The anti-candidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against clinical isolates of Candida albicans

Objectives: Candida albicans as important opportunistic dimorphic fungi can cause the life threatening infections in humans. In this study, we evaluated the anticandidal activities of six samples of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against 31 clinical isolates of C.albicans. Materials and methods: The anti-candidal activity was performed by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) apparatus. Results: P. graveolens essential oil samples with citronellol (7.7-43.7%) and geraniol (19.3-48.5%) showed the same anti-candidal activity in two different methods. There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone diameters (19.3-24.1 mm), and the MIC and MFC values (1.06-1.48 and 1.5-1.72 µl/ml) of essential oil samples with different percent of citronellol and geraniol. Conclusion: Therefore, P.graveolens essential oils can be used as anti-candidal agent for further studies.

Objetivos: Candida albicans es un importante hongo dimórfico oportunista que puede llegar a amenazar la vida de pacientes con inmunosupresión. En este estudio se evaluaron las actividades anti-Candida de seis muestras de aceites esenciales de Pelargonium graveolens contra 31 aislamientos clínicos de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: La actividad anti-Candida se realizó por difusión en disco y ensayos de dilución micro-caldo. La composición química de los aceites esenciales se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases. Resultados: Las muestras de aceite esencial de P. graveolens con citronelol (7,7 a 43,7%) y geraniol (19,3 a 48,5%) mostraron la actividad anti-Candida en dos métodos diferentes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre los diámetros de la zona de inhibición (19,3-24,1 mm), y valores de MFC (1,06 a 1,48 y de 1,5 a 1,72 l / ml) de muestras de aceites esenciales con diferentes porcentajes de citronelol y geraniol. Conclusión: Los aceites esenciales de P.graveolens se pueden utilizar como agentes anti-Candida para estudios adicionales.

Aromatherapy for Sexual Problems in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is the exploration of the potential evidence of the effectiveness of aromatherapy products on the sexual function of menopausal women. METHODS: From inception to December 2017, the search process was performed using the MEDLINE and Scopus databases and the Cochrane Library regarding the trials on the effectiveness of herbal-medicine aromatherapy on the sexual function of menopausal women. RESULTS: Three of the trials comprise suitable data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. According to the meta-analysis, it is possible to improve the standardized mean difference (SMD) of the sexual desire up to 0.56 in the aromatherapy group compared with the control group (SMD = 0.56; P < 0.001; heterogeneity; I² = 42%; P = 0.141). According to one of the trials, the serum-estrogen level of two different doses did not change in the neroli oil inhalation group compared with the almond-oil group. CONCLUSIONS: Both aromatherapy with neroli oil or lavender (monopreparation) and combined-oil aromatherapy with lavender, fennel, geranium, and rose significantly improved human sexual function; however, a significant change of the serum-estrogen level was not detected. The findings of the present review should be presented cautiously because of the corresponding limitations such as the lack of a standardized tool, the lack of intention-to-treat reporting, the low study amount, and the short-term follow-up.

Efecto hipoglicemiante del Geranium Ayavacense "pasuchaca" como coadyuvante de metformina en diabetes mellitus 2. Centro de Medicina Complementaria - Trujillo, 2018 / Hypoglycemic effect of Geranium Ayavacense "pasuchaca" as an adjunct to metformin in diabetes mellitus 2. Complementary Medicine Center - Trujillo, 2018

Objetivos. Determinar si la terapia con Geranium ayavacense como coadyuvante de la metformina tiene efecto hipoglucemiante, comparado con metformina en pacientes con DM2 en el Centro de Medicina Complementaria de EsSalud - Trujillo, 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi experimental con pre y post prueba en el cual fueron incluidos 62 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos: 31 casos y 31 testigos siendo utilizados en ellos la infusión de Geranium ayavacense más metformina y metformina sola respectivamente, la evaluación de glicemias se hizo en dos tiempos, una basal y una control, en un lapso de 15 días. Resultados. El grupo de Geranium ayavacense más metformina disminuyó significativamente (p<0,05) la glicemia post tratamiento, comparado con el grupo de metformina. El grupo de Geranium ayavacense más metformina disminuyó su glicemia en 42,26 ± 18.2 mg/dl mientras que el de metformina disminuyó en 29,9 ± 16.2 mg/dl. Conclusiones. Los valores de glicemia disminuyeron en un 25.03% con respecto a los valores basales, demostrando que si hay eficacia en el tratamiento hipoglicemiante con el esquema de Geranium ayavacense y metformina en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2.

