randomized trials. We concluded surgical treatment of mandibular condyle fractures, compared to conservative treatment, is probably associated with less joint pain, less malocclusion and less lateral deviation in buccal opening.

Fractura condílea / Condylar fracture

Introducción: el cóndilo representa un punto estructural débil en el esqueleto mandibular. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas condíleas. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en agosto de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (17 revistas), 2 libros y 1 CD. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con los descriptores: condilar fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 111 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 34. Análisis e integración de la información: las consideraciones anatómicas de la región condílea son un punto de partida en este tema. El diagnóstico se basa en el interrogatorio, examen físico y medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. La clasificación precisa permite escoger la modalidad terapéutica a emplear y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite precisar que hay razones anatómicas para la alta incidencia de las fracturas del proceso condilar mandibular. El primer objetivo del interrogatorio es obtener una historia exacta del paciente. El examen físico regional debe ser exhaustivo. La radiografía panorámica es una buena opción en el diagnóstico. El primer paso en el desarrollo de un plan de tratamiento es establecer qué tipo de lesión se ha sufrido para proporcionar una solución adecuada usando técnicas abiertas y cerradas, y evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: the condyle represents a weak structural point in the mandibular skeleton. Objective: to perform a bibliographic review on anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of condylar fractures. Methods: abibliographic review was carried out in August 2016. Journals of impact in the Web of Sciences (17 journals), 2 books and 1 CD were evaluated. The databases MedLine, PubMed and ScieELO were consulted with the descriptors: condylar fracture, treatment, and epidemiology. Articles in English were included, preferably from the last 5 years. 111 articles were obtained. The study was circumscribed to 34. Analysis and integration of information: the anatomical considerations of the condylar region are a starting point in this topic. The diagnosis is based on the interrogation, physical examination and diagnostic aids. Accurate classification allows choosing the therapeutic modality to be used and avoiding complications. Conclusions: the review of the literature makes it possible to specify that there are anatomical reasons for the high incidence of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. The first objective of the interrogation is to obtain an accurate history of the patient. The regional physical examination must be comprehensive. The panoramic radiograph is a good option for the diagnosis. The first step in the development of a treatment plan is to establish what type of injury has been suffered, in order to provide an adequate solution using open and closed techniques and avoid later complications(AU)

Aspectos generales del trauma maxilofacial / Overall aspects of maxillofacial trauma

Introducción: en el trauma encontramos al huésped (paciente) y a un vector de transmisión (vehículo de motor, arma de fuego, etc.). Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre aspectos generales del trauma maxilofacial, incluyendo conceptos generales, características de la región y del trauma maxilofacial, epidemiología y registro estadístico del trauma. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de noviembre a diciembre de 2014. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (40 revistas), 1 cubana y 3 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PubMed y ScieELO con los descriptores: trauma, maxilofacial trauma, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 132 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 55. Análisis e integración de la información: conceptos como el de trauma, y el abordaje de las características de la región y su traumatología, son punto de partida en este tema. Se observa una tendencia al cambio en los patrones epidemiológicos. La implementación de un registro estadístico de trauma es esencial en un sistema de atención a estos pacientes. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite revisar conceptos como el de trauma, que se define como la experiencia de un individuo de un evento o condición perdurable que es una amenaza real o percibida para su vida e integridad personal, o la de un cuidador o familiar. Las principales causas de este tipo de fractura mundialmente son los accidentes de tráfico, agresiones, caídas y lesiones relacionadas con el deporte. Las lesiones maxilofaciales varían de simples a complejas y pueden comprometer piel, tejidos blandos, así como huesos. Las fracturas faciales a menudo implican morbilidad grave y consecuencias ocasionalmente mortales. La implementación de un registro estadístico de trauma conlleva controlar y mejorar la calidad de los programas de atención traumatológica(AU)

