New perspectives on the nutritional factors influencing growth rate of Candida albicans in diabetics. An in vitro study

BACKGROUND The link between Candida albicans and diabetes mellitus is well-acknowledged, but incompletely elucidated. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to assess the growth rate of C. albicans (CA) in the presence of different concentrations of glucose and fructose, two of the main pathophysiologic and nutritionally relevant sugars in diabetic patients, in order to obtain a better understanding of the nutrient acquisition strategy and its possible relation to the hyperglycemic status of diabetic patients. METHODS The effects of different concentrations of glucose and fructose (1000 mg%, 500 mg%, 250 mg% and 100 mg% w/v) on the growth rate of CA have been studied by flow-cytometry. FINDINGS We found that glucose concentration is directly related to CA growth, which may be linked to the frequent yeast infections that occur in non-controlled diabetic patients; we also show that fructose inhibits CA growth rate. MAIN CONCLUSIONS As a consequence of our hypothesis, the study demonstrates that fructose-containing food may prevent the development of candidiasis, at least in oral sites.

NAFLD e ingesta de fructosa en altas concentraciones: una revisión de la literatura / NAFLD and high fructose intake: a review of literature

Uno de los endulzantes más comúnmente utilizado es la fructosa. La fructosa es directamente metabolizada en el hígado y se puede transformar en glucosa, posteriormente es almacenada como glicógeno constituyéndose en una fuente de energía para los hepatocitos. Todo el exceso de fructosa se convierte en lípidos ejerciendo un efecto tóxico sobre el hígado, similar al producido por el exceso de alcohol, pudiendo provocar hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD). El objetivo de esta revisión es reunir hallazgos recientes en relación al efecto de la ingesta de fructosa en altas concentraciones y su relación con el NAFLD.

One of the most commonly used sweeteners is fructose. Fructose is directly metabolized in the liver and can be converted into glucose, later stored as glycogen constituting a source of energy for the hepatocytes. All excess fructose is converted into lipids by exerting a toxic effect on the liver, similar to that produced by excess of alcohol, and can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). The aim of this review is to gather recent findings regarding the effect of fructose intake at high concentrations and its relationship with NAFLD.

Flow-mediated vasodilatation; effect on cardiovascular function with and without fructose and sucralose in healthy, white European males

To assess whether flow-mediated dilatation [FMD] affected cardiovascular [CV] parameters after consuming fructose or sucralose. Data source: Finometer. Design of study: Randomized, cross-over, single-blind design. School of biomedical sciences, University of Nottingham, UK. July, 2009. Materials and Ten healthy, white European males were studied twice. A Finometer continuously recorded CV parameters. Following 30 min baseline, a BP cuff, around mid-point of right arm was inflated 50 mmHg above Systolic BP for 5 min. Upon deflation, FMD measurements were made. Volunteers then consumed 500 ml of fructose or sucralose containing drink. Forty min later, 2nd FMD was done. Pre-fructose FMD: SBP increased in late-occlusion and post-occlusion period [POP]. HR and CO decreased and SV and TPR increased during POP [P < 0.01 and 0.001]. Post-fructose: DBP rose [2 mmHg; P = 0.04] during occlusion; HR [P = 0.02] and CO [P < 0.05] increased whereas TPR decreased [0.023; P < 0.04] in recovery period. Pre-sucralose: SBP, DBP and MAP increased in POP and thereafter. Decreased HR and CO and increased TPR and SV were noted [P < 0.01 and 0.001]. Post-sucralose: SBP rose in POP and thereafter [5 mmHg; P < 0.01]; MAP [3 mmHg; P = 0.04] and SV [P = 0.05] increased in POP. Attenuated BP and TPR, after fructose, indicate fructose's possible vascular effects

The influence of developmental stages and protective additives on cryopreservation of surf clam (Spisula sachalinensis) larvae.

This study was performed to find out the optimal larval stage and the most desirable protective additives for cryopreservation of surf clam, Spisula sachalinensis larvae. The survival rates of frozen-thawed larvae increased with post developmental stage. The highest value of 96.1 +/- 1.0% was achieved using umbo stage larva as developmental stage and 0.2 M sucrose as protective additive.

Carbon source dependent somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. SVPR2 through suspension cultures.

Highly reproducible and simple protocol for cotton somatic embryogenesis is described here by using different concentrations of maltose, glucose, sucrose and fructose. Maltose (30 g/l) is the best carbon source for embryogenic callus induction and glucose (30 g/l) was suitable for induction, maturation of embryoids and plant regeneration. Creamy white embryogenic calli of hypocotyl explants were formed on medium containing MS basal salts, myo-inositol (100 mg/l), thiamine HCI (0.3 mg/l), picloram (0.3 mg/l), Kin (0.1 mg/l) and maltose (30 g/l). During embryo induction and maturation, accelerated growth was observed in liquid medium containing NH3NO4 (1 g/l), picloram (2.0 mg/l), 2 ip (0.2 mg/l), Kin (0.1 mg/l) and glucose (30 g/l). Before embryoid induction, large clumps of embryogenic tissue were formed. These tissues only produced viable embryoids. Completely matured somatic embryos were germinated successfully on the medium fortified with MS salts, myo-inositol (50 mg/l), thiamine HCl (0.2 mg/l), GA3 (0.2 mg/l), BA (1.0 mg/l) and glucose (30 g/l). Compared with earlier reports, 65% of somatic embryo germination was observed. The abnormal embryo formation was highly reduced by using glucose (30 g/l) compared to other carbon sources. The regenerated plantlets were fertile but smaller in height than the seed derived control plants.

Influência de diversos açúcares na incidência de cárie de molares de ratos (Rattus nvergicus, var. albinus) / Influence of several sugars in the dental caries incidence of molars of rats (Rattus novergicus, var. albinus)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar em molares de ratos, o grau de cariogenicidade de diversos açúcares encontrados no mercado e consumidos pela populaçäo: sacarose, na forma de açúcar refinado, mascavo e cristal; glicose e frutose. Para tanto, utilizou-se 70 ratos de ambos os sexos (Rattus novergicus, albinus) distribuídos em 5 grupos de 14 animais cada. Todos os animais receberam ad libitum água destilada e a raçäo cariogênica 2.000a preconizada por REGOLATI & MUHLEMANN 48, na qual, com exceçäo do grupo controle, o açúcar refinado foi substituído totalmente pelos açúcares em estudo, obedecendo ao seguinte esquema: Grupo I - (controle), Grupo II - açúcar mascavo, Grupo III - açúcar cristal, Grupo IV - glicose, Grupo V - frutose. As quantidades de líquido e raçäo consumidos foram avaliadas diariamente e os animais pesados semanalmente para controle do ganho de peso. Observou-se que os machos do grupo da frutose (G V) tiveram um menor desenvolvimento ponderal ao longo do período experimental que correspondeu a 45 dias, quando procedeu-se ao sacrifício dos animais. Foram entäo removidos os segmentos ósseos maxilares e mandibulares e preparados para o exame das lesöes de sulco de molares, segundo o método de Keyes. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu concluir que: - a glicose e a frutose produziram um índice de cárie em esmalte menor que o açúcar refinado, sendo a diferença estatisticamente significante; - o grupo do açúcar mascavo e o grupo do açúcar cristal tiveram menos cáries em esmalte que o grupo controle, embora as diferenças näo tenham sido significantes do ponto de vista estatístico; - o açúcar cristal, a glicose e a frutose apresentaram valores mais baixos nos escores de cárie de dentina superficial e de dentina média estatisticamente significantes