Effects of 10% Lidocaine Spray and Aroma Hand Massage on Pain, Anxiety, Blood Pressure, and Pulse During Arteriovenous Fistula Needling in Hemodialysis Patients / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of 10% lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage on pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse during arteriovenous (AV) fistula needling in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental design. Forty HD patients were assigned to either 10% lidocaine spray group (n=21) or aroma massage group (n=19). 10% lidocaine was sprayed 3 times around AV fistula 10 minutes before. Aroma hand massage was performed for 5 minutes with fluids containing 2% of lavender, peppermint, and geranium concentrate mixture. Pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse were measured during AV fistula needling without any intervention on the first week and during interventions on the second week. Data were analyzed with χ² test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, paired t-test and MANCOVA. RESULTS: Pain and anxiety were significantly decreased in both the lidocaine spray group and aroma massage group. Aroma hand massage was more effective to reduce pulse during AV fistula needling. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 10% lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage may be effective to reduce pain, anxiety, and pulse during AV fistula needling in HD patients.

Efecto hipoglucemiante del extracto etanólico de Geranium ruizii Hieron. (pasuchaca) en la hiperglucemia inducida por aloxano en ratas / Hypoglycemic effect of Geranium ruizii Hieron. (pasuchaca) ethanolic extract on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats

Geranium ruizii (Pasuchaca) es una planta medicinal utilizada tradicionalmente como hipoglucemiante en el departamento de Ancash, Perú. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto hipoglucemiante del extracto etanólico de Geranium ruizii administrada en ratas con hiperglicemia inducida por aloxano. Diseño: Experimental. Institución: Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Planta entera de Geranium ruizii, ratas Holtzman hembras de ocho semanas con 200 ± 20 g de peso corporal. Intervenciones: La hiperglicemia fue inducida con aloxano. Las ratas incluidas en el estudio presentaron una glicemia > 200 mg/dL. Se formaron seis grupos de seis ratas cada uno. El grupo I recibió agua destilada 2 mL; los grupo II, III y IV recibieron Geranium ruizii 50 mg/kg; 150 mg/kg y 300 mg/kg, respectivamente (vía oral); al grupo V se administró glibenclamida 5 mg/kg y al grupo VI insulina 4UI/kg. Principales medidas de los resultados: Glucemia (mg/dL), porcentaje de inhibición del radical DPPH, especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) (nmoles/mL), estudio histológico de páncreas. Resultados: La dosis de 150 mg/kg de G. ruizii redujo 65,58 por ciento los valores de glicemia a las 2 h post administración (Kruskal Wallis; p<0,001), redujo TBARS en 22,34 por ciento e inhibió el radical DPPH en 23,66 por ciento; el tejido pancreático se mantuvo en buen estado de conservación. Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de Geranium ruizii (pasuchaca) tuvo efecto hipoglicemiante en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida con aloxano...

Geranium ruizii Hieron. (pasuchaca) is a medicinal plant used by traditional medicine to lower glycemia, in Ancash, Peru. Objective: To determine the hypoglycemic effect of Geranium ruizii ethanolic extract on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats. Design: Experimental. Setting: Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological material: Geranium ruizii, eight weeks female Holtzman rats 200 ± 20 g of body weight. Interventions: Experimental hyperglycemia (>200 mg/dL) was induced with alloxan. Rats were divided into six groups of six rats each. Group I received 2 mL distilled water, groups II, III, IV received respectively Geranium ruizii 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg, group V glibenclamide 5 mg/kg and Group VI insulin 4IU/kg. Main outcome measures: Glycemic level (mg/dL), inhibition of DPPH ( per cent), reduction of reactive species to barbituric acid (TBARS) (nmoles/mL), histopathology study. Results: G. ruizii at 150 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia 68.58 per cent at 2 h following alloxan induction (Kruskal Wallis; p<0.001), reduced TBARS in vivo 22.34 per cent, and inhibited DPPH 23.66 per cent to 1.0 ug/mL; the pancreas tissue remained in good condition. Conclusion: The Geranium ruizii (pasuchaca) ethanolic extract showed hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats...