Introduction: in trauma there is a host (patient) and a vector of transmission (motor vehicle, gun, etc.). Objective: to conduct a literature review on general aspects of maxillofacial trauma, including general concepts, characteristics of the region and maxillofacial trauma, epidemiology and statistical registration of trauma. Methods: a literature review was conducted in the period from November-December 2014 on Web of Sciences' impact journals (40 journals) and 1 Cuban. Three books were evaluated. Databases of MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO with the use of descriptors: "trauma", "maxillofacial trauma", "epidemiology" were consulted. Articles in English and Spanish language, preferably publications in the last five years were included. 132 articles were obtained. The study was limited to 55. Data analysis and integration: concepts such as that of trauma, as well as addressing the characteristics of the region and its traumatology, are a starting point to this topic. We observed a tendency towards changing epidemiologic patterns. The implementation of a trauma statistic record is key to a system for the management of these patients. Conclusions: review of the literature allows reviewing concepts such as trauma, defined as an individual's experience of an event or condition that is enduring a real or perceived threat to their lives and safety, or that of a caretaker or familiar. The main causes of these fractures are world traffic accidents, assaults, falls and sports-related injuries. Maxillofacial injuries range from simple to complex and can involve skin, soft tissues and bones. Facial fractures often involve serious morbidity and occasionally fatal. The implementation of a statistical register of trauma involves controlling and improving the quality of trauma care programs(AU)

Osteomielitis causante de fractura patológica: reporte de un caso / Pathological fracture resulting from osteomyelitis: report of a case

Las fracturas patológicas mandibulares son poco comunes, representanel 1 a 2% de todas las fracturas. Pueden ser defi nidas como fracturasque ocurren en regiones donde el hueso ha sido debilitado bajo un procesopatológico. Los factores de causa más comunes incluyen procesosquirúrgicos tales como extracciones de terceros molares, colocación deimplantes, osteonecrosis relacionada con bifosfonatos, osteorradionecrosisde la mandíbula, osteomielitis, infecciones, tumores o lesionesquísticas. La osteomielitis es una condición infl amatoria del hueso; estapatología es uno de los factores que puede determinar el debilitamientodel hueso mandibular y causar una subsecuente fractura patológica. Laosteomielitis mandibular se puede desarrollar si una infección primaria noes manejada adecuadamente. El tratamiento de las fracturas patológicaspuede representar un reto para el profesional de la salud y difi ere segúnla etiología de la misma. Se presenta un caso de una paciente de 54 añosde edad, con una fractura mandibular patológica causada por osteomielitis,la cual fue tratada con antibioticoterapia e intervención quirúrgica.

Pathological mandibular fractures are rare, accounting for between1 and 2% of all fractures. They can be defi ned as fractures thatoccur in regions where the bone has become weakened as a result of a pathological process. Common causal factors include surgicalprocedures such as third molar removal, implant placement, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis, osteoradionecrosis of the jaw,osteomyelitis, infections, tumors, and cystic lesions. Osteomyelitisis an infl ammatory condition of the bone; this pathology is one ofthe factors that may prompt weakening of the mandibular boneand cause subsequent pathological fracture. Osteomyelitis of themandible may develop if a primary infection is not properly treated.Treatment of pathological mandibular fractures can be challengingand varies according to their etiology. This article looks at the caseof a 54-year-old woman with a pathological mandibular fracture caused by osteomyelitis, which was treated by means of antibioticotherapy and surgical intervention.

Tratamiento de las fracturas en mandíbulas atróficas: nuestra experiencia con la reducción abierta y fijación interna según el principio de carga soportada / Treatment of atrophic mandible fractures: our experience with open reduction and internal fixation according to the load-bearing principle

Objetivo: presentar los resultados terapéuticos obtenidos por medio de la reducción abierta y fijación interna, aplicando el principio de carga soportada, en el tratamiento de fracturas de mandíbulas atróficas. Casos clínicos: se llevaron a cabo tratamientos en 21 pacientes, con un total de 30 fracturas de mandíbula atrófica, sobre 410 pacientes ingresados por fracturas mandibulares, en un hospital municipal de tercer nivel y en la práctica privada, durante el período 1991-2014. Conclusión: la reducción abierta y fijación interna según el principio de carga soportada, es una terapéutica predecible y segura para el tratamiento de las fracturas en mandíbulas atróficas. La mayoría de las publicaciones recientes comparten resultados similares y lo consideran el procedimiento terapéutico de elección...

