Research progress of caput femoris posterior tilt and its impact on prognosis in nondisplaced femoral neck fractures / 中国骨伤

There are still many unresolved problems in the treatment and prognosis of nondisplaced femoral neck fractures, such as nonunion and avascular necrosis of the caput femoris .In order to reduce the risk of various complications after non-displaced femoral neck fractures, the caput femoris posterior tilt of femoral neck fractures and its impact on prognosis have attracted more and more attention. A large number of scholars' studies have found that when the posterior tilt exceeds 20°, the risk of internal fixation failure increases significantly. Based on this concept, we can choose to use primary artificial joint replacement instead of three-screw internal fixation according to the different posterior tilt angles of patients to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. At the same time, our analysis found that comminution of the posterior segment of the femoral neck would lead to an increase in the posterior inclination angles. The purpose of this review was to investigate the relationship between caput femoris posterior tilt of femoral neck fractures and surgical outcome, and to introduce a new method for measuring caput femoris posterior tilt of the femoral neck.

Disastrous triad of femoral head:femoral neck fracture meeting fracture-dislocation of femoral head / 中国骨伤

Femoral head and ipsilateral femoral neck fractures are serious and complicated injuries, which usually yield unsatisfactory results using conventional hip-preserving surgery. The key point of the management and prognosis mainly lies in femoral neck fractures. An apparent and consecutive relationship exists between femoral neck fractures and femoral head fracture-hip dislocation in such injuries. It is believed that disastrous triad of femoral head (DTFH) could summarize these specific injuries, and reflect the injury mechanism and prognostic characteristics. Based on our clinical observation and literature review, DTFH could be divided into three subgroups:TypeⅠ, common DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures occur following femoral head fractures-hip dislocation due to the same trauma; TypeⅡ, iatrogenic DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures come out in the caring process of femoral head fractures-hip dislocation; Type Ⅲ, stressed DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures occur after the management of femoral head fractures-hip dislocation. In the scenario, the line of femoral neck fractures locates distally to the femoral head fractures. Herein, we will discuss clinical characteristics of these types of DTFH.

Surgical treatment for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To retrospectively analyze efficacy of single structure internal fixation and double structure internal fixation in the treatment of ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fracture, and analyze their indications.@*METHODS@#From June 2015 to December 2020, 21 patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and femoral neck fracture were treated, including 14 males and 7 females, aged 23 to 69 years old with an average of(38.1±12.9) years old. According to different femoral shaft fracture sites, some patients were fixed with cephalomedullary implant for both femoral neck and the femoral shaft(single structure, InterTan or PFNA Ⅱ), some patients were fixed with cannulated screws for the femoral neck and a retrograde locking nail for the femoral shaft (dual structure), and postoperative function and complications were recorded during follow-up. In 10 cases of single-structure fixation, the femoral necks were all basicervical fractures, and the femoral shaft fractures were located in the proximal isthmus;11 cases were double-structure fixation, 9 cases in 11 were basal type of femoral neck, 2 cases in 11 were neck type, and the femoral shaft fractures were located in the isthmus and the distal isthmus.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 to 27 months. No femoral head necrosis, deformity, delay or nonunion occurred in the patients with single-structure fixation, and no delayed union or nonunion occurred in femoral shaft fractures;At the final follow-up, Harris score of patients with single-structure fixation was 91.8±4.1, with 8 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good. The fractures of patients with dual-structure fixation achieved good union without femoral head necrosis, except 1 case of femoral shaft fracture had delayed union;At the final follow-up, Harris score of patients with dual-structure fixation was 92.4±5.9, 7 cases were excellent, 3 cases were good, and 1 case was fair.@*CONCLUSION@#Good reduction and fixation is the key to the treatment of such fractures. Both the single-structure fixation and the dual-structure fixation are good methods, and it should be selected according to the locations of femoral shaft and femoral neck fractures. Single-structure fixation is a good choice for femoral shaft fractures located at the proximal isthmus and basal femoral neck fractures. For isthmus and distal femoral shaft fractures combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures, dual-structure fixation is recommended.