Antibacterial activities of bark extracts from Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Geranium koreanum Kom. against clinical strains of Clostridium perfringens in chickens / 대한수의학회지

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium (C.) perfringens commonly occurs in domestic broiler farms since antibiotic supplementation in poultry feed has been banned. We evaluated the antibacterial activities of medicinal plant extracts against C. perfringens isolates to select alternative compounds for preventing NE. We compared antibacterial activities using two methods and evaluated susceptibilities of the isolates based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Two (Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance [FRH] and Geranium koreanum Kom. [GKK]) of the 30 plant extracts had potent antibacterial activities against C. perfringens ATCC 13124 in two assays. The MIC values for FRH and GKK against 20 C. perfringens isolates were 128~256 microg/mL and 32~128 microg/mL, respectively. The geometric MIC mean values for the two extracts were 147.2 microg/mL and 68.8 microg/mL, respectively. The MBCs for the two extracts against the same strains were 1,024~2,048 microg/mL and 256~1,024 microg/mL, respectively. The geometric mean MIC and MBC for GKK were about two-fold lower than those of FRH. The modified spot-on-lawn assay may be useful for measuring primary antibacterial potential. FRH and GKK are expected to be used as feed additives to prevent or treat NE in veterinary practice.

Drug therapy for the common cold

The common cold is an acute, self-limiting viral infection of the upper respiratory tract involving the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. Drug therapies for the common cold are normally aimed at relieving the symptoms of the illness. Over-the-counter cough and cold medications should not be used in children younger than four years old because of potential harms and lack of benefit. Antibiotics, antitussives, anti-histamines, and inhaled corticosteroids are not effective in children. Products that may improve symptoms in children include expectorants, mucolytics, honey, vitamin C, zinc lozenges, geranium extract, and nasal saline irrigation. In adults, antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, codeine, intranasal ipratopium, and antibiotics are not effective. Decongestants, antihistamine/decongestant combi-nations, expectorants, and mucolytics may improve cold symptoms in adults. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen reduce pain secondary to upper respiratory tract infection in adults. Among complementary and alternative medicinetherapeutics, products containing vitamin C, zinc, or garlic may improve cold symptoms in adults. Prophylactic use of probiotics may decrease the frequency of colds in adults and children.

Efecto de los extractos de Geranium ayavacense W. (Pasuchaca) sobre la glicemia en ratas con diabetes mellitus experimental / Effect of extracts of Geranium ayavacense W. (Pasuchaca) on glycemia on rats with experimental diabetes mellitus

Objetivos . Determinar si el extracto acuoso liofilizado de Geranium ayavacense (Pasuchaca) tiene algún efecto sobre la glicemia en ratas con diabetes mellitus experimental. Materiales y métodos. La diabetes experimental fue inducida con aloxano. Las ratas cumplieron los criterios: glicemia > 200 mg/dL posadministración de aloxano y un peso > 200 g. Las ratas con diabetes experimental fueron distribuidas en seis grupos de ocho ratas cada uno. El grupo I recibió 3 mL de agua destilada (control); el grupo II recibió Geranium ayavacense 12,7 mg/kg; el grupo III recibió Geranium ayavacense 100 mg/kg; el grupo IV recibió Geranium ayavacense 200 mg/kg; el grupo V recibió Geranium ayavacense 300 mg/kg; el grupo VI recibió Geranium ayavacense 500 mg/kg. Se determinó la glicemia basal. Las evaluaciones de la glicemia se realizaron a la 1.ª, 3.ª, 6.ª, 12.ª y 24ª hora después de administrar las diferentes intervenciones. Resultados. Los grupos de Geranium ayavacense de 300 y 500 mg/kg disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,01) la glicemia en todas las horas evaluadas después de la administración de los extractos, cuando se compara con el grupo control. El grupo de Geranium ayavacense de 300 mg/kg decreció su glucosa sanguínea en 8,14; 10,68; 14,87; 19.36 y 23,7% a la 1.ª, 3.ª, 6.ª, 12.ª y 24.ª hora respectivamente. Conclusiones. En condiciones experimentales, el extracto acuoso de Geranium ayavacense tiene efecto hipoglicemiante en ratas.