Revisão de 150 casos de fratura de mandíbula entre os anos de 2010 e 2013 no Hospital Universitário Cajuru - Curitiba, PR / Review of 150 cases of mandible fracture between 2010 and 2013 at the Cajuru University Hospital, Curitiba, PR

Introdução: As fraturas mandibulares correspondem ao segundo tipo de lesões faciais mais frequentes na maioria dos estudos. Contudo, os dados epidemiológicos desta fratura podem variar conforme o país, o mecanismo de trauma e a época em que foram avaliadas, uma vez que são influenciadas por fatores culturais, tecnológicos, ambientais e socioeconômicos. Consistem em importante fator de custo e morbidade. Delinear o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de fratura de mandíbula tratados no Hospital Universitário Cajuru no período entre 2010 e 2013. Método: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, observacional e descritivo de 236 pacientes internados no Hospital Universitário Cajuru, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2013, diagnosticados com fratura de mandíbula. Foram incluídos no trabalho apenas os pacientes que apresentavam os prontuários contendo informações completas, totalizando 150 pacientes. Resultados: Dos 150 prontuários analisados, encontrou-se prevalência das fraturas de mandíbula no sexo masculino, média de idade de 29,9 anos. Em relação ao mecanismo de trauma, as mais comuns foram a agressão interpessoal (36,7%), acidentes automobilísticos (36,7%), ferida por arma de fogo (16%). Com relação ao tratamento, o uso de placa e parafuso foi a forma mais realizada (111 pacientes). Conclusões: As fraturas de mandíbula são causadas principalmente por agressão interpessoal, são mais incidentes em homens e jovens. As fraturas múltiplas estão presentes em quase metade dos pacientes. Nas fraturas únicas, a região do côndilo e parassínfise foram, ambas, as mais acometidas. O tratamento cruento foi o mais empregado, sendo a reconstrução com placa de titânio a forma mais comum.

Introduction: Mandible fractures are the second most frequent type of facial injury according to most studies. However, the epidemiological data on mandible fractures may vary between countries, or according to the trauma mechanism and the period of injury evaluation, owing to the influence of cultural, technological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This type of trauma comprises an important cost and morbidity factor. The aim of this study was to outline the epidemiological profile of mandible fractures treated at the Cajuru University Hospital from 2010 to 2013. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was performed with 236 patients hospitalized in the Cajuru University Hospital, from January 2010 to July 2013, in whom mandible fracture was diagnosed. Only patients with complete records were included in the study, resulting in a total of 150 patients. Results: From the 150 records analyzed, it was found that mandible fractures were more prevalent in males, and the average age of patients was 29.9 years. Concerning the trauma-causing mechanisms, the most common were interpersonal violence (36.7%), traffic accidents (36.7%), and wounds caused by firearms (16%). Plate and screw fixation was the most frequently used treatment (111 patients). Conclusions: Mandible fractures were mainly caused by interpersonal violence, and were more frequent in young males. Multiple fractures were present in almost half of the patients. In single fractures, the condyle and parasymphysis regions were the most affected. Open treatment was most commonly performed, with reconstruction with a titanium plate being the most common approach.

Uma nova técnica de fixação de fratura condilar / A new condylar fracture fixation technique

Fraturas de côndilo são comuns, e a melhor maneira de tratá-las tem sido extensivamente discutida na literatura. Há basicamente dois métodos distintos para tratar fraturas de côndilo, o método funcional e o método cirúrgico. No presente estudo, o paciente foi submetido à anestesia geral para realizar o método de redução aberta com fixação interna. Após ser realizada uma abordagem submandibular para acessar a região da fratura, uma perfuração, usando broca, foi realizada na base do segmento condilar e um parafuso longo (11 mm) foi inserido, deixando uma parte (6 mm) extra-ósseo. Um sulco foi feito na parte lateral do ramo mandibular para alocação da parte extra-óssea do parafuso. Após redução e estabilização do segmento condilar, uma miniplaca de 2.0 mm foi instalada por cima do parafuso deixando a cabeça do parafuso mais inferiormente para maximizar a retenção. O paciente teve uma recuperação pós-operatória rápida, e função a função mastigatória foi reestabelecida...