Luxación de cadera asociada a fractura del extremo proximal de fémur: reporte de caso y revisión del tema / Hip dislocation associated with fracture of the proximal end of the femur: case report and literature review / Luxação do quadril associada a fratura da extremidade proximal do fêmur: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Las luxaciones traumáticas de cadera son poco frecuentes, y es excepcional la asociación lesional con fracturas del extremo proximal de fémur, habitualmente producidas por accidentes de alta energía. Un correcto diagnóstico, y tratamiento adecuado de la fractura, es la conducta ideal para disminuir las complicaciones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino 49 años trabajador de la construcción que, en un accidente de tránsito, sufre una luxación de cadera asociado a fractura de cuello femoral, con excepcional presentación radiológica, con lesión del nervio CPE (ciático poplíteo externo), en que se realizó artroplastia total de cadera, con buena evolución y rehabilitación, retornando a su actividad laboral a los 11 meses del accidente. A propósito de este caso, realizamos una revisión bibliográfica para evaluar el tratamiento propuesto, el ideal, y pronóstico funcional de estas lesiones.

Traumatic hip dislocations are rare, and associated injuries involving fractures of the proximal end of the femur, usually as a result of high-energy accidents, are exceptional. A correct diagnosis and adequate treatment of the fracture is the most appropriate way to reduce complications. We present the case of a 49-year-old male construction worker who, as a result of a traffic accident, suffers from a hip dislocation associated with a femoral neck fracture, with exceptional radiological presentation, with injury to the EPS (External Popliteal Sciatic) nerve. Total hip arthropathy was performed, with good evolution and rehabilitation, and patient returned to work 11 months after the accident. In this particular case, we carried out a bibliographic review to evaluate the proposed treatment, the ideal treatment, and the functional prognosis of these injuries.

As luxações traumáticas do quadril são raras, e a associação de lesão com fraturas da extremidade proximal do fêmur, geralmente causada por acidentes de alta energia, é excepcional. O diagnóstico correto e o tratamento adequado da fratura é a abordagem ideal para reduzir as complicações. Apresentamos o caso de um operário da construção civil, 49 anos, que, em acidente de trânsito, sofre luxação de quadril associada a fratura do colo do fêmur, com apresentação radiológica excepcional, com lesão do nervo ciático poplíteo externo (CPE), em onde foi realizada a artroplastia total do quadril, com boa evolução e reabilitação, retornando ao trabalho 11 meses após o acidente. Em relação a este caso, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica para avaliar o tratamento proposto, o ideal e o prognóstico funcional dessas lesões.

Femoral head necrosis rate and risk factors after internal fixation of femoral neck fracture:a Meta-analysis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the incidence and risk factors of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) after internal fixation in adult patients with femoral neck fracture (FNF) after 2000, and identify high-risk population of ONFH.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Medline, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP Database were searched to collect all the literatures on ONFH and related risk factors after internal fixation of FNF from January 1th 2000 to July 1th 2020. Study extraction was performed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Endnote X9 and Excel 2019 were used for literatures extraction, management and data entry, and R Studio 3.6.5 software was used for Meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias detection were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity and the reliability of the evaluation results.@*RESULTS@#A total of 16 studies with 5521 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of ONFH after internal fixation for adult FNF was 14.5% [95% CI(0.126-0.165)]. Fracture displacement[OR=0.27, 95%CI(0.21-0.35)] and reduction quality [OR=0.15, 95%CI(0.09-0.27)] were related risk factors for ONFH. The results of subgroup rate analysis showed that the non-displaced fracture necrosis rate was 6.2%[95%CI(0.051-0.077)] and the displaced fracture necrosis rate was 20.4% [95%CI(0.166-0.249)];the good reduction fracture necrosis rate was 8.3%[95%CI(0.072-0.095)] and the poor reduction fracture necrosis rate was 35.5%[95%CI(0.233-0.500)]. The included literatures have good consistency and no publication bias.@*CONCLUSION@#After 2000, the total incidence of ONFH after internal fixation of adult FNF has decreased, while the necrosis rates of patients with displaced fracture and poor reduction are still at a high level. The interval between injury and surgery was not analyzed in this study because of the inconstant division in the original literature.

Frecuencia de complicaciones en pacientes mayores de 60 años con fractura de cadera / Frequency of complications in patients older than 60 years with hip fracture