Objectives . To determine if the lyophilized aqueous extract of Geranium ayavacense (Pasuchaca) has any effect on glycemia in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. Experimental diabetes was induced with alloxan. Rats included in the study met the following criteria: glycemia greater than 200 mg/dL post administration of alloxan, and with a weight greater than 200 g. Rats with experimental diabetes were divided into six groups of eight rats each. Group I received 3 mL of distilled water (control); group II received Geranium ayavacense 12.7 mg/kg; group III received Geranium ayavacense 100 mg/kg; group IV received Geranium ayavacense 200 mg/kg; group V received Geranium ayavacense 300 mg/kg; group VI received Geranium ayavacense 500 mg/kg. Basal glycemia was determined. Glycemia evaluations were performed at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th hour after administrating the different interventions. Results. Geranium ayavacense groups of 300 and 500 mg/kg decreased glycemia significantly (p <0.01) in every hour assessed after administration of the extract, when compared with the control group. Geranium ayavacense group of 300 mg/kg decreased their blood glucose 8.14; 10.68; 14.87; 19.36 and 23.7% in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th hour respectively. Conclusions. Under experimental conditions, the aqueous extract of Geranium ayavacense has hypoglycemic effects in rats.

Optimization of extraction process for tannins from Geranium orientali-tibeticum by supercritical CO2 method / 中国中药杂志

In order to optimize extraction process conditions of tannins from Geranium orientali-tibeticum by supercritical CO2, the content of tannins was determined by phosphomolybdium tungsten acid-casein reaction, with extraction pressure, extraction temper- ature and extraction time as factors, the content of tannins from extract of G. orientali-tibeticum as index, technology conditions were optimized by orthogonal test. Optimum technology conditions were as follows: extraction pressure was 25 MPa, extraction temperature was 50 °C, extracted 1.5 h. The content of tannins in extract was 12.91 mg x g(-1), extract rate was 3.67%. The method established could be used for assay the contents of tannin in G. orientali-tibeticum. The circulated extraction was an effective extraction process that was stable and feasible, and that provides a way of the extraction process conditions of tannin from G. orientali-tibeticum.

Actividad antibacteriana in vitro de Geranium ayavacense sobre escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis y staphylococcus aureus, IMET - EsSalud - 2013 / In vitro antibacterial activity of Geranium ayavacense on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, IMET - EsSalud - 2013

Geranium ayavacense Willd. ex H.B.K (Pasuchaca) es utilizado como medicina natural para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, recientes estudios demuestran sus propiedades antidiabéticas, pero poco se ha estudiado sus demás propiedades como la antibacteriana. Razón por la cual el objetivo principal del presente trabajo es evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto acuoso liofilizado Geranium ayavacense, sobre Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis y Staphylococcus aureus. La actividad antibacteriana se determinó mediante la prueba de sensibilidad, utilizando la técnica de disco difusión en medio sólido. La planta entera de Geranium ayavacense, fue colectada en el distrito de Huaraz, departamento de Ancash. La misma fue disecada y pulverizada para obtener el extracto acuoso, posteriormente sometido a un proceso de liofilización. Se elaboraron discos de sensibilidad con el extracto acuoso liofilizado a concentraciones entre 100 y 900mg/ml. Los cuales fueron enfrentados a las colonias en crecimiento de Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis y Staphylococcus aureus. La concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) se determinó por el método de macrodilución. Se realizó el análisis estadístico de los resultados obtenidos. La más alta actividad antibacteriana se obtuvo sobre el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus, a una concentración de 900mg/ml del extracto acuoso liofilizado de Geranium ayavacense, el cual produjo un halo de inhibición de 19mm. Todas las cepas estudiadas tuvieron cierto grado de sensibilidad al extracto acuoso liofilizado. La CMI sobre el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus fue de 8.00mg/ml, siendo este el menor valor obtenido respecto a las otras cepas estudiadas.

Micropropagação e aclimatização de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L. ) / Micropropagation and acclimatization of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. )

O gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L.) é uma planta medicinal e aromática nativa do sul da África, cujo óleo essencial é amplamente empregado nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosmético, além de ser usado como terapêutico. Avaliou-se o efeito da luminosidade e dos reguladores de crescimento BAP e ANA na multiplicação in vitro e o uso de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas. Foram avaliadas as concentrações 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP, 0; 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA e duas condições de luminosidade (ausência e presença de luz), em esquema fatorial 4x3x2; para a aclimatização foram utilizados quatro substratos, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) (PCBC); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (1:1) (PCBCV 1:1); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L­-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (PCBCV 2:1) e vermiculita e adição semanal de sais MS (VS). Para a micropropagação de P. graveolens a utilização de 1,3 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA é eficiente na regeneração direta de plantas de gerânio, sendo a condição de escuro a mais indicada por proporcionar o maior número de brotos por explante. Para a aclimatização das mudas de gerânio, os melhores resultados foram obtidos em mudas aclimatizadas no substrato vermiculita com adição semanal de sais de MS seguido do substrato PCBCV 1:1.