Mandibular condyle fractures are common and the best approach to treating them has been extensively discussed in the literature. There are basically two different approaches to treatment of condyle fractures: the functional method and the surgical method. In the case described here, the patient underwent general anesthesia for open reduction and internal fixation. After a submandibular approach to access the fracture site, a bur was used to make a perforation in the base of the condylar segment and a long screw (11 mm) was inserted in place leaving a portion protruding from the bone (6 mm). A groove was made in the lateral part of the mandibular ramus to accommodate the extra osseous portion of the screw. After reduction and stabilization of the condylar segment, a 2.0 mm miniplate was installed over the screw leaving the screw head in an inferior position to maximize retention. The patient enjoyed a rapid postoperative recovery and early jaw function was restored in a short period of time...

Sistema miofuncional orofacial e trauma de face: revisão crítica da literatura / Changes in the orofacial myofunctional system after treatment for facial trauma: a critical review of the literature

Introdução: Esta revisão qualitativa da literatura levantou publicações científicas internacionais sobre a funcionalidade do sistema miofuncional orofacial nos traumas faciais, por meio da base de dados PubMed. Método: O levantamento realizado limitou-se a seres humanos, de qualquer faixa etária, no idioma inglês, entre os anos de 2005 e 2011. As publicações sem acesso completo, repetidas por sobreposição das palavras chave, estudos de caso, revisões de literatura, cartas ao editor e as não relacionadas diretamente ao tema foram excluídas. Resultados: Foram identificados 831 estudos, sendo 14 dentro dos critérios estabelecidos. Notou-se que a avaliação mais frequente foi a da função mandibular e depois análise de tratamentos; ocorreu mais fratura no côndilo que ângulo mandibular; utilizou-se mais tratamento cirúrgico juntamente com o conservador, seguido pelo somente cirúrgico e finalmente somente conservador; a maior incidência de traumas faciais foi em adultos do sexo masculino; poucas pesquisas foram realizadas com crianças e grupo-controle; utilizaram-se mais avaliações da função mandibular e clínicas, na maioria pré e pós-cirurgia; a força de mordida e a área oclusal apresentaram melhora póstratamento, no entanto a assimetria mandibular permaneceu; os valores de abertura máxima da boca atingiram a normalidade, porém inferiores ao grupo-controle; houve persistência de alterações na mobilidade mandibular e dor, mesmo após o tratamento; e a terapia miofuncional melhorou o quadro de alterações. Conclusão: É necessário mais publicações sobre o tratamento fonoaudiológico baseado na abordagem miofuncional orofacial nos traumas faciais.

Introduction: This qualitative literature review aims to highlight international scientific publications selected from the PubMed database that describe the changes in the function of the orofacial myofunctional system after facial trauma and the associated treatment outcomes. Methods: Studies published in English between 2005 and 2011 and including individuals of all age groups were included in this review. Publications that were not open access, studies appearing more than once because of overlapping keywords, case studies, literature reviews, letters to the editor, and studies that were not directly related to the subject were excluded. Results: A total of 831 studies were identified, 14 of which fulfilled the established criteria. Assessment of jaw function was the most frequent evaluation performed in the included studies, followed by the analysis of treatments. The incidence of condylar fractures was higher than that of mandibular angle fractures. The majority of cases were managed by surgery combined with conservative treatment, followed by surgery alone and conservative treatment alone. Adult men exhibited a higher incidence of facial trauma. Few studies included children or control groups. Further assessment of jaw and clinical functions before and after surgery revealed the following findings. The bite force and occlusal contact area improved after treatment, whereas mandibular asymmetry persisted even after surgery. The maximum mouth opening returned to normal after treatment, although the range of mouth opening was lower in patients with facial trauma than in controls. Persistent mobility in the mandibular teeth and pain were observed even after treatment. Myofunctional therapy resulted in an overall improvement in jaw function. Conclusions: Although the number of studies on facial trauma is increasing, few studies address the use and benefits of orofacial myofunctional therapy in this field. Further studies on orofacial myofunctional therapy combined with surgery and/ or conservative treatment for facial trauma are necessary.