Resumen: Introducción: Según indican las cifras del INEGI 2009, una de cada 12 mujeres mexicanas y uno de cada 20 hombres mayores de 65 años sufre una fractura de cadera. Se estima que en el año 2050 ésta alcance 110,055 pacientes. Las fracturas por estrés del cuello femoral son más frecuentes en mujeres y comprenden de 5 a 10%. Existe un alto número de pacientes con complicaciones de fractura de cadera secundario a múltiples factores, los cuales poco se han estudiado y esto limita su prevención. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y transversal de los pacientes de la tercera edad con fractura de cadera entre Enero y Diciembre de 2016 mediante recopilación de datos sociodemográficos: edad, sexo, dirección, además de tipo de fractura, tipo de manejo, diagnóstico principal: CIE 10 S72 fractura de cadera, procedimiento realizado, días de estancia intrahospitalaria, intervención quirúrgica realizada y lugar de destino posterior al alta de la unidad. Resultados: El género más afectado fue el femenino. Las principales complicaciones se correlacionan con delirium, considerando el promedio de estancia hospitalaria de un día por los resultados arrojados, se afirma que las estancias hospitalarias son relativamente cortas en comparación con otro tipo de fracturas. Al igual que en la literatura internacional, la fractura transtrocantérica es el principal tipo de fractura; sin embargo, en cuanto al manejo quirúrgico el de mayor prevalencia fue la hemiartroplastía tipo Thompson seguido de reducción cerrada y fijación interna con colocación de sistema DHS.

Abstract: Introduction: According to Figures from INEGI 2009, indicate that one in 12 Mexican women and one in 20 men over 65 will suffer a hip fracture. Is expected to reach 110,055 patients in the year 2050. Femoral neck stress fractures are more common in women and consist of 5 to 10%. There is a high number of patients with hip fracture complications, secondary to multiple factors which have been little studied and this limits its prevention. Material and methods: A retrospective, observational and transversal study in senior citizens between January and December 2016 with hip fracture was conducted. Through collection of demographic data: age, sex, address, as well as type of fracture, type of management, primary diagnosis: ICD 10 S72 fracture of hip, hospital stay, surgery carried out and place of destination subsequent to discharge from the unit. Results: The most affected gender was female. Within the main complications it correlates with delirium considering the average hospital stay of one day thrown outcomes, says that hospital stays are relatively short compared to other types of fractures. As in the international literature, the Transtrochanteric fracture is the main type of fracture; However in terms of surgical management of higher prevalence was hemiarthroplasty type Thompson followed by closed reduction internal fixation with DHS system placement.

Progression of a Fracture Site Impaction as a Prognostic Indicator of Impacted Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Multiple Pinning

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of impacted femoral neck fractures treated with multiple pinning and determined the influence of the progression of impaction at the fracture site on clinical outcome. METHODS: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years. The mean follow-up period was 3.4 years. Progression of fracture site impaction was measured using an articulo-trochanteric distance index and the percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between follow-up intervals. The failure of treatment was clarified as non-union and avascular necrosis. Other characteristics of the patients, including mean waiting time for surgery, preoperative Singh index score, and body mass index, were also measured to evaluate the influence on the clinical outcome of surgery. RESULTS: There were 6 fractures which were not treated successfully (3 non-union, 8.8% and 3 avascular necrosis, 8.8%). The mean percentage decrease of the articulo-trochanteric distance index within the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4.5% in the successful group and 25.1% in the failure group (p < 0.001). There was also a significant mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between 6 weeks and 3 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary stabilization with Knowles pins for impacted femoral neck fractures had a reasonable clinical outcome with low morbidity. Despite a significant difference of a mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between the successful group and the failure group, we could not verify it as a risk factor for failure of treatment because the odds ratio was not statistically significant.

Progression of a Fracture Site Impaction as a Prognostic Indicator of Impacted Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Multiple Pinning

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of impacted femoral neck fractures treated with multiple pinning and determined the influence of the progression of impaction at the fracture site on clinical outcome. METHODS: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years. The mean follow-up period was 3.4 years. Progression of fracture site impaction was measured using an articulo-trochanteric distance index and the percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between follow-up intervals. The failure of treatment was clarified as non-union and avascular necrosis. Other characteristics of the patients, including mean waiting time for surgery, preoperative Singh index score, and body mass index, were also measured to evaluate the influence on the clinical outcome of surgery. RESULTS: There were 6 fractures which were not treated successfully (3 non-union, 8.8% and 3 avascular necrosis, 8.8%). The mean percentage decrease of the articulo-trochanteric distance index within the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4.5% in the successful group and 25.1% in the failure group (p < 0.001). There was also a significant mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between 6 weeks and 3 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary stabilization with Knowles pins for impacted femoral neck fractures had a reasonable clinical outcome with low morbidity. Despite a significant difference of a mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between the successful group and the failure group, we could not verify it as a risk factor for failure of treatment because the odds ratio was not statistically significant.

