Smoke of Capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repels nymphs of triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Humo de capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repele las ninfas de Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with synthetic pesticides in Bolivia has become increasingly inefficient due to the development of resistance in the insects. In the Chaco region of Bolivia, guaraní populations have approached the problem by fumigating their houses with the smoke of native plants. Through interviews and field work with local guides, the main plant used by the guaraníes was collected and later identified as Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). In choice bioassays, filter papers exposed to the smoke of the plant repelled nymphs of T. infestans. Activity remained significant after storing the exposed filter papers for 9 days. Chemical analysis of smoke and literature data suggested that capsaicinoids present in the smoke were responsible for the repellent effect. The data presented provide a rationale for the use of C. baccatumvar. baccatumto control the Chagas vector bythe guaraní populations.

El control del vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) con plaguicidas sintéticos en Bolivia se ha vuelto cada vez más ineficiente debido al desarrollo de resistencias en los insectos. En la región del Chaco de Bolivia, las poblaciones guaraníes han abordado el problema fumigando sus casas con el humo de las plantas nativas. A través de entrevistas y trabajo de campo con guías locales, se recogió la principal planta utilizada por los guaraníes y posteriormente se identificó como Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). En bioensayos selectos, los papeles de filtro expuestos al humo de la planta repelieron a las ninfas de T. infestans. La actividad siguió siendo significativa después de almacenar los papeles de filtro expuestos durante 9 días. El análisis químico del humo y los datos de la literatura sugieren que los capsaicinoides presentes en el humo eran responsables del efecto repelente. Los datos presentados proporcionan una justificación para el uso de C. baccatum var. baccatum para el control del vector Chagas por las poblaciones guaraníes.

Potencial inseticida de óleos essenciais sobre Tribolium castaneum em milho armazenado / Insecticidal potential of essential oils on Tribolium castaneum in stored maize

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o potencial inseticida de óleos essenciais de Croton heliotropiifolius, Croton pulegiodorus, Myracrodruon urundeuva e Ocimumbasilicum sobre adultos de Tribolium castaneumem milho armazenado. Para cada óleo foram realizados bioensaios de fumigação, repelência e o efeito sobre a taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri), em cinco concentrações (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 μL). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos sob condições constantes de temperatura (28±2 ºC), umidade relativa (70±5%) e escoto fase de 24 horas. Nos testes de fumigação diferentes concentrações dos óleos foi aplicado em tiras de papel filtro presas na parte inferior da tampa da câmara de fumigação (1,5L), a qual continha 20 gramas de substrato alimentar e 10 insetos adultos de T. castaneum não sexados. A mortalidade dos insetos foi avaliada após 48 horas de exposição. Os testes de repelência foram efetuados em arenas compostas por dois frascos ligados a uma caixa central. Em um frasco foi depositado o substrato alimentar com diferentes concentrações do óleo essencial, e, no outro, foi depositado apenas alimento (testemunha). Dez insetos adultos foram liberados na caixa central, ficando expostos por 5 dias para avaliação da preferência. Nos bioensaios de fumigação observou-se atividade inseticida do óleo essencial de M. urundeuva sobre adultos de T. castaneum. Nos bioensaios de repelência, todos os óleos testados apresentaram efeito repelente. A emergência de T. castaneumreduziu entre 33 e 100% quando foram criados em pó de milho tratado com os óleos essenciais. Os óleos essenciais de C. pulegiodorus e O. basilicum ocasionaram redução do crescimento populacional de T. castaneum em grãos de milho tratados. Os óleos testados demonstraram ser uma alternativa eficiente de controle para o uso nos programas de manejo de T. castaneum em unidades armazenadoras.

ABSTRACT The current work aimed at to investigate the insecticide potential of essential oils of Croton heliotropiifolius, Croton pulegiodorus, Myracrodruon urundeuva and Ocimum basilicum on adults of Tribolium castaneum in stored maize. For each oil, it were performed fumigation tests, repellency and the effect on the instantaneous rate of increase (ri), in five concentrations (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 μL). Bioassays were carried out under constant temperature conditions (28±2 °C), relative humidity (70±5%) and scot phase of 24 hours. In fumigation different concentrations of test oils were applied on filter paper strips attached on the bottom of the fumigation chamber cover (1.5 L), which contained 20 grams of food substrate and 10 unsexed adults of T. castaneum. The insect mortality was recorded after 48 hours of exposure. The repellency tests were performed in arenas composed of two pots connected to a central box. In a pot it was deposited feed substrate, with concentrations of the essential oil, in the other pot (control) it was deposited only food. Ten adult insects were released in the central box, being exposed for 5 days to evaluate the preference. In the fumigation tests, insecticide activity of the essential oil of M. urundeuva was observed on adults of T. castaneum. In the repellency tests, all the tested oils presented repellent effect. The emergency of T. castaneumreduced between 33% and 100% when they were in the powdered maize treated with the essential oils. Maize grains treated with C. pulegiodorus and O. basilicum essential oils caused a significant decrease in the populations of T. castaneum. The tested oils proved to be an efficient control alternative for the use in managing programs of T. castaneum in storing units.