Tratamento de fratura bilateral da cabeça da mandíbula com o uso de aparelho protrator mandibular: relato de caso / Treatment of bilateral fracture of the condyle using a mandibular protraction appliance: a case report

Introdução: as fraturas de côndilo mandibular são extremamente comuns, e seus tratamentos são bastante controversos. Durante o tratamento ortodôntico, podem surgir alguns imprevistos, e é importante que o cirurgião-dentista esteja atento a sinais clínicos e aos relatos do paciente. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente portadora de aparelho ortodôntico, em que, em um de seus retornos mensais ao consultório, observou-se desvio de linha média, diminuição da dimensão vertical de oclusão (DVO), dificuldade nos movimentos de lateralidade e abertura bucal, sem sintomatologia dolorosa. Métodos: imediatamente, foi solicitada radiografia panorâmica, e, assim que constatada fratura bicondilar, foi instalado um dispositivo interoclusal associado a elástico Classe II do lado direito e Classe III do lado esquerdo,para estabilização da mandíbula na linha média. Foram solicitadas tomografias da região condilar para verificar a extensão da fratura. Considerando a idade da paciente (10 anos) e o fato do diagnóstico ter sido realizado tardiamente, descartou-se a opção do tratamento cirúrgico. Optou-se por um tratamento conservador, com o uso de dispositivo interoclusal (placa de acrílico posterior para levantamento de mordida) associado a elásticos e a aparelho protrator de mandíbula (APM). Resultados: após 10 meses, os fragmentos condilares resultantes da fratura foram reabsorvidos e a cabeça da mandíbula sofreu remodelação. Conclusão: ao se optar pelo tratamento conservador, obteve-se sucesso, o que nos leva a crer que, em casos semelhantes, o tratamento conservador deve ser priorizado

Avaliação da prevalência do tratamento das fraturas de côndilo mandibular / Evaluation of prevalence in the treatment of mandible condyle fractures

OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo do tratamento das fraturas do côndilo mandibular e discutir a terapêutica conservadora versus a cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 892 prontuários de traumatismo bucofacial, e selecionados aqueles em que haviam: relatos de fraturas condilares isoladas ou associadas a outros ossos da face, dados relativos à identificação, a história médico-odontológica, e o tratamento para a fratura de côndilo. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e comparados a~ terapêuticas conservadora e cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: As fraturas de côndilo perfizeram um total de 124 casos. O sexo masculino representou 72,0% da amostra, e a faixa etária mais acometida foi aquela dos 21 a 30 anos. O tratamento conservador foi empregado em 61,0% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico foi utilizado em pacientes acima de dez anos de idade, vítimas de acidentes de trânsito e quedas, predominantemente, seguido de agressões, armas de fogo e acidente esportivo.

OBJECTIVE: To study the treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle and discuss conservative versus surgical therapy. METHODS: We examined the medical records of 892 bucofacial traumas, from which we selected only those who had: reports of condylar fractures, isolated or associated with other facial bones, identification data, dental care history and treatment applied for the condylar fracture. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the conservative and surgical therapies were compared. RESULTS: Condyle fractures were present in 124 cases. Males represented 72.0% of the sample, the age group most affected being the one between 21 and 30 years. Conservative treatment was used in 61.0% of patients. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment was predominantly used in patients over ten years old, victims of traffic accidents and falls, followed by assaults, firearms and sporting accidents.

Analysis of two different surgical approaches for fractures of the mandibular condyle.