Estudio epidemiológico de las fracturas cervicales y transtrocantéreas del fémur / Epidemiologic trial of trans-trochanteric and cervical fractures of the femur

Se realizó un estudió epidemiológico de fracturas cervicales y trans-trocantéreas del fémur del 1º de abril de 1992 al 31 de diciembre de 1993, para analizar los resultados de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas en su tratamiento. De 200 casos revisados, 76 correspondieron a fracturas del cuello femoral, que fueron tratadas con prótesis de Thompson, Spotorno, y Müller. Los 124 casos restantes fueron de fracturas trans-trocantérea, que se trataron con placa angulada del 130 o 95 grados. En general el resultado fue satisfactorio, excepto por la iniciación tardía de la marcha en los casos operados con placa. Como complicaciones tardías, cinco pacientes con prótesis de Thompson sufrieron protrusión acetabular y ocho pacientes operados con placa angulada nunca lograron caminar

Evaluation of osteoporosis in patients with fracture neck of femur using conventional radiography.

Osteoporosis was assessed at the hip (Singh's index) and calcaneus (calcaneal index) using conventional radiography in 80 patients (31 men, 49 women) with fracture neck of femur. Forty four patients had intracapsular fracture neck of femur (ICFN), and 36 extracapsular fracture neck of femur (ECFN). Fractures occurred more with increasing age in both groups, with female preponderance in the older age group. Osteoporosis was more severe as age advanced. Singh's index decreased from 5.2 to 3 (ICFN), and from 4.1 to 2.65 (ECFN) with age. Calcaneal index decreased from 4.4 to 2.9 (ICFN) and from 4.1 to 2.6 (ECFN) with age. In summary degree of osteoporosis, assessed at the hip and calcaneus, increased with increasing age. Other recent studies have shown that calcaneal bone density is a valid method to predict future risk of hip fracture.

Osteosíntesis de las fracturas del cuello femoral con clavo de Etropal / Osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures with Etropal nail

Se presenta una serie de 28 pacientes seleccionados, con el diagnóstico de fracturas del cuello femoral, en el Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología del Hospital Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" por el método de osteosíntesis interna con el clavo de Etropal. Se realizó un estudio clínico radiológico de los casos con un tiempo de evolución promedio de 25,3 meses. En el 82 por ciento de las fracturas se obtuvo la consolidación y se destaca la importancia en la calidad de la reducción de la fractura y la correcta posición del clavo para obtener buenos resultados. Se señalan las complicaciones más frecuentes y se interrelacionan las clasificaciones de Garden y Pauwels para conocer el pronóstico final de la fractura

Fracturas del cuello del femur en los ninos / Fractures of the neck of the femur in children

Se revisa la experiencia obtenida en el tratamiento de las fracturas del extremo proximal del femur en los ninos. Se analizaron las historias clinicas y los estudios radiologicos de 43 casos tratados en el Hospital Universitario Pediatrico de La Misericordia de Bogota, en los ultimos 20 anos y 5 casos, tratados y controlados personalmente por el autor desde julio de 1982 hasta julio de 1987. Se siguio la clasificacion establecida por Delbet, en 4 grupos: Tipo I transepifisiarias: 3 casos (6.25%); Tipo II Transcervicales: 17 casos (35.41%); Tipo III cervico-trocantericas: 18 casos (37.5%); Tipo IV Intertrocantericas: 10 casos (20.83%). Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron, siguiendo los criterios establecidos por Ratliff y en general, se consideran similares a los encontrados por la mayoria de los autores que se han ocupado de este tema. La frecuencia con que se presentan estas fracturas, continua siendo baja (aproximadamente 2.5 por ano) lo cual aun hace valida la premisa establecida por Blount en 1955, segun la cual "las verdaderas fracturas del extremo proximal del femur son tan raras que nadie tiene suficiente experiencia con ellas". Los metodos de tratamiento no se han modificado significativamente con el transcurso de los anos y la aparicion de la necrosis osea avascular, la gran responsable de los malos resultados, se encuentra relacionada principalmente con el grado de desplazamiento inicial de las fracturas.

Ipsilateral simultaneous femoral shaft and femoral neck fracture: valuable diagnostic signs

When fractures of both shaft and neck occur in the same femur the neck fracture is often missed; this may lead to complications such as avascular necrosis and non-union. Management of this fracture combination can be successful provided the diagnosis is made early. This paper is presented to demonstrate valuable diagnostic signs to avoid missing the femoral neck fracture; it is based on a clinical and radiological study of 8 patients with this fracture combination. The presence of an associated femoral neck fracture should be suspected if there is fullness and tenderness in the groin or over the greater trochanter of the affected limb. Radiologically, medial displacement of the proximal fragment of a transverse fracture of the shaft is almost always diagnostic of the associated hip injury