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to the south of Africa and whose essential oil is widely used by perfume and cosmetic industries, as well as in therapeutics. The effect of luminosity and growth regulators BAP and NAA on in vitro multiplication was evaluated, together with the use of different substrates on the acclimatization of micropropagated seedlings. The evaluated concentrations were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 BAP; 0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA; and two luminosity conditions (absence and presence of light), in a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. For acclimatization, four substrates were tested: coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) (CDBL); coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) + vermiculite (1:1) (CDBLV 1:1); coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) + vermiculite (CDBLV 2:1); and vermiculite with weekly addition of MS salts (VS). For P. graveolens micropropagation, the use of 1.3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA is efficient for the direct regeneration of geranium plants, and the dark condition is the most suitable since it provides a larger number of shoots per explant. For the acclimatization of geranium seedlings, the best results were obtained with seedlings acclimatized in the substrate vermiculite with weekly addition of MS salts, followed by the substrate CDBLV 1:1.

Effect of Geranium Essential Oil on Food Intake via Olfactory Stimulus / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recently, obesity has become one of the major health problems in our society. To overcome this problem, keeping a balance between food intake and energy expenditure is very important. Many natural substances including essential oils have been suggested for their potential effect on reducing weight. This study was performed to evaluate whether aroma inhalation of essential oil has a role in appetite regulation and works on the central nervous system through the olfactory stimulus. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Food intake was measured after 30 minutes of treatment with essential oil in overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats. In the control group, saline was used instead of essential oil. Changes in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression levels in the hypothalamus were measured following 30 minutes of treatment with geranium essential oil using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the seven essential oils, geranium significantly decreased the amount of food intake compared to the control group. Geranium essential oil significantly increased POMC mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, but did not change the NPY mRNA expression. The increased POMC mRNA expression was reversed by treatment with xylocaine, which blocks the olfactory perception. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that geranium essential oil has anorexic effect through the activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus via olfactory stimulus.

Cr-acquisition and reactive oxygen species role in growth, photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, and biochemical changes in essential oil(s) monoterpene of geranium (pelargonium graveolens L.HER.’ EX. AIT.)

Cr is an essential element required for various metabolic pathways and act as an antioxidant in the various redox-reactions of primary and secondary plant production of – biomolecules. Geranium is an important essential monoterpene oil(s) bearing plant. Culturing the plant at different doses of Cr from 0-1.0 g Cr ml-1 revealed that Cr plays an important role as an in antioxidant promoter, apart from its micronutrient essentiality. 0.25 m g Cr ml-1 is the critical concentrations for maximum content of (0.21%) total essential monoterpene oil(s). At concentration below and above 0.25 g Cr ml-1, the CO2 assimilation rate, photosynthetic pigments content and ultimately the accumulation of essential monoterpene oil(s) are affected. The maximum peroxidase and SOD activities were obtained at 0.25 g Cr ml-1, with the production of biomolecule geraniol. Results revealed an oxido-reducable reaction of Cr in the formation of monoterpene essential oil(s) and possibly for the major constituents Geraniol.

The Effects of Aroma Hand Massage on Pruritus, Fatigue and Stress of Hemodialysis Patients / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effects of aroma hand massage on pruritus, fatigue and stress of the patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: This study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Study sample was conveniently recruited from two hospitals(28 for experimental and 30 for control group). The experimental group went through aroma hand massage on hand without AVF for 5 min for 12 times mixed with Lavender, Chamomile and Geranium oils in the ratio of 4 : 4 : 2, which was diluted 3% with sweet almond crrier oil 100 ml. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: The 1st hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of pruritus than the control group' was accepted(t = -5.084, p = .001). The 2nd hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of fatigue than the control group' was accepted(t = -2.557, p = .015). The 3rd hypothesis, 'Experimental group who has received aroma hand massage will have lower rate of stress than the control group' was accepted(t = -5.537, p = .001). CONCLUSION: The aroma hand massage has shown to be an effective nursing intervention to reduce the pruritus, fatigue and stress among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, the massage is needed to continuously be applied to hemodialysis patients to improve their quality of life.