Background: Fractures of the condyle account for one third of all the mandibular fractures. Different surgical approaches to the condyle described hitherto testify to the advantages and disadvantages of the different surgical techniques used for approaching the condyle in such cases of fractures. We have described and compared two of such surgical techniques in this study. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the outcome of dealing with condylar fractures by two different surgical techniques: the mini retromandibular approach, and the preauricular approach. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 31 patients who had suffered with mandibular condylar fractures was carried out. Of these, 26 patients had unilateral condylar fractures, and 5 patients had a bilateral fracture. Further, 19 of these patients were treated by the mini retromandibular approach and 12 by the preauricular approach. The treated patients were followed up and evaluated for a minimum period of 1 year and assessed for parameters such as the maximum mouth opening, lateral movement on the fractured side, mandibular movements such as protrusion, dental occlusion, scar formation, facial nerve weakness, salivary fistula formation and time taken for the completion of the surgical procedure. Statistical Analysis: t- test was used for statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study. Results: Dental occlusion was restored in all the cases, and good anatomical reduction was achieved. The mean operating time was higher 63.53 (mean) ± 18.12 minutes standard deviation (SD) in the preauricular approach compared to 45.22 (mean) ± 18.86 minutes SD in the mini retromandibular approach. Scar formation was satisfactory in almost all the cases.

Fractura subcondílea: presentación de un caso / Subcondylar fracture: a case presentation

Las fracturas faciales han sido y serán un reto para los cirujanos bucomaxilofaciales, partiendo de que la rehabilitación de estas fracturas conlleva la función y la estética. Las fracturas mandibulares ocupan el tercer lugar en frecuencia de las mismas y las subcondíleas el 18 por ciento de estas. Se presenta el caso de una mujer blanca de 39 años que acude a consulta de Máxilo Facial por dolor e imposibilidad de cerrar la boca debido a una caída. Se realizan exámenes complementarios que demuestran fractura subcondílea derecha desplazada. Se decide tratamiento conservador con calzo posterior de acrílico. La evolución es satisfactoria

Facial fractures have been and will be a challenge for buccomaxillofacial surgeons, taking into account that the rehabilitation of these fractures involves the function and aesthetics. Mandibular fractures rank the third in frequency and subcondylar 18 percent of these. A case of a 39 year old white woman is presented.She came to Maxillofacial consultation by pain and inability to close the mouth due to a fall. Additional tests are performed showing right subcondylar fracture displaced.It decides a conservative treatment with acrylic posterior wedge. The evolution is satisfactory

Fractura de cóndilo mandibular: alternativas de tratamiento / Mandibular condyle fractures: treatment alternatives

Las fracturas mandibulares se presentan de manera frecuente en pacientes con trauma facial. Pueden ser la única manifestación traumática de o bien combinarse con otros trazos fracturarios del macizo facial. Las fracturas de cóndilo mandibular constituyen entre el 25 y el 35 por ciento de las lesiones del maxilar inferior y son provocadas en la gran mayoría de los casos por un mecanismos traumático indirecto. Los abordajes terapéuticos pordrían resumirse en dos grupos, los denominados tratamientos conservadores cerrados y los tratamientos abiertos, quirúrgicos, con fijación interna estable en alguna de sus formas. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las distintas alternativas de tratamiento y evaluar la eficacia de los mismos a corto y mediano plazo. Se realiza, además, una extensa revisión bibliográfica, comparando la evidencia encontrada con la experiencia acumulada en nuestro servicio.

Reducción elástica interna en fracturas mandibulares / Elastic internal reduction in mandibular fractures

La reducción elástica interna (REI) es un método para la reducción de las fracturas mandibulares dislocadas. Se basa en el principio de la tracción elástica de las bandas de ortodoncia colocadas entre tornillos a ambos lados de la línea de fracura. Si bien existen muchos métodos de reducción intraoperatoria, la REI es una técnica sencilla y efectiva, según nuestra experiencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer la técnica de aplicación de este método.

Elastic Internal Reduction (EIR) is a method to reduce displaced fractures of the mandible. The EIR is based on the principle of rubber traction ortodontic bands stretched between screws placed on both sides of the fracture line. Although there are many intraoperatory reduction methods, according to our experience the EIT is an easy and effective technique. The aim of this paper is to divulge the technique application of this method.