DNA Extraction of Cast-off Cells of Fingerprints from 502 Glue Fumigated Contact Samples / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish a method of fingerprint position, sample transfer and fingerprint DNA extraction in contact samples.@*METHODS@#Sixty-six cases were visualized by 502 glue fingerprint fumigation. Two methods, ordinary wipe and acetone wipe, were used to transfer cast-off cells of fingerprints from testing samples, respectively. DNA was extracted and purified by ultramicro magnetic bead kit. The data was resolved on genetic analysis after amplification.@*RESULTS@#In 33 samples, 30 samples got better STR analysis by acetone wipe method. The peak range was 1,000-4,000 RFU and peak shapes were equable. It was hard to get ideal STR typing by ordinary wipe method.@*CONCLUSION@#The samples are visualized by 502 glue fingerprint fumigation and the case-off cells are transferred by acetone wipe method. The method shows better STR analysis result, which might be a better method for forensic science practice.

Nosocomial infections in ambulances and effectiveness of ambulance fumigation techniques in Saudi Arabia. phase I study

To evaluate infection control and the incidence of bacterial pathogens in Emergency Medical Service [EMS] ambulances in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The effectiveness of fumigation techniques used for these ambulances to minimize the spread of infection to transported patients and pre-hospital care providers was also assessed. Based on previous literature review indicating a higher propensity of microbial load, 3 areas within the ambulance, such as, stretcher handle, oxygen flow meter knob, and interior handle of the rear door were selected for specimen collection. Swab samples were collected both in the day and night shift, after the intended disinfection and cleaning [before and after fumigation]. Micro-organisms were identified using standard procedures. This phase-I study was conducted at the Emergency Medical Services Department, Prince Sultan Bin AbdulAziz College of Emergency Medical Services, Al Malaz, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between October and November 2013, wherein a total of 10 ambulances from the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in Riyadh were selected for inclusion in the study. The specimens from all 10 ambulances showed similar results. In post disinfection and before fumigation, swab samples showed positive cultures that grew moderate to large quantities of environmental and skin flora. However, almost all organisms were susceptible to the fumigation technique. This study confirms the importance of evaluating the frequency and efficiency of various fumigation techniques as an ambulance is a potential reservoir for microbial transmission to patients and staff

Efficacy of aqueous garlic extract on growth, aflatoxin B1 production, and Cyto-morphological aberrations of Aspergillus flavus, causing human ophthalmic infection: topical treatment of A. flavus keratitis

By using agar well diffusion assay, antifungal activity of aqueous extract prepared from Egyptian garlic (Allium sativum L.) was evaluated in vitro against two strains of Aspergillus flavus (OC1 and OC10) causing human ocular infection. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for growth inhibition of both strains was 3.60 mg/ml. Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) was used in successive in vivo tests as an attempt to cure rabbit's fungal keratitis caused by A. flavus OC1. Findings showed that diluted preparation of AGE was effective topical antifungal agent and succeeded to cure severe A. flavus keratitis in a time course less than 10 days without any observable side effects. Microscopic examination showed that AGE induced deleterious cyto-morphological aberrations inA. flavus target cells. AGE applied to Czapek's broth via contact method was more effective on growth, spores and aflatoxin B1 production than AGE applied to the same broth at the same concentration via fumigation method.

Effect of sulphur dioxide inhalation on serum Na and K+ ion concentration in albino rat.

A study was carried out to assess the effect of 60 ppm and 120 ppm exposure of sulphur dioxide gas for one hour daily for 2 and 4 week on serum sodium(Na+) and potassium (K+) ion concentration in albino rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout). The present findings reveal that serum sodium (Na+) ion concentration increased significantly after 4 week exposure to 120 ppm of sulphur dioxide, while serum potassium ion (K+) concentration decreased significantly after 4 week exposure to 120 ppm of sulphur dioxide.

Diagnóstico situacional del uso del DDT y el control de la malaria. informe final / Situational diagnosis use of the DDT and control of malaria

En el presente documento se realiza una revisión del problema del paludismo en Nicaragua y el uso del DDT. Además de su aplicación para el control de malaria en los primeros años de la década de los 50, el uso del DDT, estuvo fuertemente ligado al cultivo del algodón que inició su siembra en gran escala a lo largo de la costa del pacífico en 1950. Los estudios efectuados para establecer efectos del DDT en la salud Humna, se realizaron en la zona de Chinandega en 1994, obteniéndose detección del DDT y sus principales metabolitos en: leche materna, sangre del cordon umbilical, sangre venosa y en tejido adiposo. Igualmente los estudios sobre el efecto ambiental del DDT consignados se iniciaron en 1993, efectuados en suelo, agua, alimentos, peces; en las zonas de Chinandega, Río San Juan, Lago Cocibolca, León. En estos estudios se detectaron DDT y sus metabolitos sobre todo en las zonas de Chinandega y León...

Efectos de exposición prolongada a organofosforados en trabajadores agricolas / Effects of prolonged exposition to organophosphates in agricultural workers

Se trata de un estudio clínico epidemiológico de tipo analítico con diseño transversal realizado con un grupo de 51 agricultores del Municipio Tovar del Estado aragua, que utilizan los plaguicidas organofosforados de manera periódica y prolongada para el control de las plagas de los cultivos. También fueron estudiados dos grupos no expuestos ocupacionalmente, uno conformado por trabajadores ocupados en labores distintas a la agricultura con edades similares y con residencia en la misma Colonia Tovar, y otro escogido para obviar la posible contaminación ambiental no expuesto potencialmente a los plaguicidas organofosforados, conformado por trabajadores de la industria avícola con residencia en La Victoria, zona geográficamente distinta a la de los dos grupos anteriores. Los resultados mostraron síntomas de neuropsicotoxicidad en los agricultores, referida en la historia clínica como cefalea, parestesias, irritabilidad, disminución de la memoria, insomnio. Al examen físico, se observó bradicardia (54 lat/min. Promedio, p<0.001 vs. no expuestos), disminución no significativa de los reflejos osteotendinosos (51 por ciento, p>0.05 vs. no expuesto) y de la agudeza visual (26 por ciento, p>0.05). Las pruebas de reflejos autónomos cardiovasculares mostraron alteraciones en: prueba de Valsalva 46 por ciento, con abolición de la fase de bradicardia a los 40 segundos (p<0.05); prueba presora del frío, 18,2 por ciento presentó persistencia de presión arterial elevada al final del estimulo (p>0.05). Las pruebas psicotoxicológicas evidenciaron las alteraciones del sistema nervioso central sobre la conducta de estos agricultores que se expresaron como: 44.7 por ciento de respuestas anormales en el test de síntomas neurológicos (p<0.001 vs, no expuestos) y 19.1 por ciento de repuestas anormales correspondiente a "inestabilidad psiconeurovegetativa" (p<0.001 vs. no expuestos). Los resultados muestran una fuerte interrelación entre la exposición prolongada a plaguicidas organofosforados y anormalidades neuro-psicotoxicológicas y en los reflejos autónomos cardio-vasculares

Phosphine fumigation of stored in-shell peanuts for the control of A. flavus. link/A. parasiticus speare growth and aflatoxin production

Amendoim em casca recém-colhido com conteúdos de umidade na faixa de 12,8 a 16,9, foi trilhado e ensacado em sacarias de poliestireno trançado. Em um armazém, duas pilhas, de 40 sacos cada uma, foram formadas sendo que uma delas foi fumigada com fosfina durante 7 dias aplicando-se 3,0 g/m inicialmente e após 24 horas. Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus näo foram detectados na pilha tratada, imediatamente após o tratamento. Aflatoxinas foram encontradas no topo (20 mg/kgB1, 16mg/kbB2) e na base (24 mg/kg B1, 5mg/kg B2) da pilha näo fumigada. Um mês após a fumigaçäo, a percentagem de gräos infectados com A. flavus/A. parasiticus foi aproximadamente de 8 a 3 vezes superior na base e no meio da pilha näo fumigada em relaçäo as camadas correspondentes da pilha näo tratada (270 mg-600 mg/kg B1, 18-92 mg/kg B2). Por outro lado contaminaçäo com aflatoxinas foi evidenciado na camada superior da pilha tratada (340 mg/kg B1 e 51 mg/kg B2) e da näo tratada (1200 mg/kg B1, 220 mg/kg B2). Os resultados indicam que a fosfina pode afetar o desenvolvimento de A. flavus/A. parasiticus e produçäo de aflatoxinas em amendoim armazenado em sacarias com teores de umidade acima dos limites recomendáveis em armazém. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para esclarecer alguns pontos que ficaram em dúvida

Control focal del paludismo: tratamiento focal usando quimioprofilaxis y rociado intradomiciliar con insecticida para el control del paludismo en el sur de México / Focal treatment with chemoprophylaxis and home spray with insecticides for the control of paludism in the Soyth of Mexico

La efectividad y eficiencia de una estrategia de aplicación focal para el control del paludismo, comparado con la estrategia tradicional de control, fueron evaluadas en dos grupos de localidades del Soconusco en el sur de Chiapas, México. El control focal consistió en la administración profiláctica de medicamentos antimaláricos a las personas que habían presentado episodios de paludismo en los dos años previos al estudio y la aplicación de rociado intradomiciliar con DDT en las casas de estas personas. El control tradicional consistió en el tratamiento de los casos de paludismo y el rociado de DDT a todas las casas de cada localidad. La estrategia de control focal mostró tener la misma efectividad (medida por el Índice Parasitario Anual) que la estrategia tradicional, pero su eficiencia fue superior con costos cuatro veces menor que los infringidos con medidas de control de cobertura total. El control focal tuvo además la ventaja de incorporar la participación comunitaria en la aplicación de las medidas de control.

Métodos de evaluación de la poblacion de Aedes Aegypti y tratamientos con insecticidas en una poblacion de Trinidad, Antillas / Methods of evaluating Aedes Aegypti populations and insecticide treatment of a population in Trinidad

Métodos de evaluación de la poblacion de Aedes Aegypti y tratamientos con insecticidas en una poblacion de Trinidad, Antillas