Extracto de Croton lechleri y de Pelargonium robertianum L. en el tratamiento de la gingivitis asociada al embarazo / Croton lechleri extract and pelargonium lechleri robertianum L. in the treatment of pregnancy associated gingivitis

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del Croton lechleri y extracto de Pelargonium robertianum en el tratamiento de la gingivitis asociada al embarazo. Material y método: el estudio es de tipo comparativo-experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 150 gestantes con diagnóstico de gingivitis asociada al embarazo, que acudieron para realizar el control de su embarazo al Hospital Nacional Docente Materno Infantil San Bartolomé. Un grupo de 75 gestantes recibieron el tratamiento mecánico más la topicación con el extracto acuoso liofilizado de Pelargonium robertianum L. (Geranio); y el otro grupo de 75 gestantes, recibieron el tratamiento mecánico más la topicación del Croton lechleri (Sangre de Grado). Se aplicó el Índice Gingival de Loe y Silness. A todos los pacientes se les instruyó acerca de la higiene oral, técnicas de cepillado. Se efectuaron controles al 1er día, 3er día, 7mo día y 30mo día, a fin de evaluar la mejoría en las características patológicas de una gingivitis como edema, sangrado, enrojecimiento, textura, en ambos grupos. Resultados: mostraron que las pacientes que fueron sometidas a topicaciones con el extracto de Pelargonium robertianum y raspaje presentaron una disminución en el edema a partir de las 24 horas de iniciado el tratamiento, lográndose la recuperación de un 57.3% de la muestra al 30mo día; mientras que el grupo que recibió la resina de Croton lechleri y raspaje se observó también una disminución de los signos de enrojecimiento, textura, en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: ambas sustancias lograron la recuperación del paciente mejorando su condición ya que ambos tuvieron los efectos esperados; también se observó la desaparición parcial de edema, sangrado y enrojecimiento gingival. No obstante, el extracto de Pelargonium robertianum logró mejores resultados en menor tiempo.

Objetive: to determine the efficacy of Croton lechleri and Pelargonium Robertianum extract in the treatment of pregnancy-associated gingivitis. Material and method: the study is experimental comparative. The sample consisted of 150 pregnant women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated gingivitis, who went for the check of their pregnancy to the National Hospital Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé. A group of 75 pregnant women received treatment with topically mechanical plus freeze-dried aqueous extract of Pelargonium robertianum L. (Geranium), and the other group of 75 pregnant women received treatment topically plus mechanical lechleri of Croton lecheri (Dragon's Blood). We applied the Gingival Index of Loe and Silness. All patients were instructed about oral hygiene, brushing techniques. Audits were carried out after the 1st day, 3rd day, 7th day and 30th day, to evaluate the improvement in the pathological features of gingivitis as edema, bleeding, redness, texture, in both groups. Results: showed that patients who underwent topical Pelargonium roberttianum extract and scaling showed a decrease in edema after 24 hours of starting treatment, achieving recovery of 57.3% of the sample to the 30th day, whereas in the group receiving Lechleri Croton resin and scaling, we also observed a decrease in signs of redness, swelling and bleeding gums but to a lesser extent tan in the other group. Conclusions: both substances were able to improve patient recovery in the condition where both had the desired effect, was also observed partial disappearance of edema, bleeding and gingival redness. However pelargonium robertianum extract achieved better results in less time.

[Evaluation of antidepressant activities of rose oil and geranium oil in the mouse forced swim test]

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that results in significant consequences in active population of the society. In traditional manuscripts, there are many indications about the antidepressant effects of rose oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidepressant effects of rose oil and geranium oil. All experiments were carried out on male Swiss-Webster mice [25-30 gr]. The antidepressant activities of rose oil and geranium oil were assesed using the forced swim test. In this test, mice were placed into a cylinderical glass [25 cm height, 12 cm in diameter] containing a column of 17 cm of water at 25 +/- 1 degree C. After 30 min [for the injection route] or 2 weeks [for the oral route] of the rose oil and geranium oil administrations, the mice were subjected to forced swimming test for 8 min. Acute subcutaneous [s.c.] injection or chronic oral administration of rose oil and geranium oil significantly decreased the immobility time in the mouse forced swim test. The geranium oil response was biphasic. Pretreatment of animals with amphetamine and nortriptyline also reduced the immobility time. The inhibitory effects elicited by rose oil, geranium oil and amphetamine but not nortriptyline were antagonized by reserpine. The results suggest that the antidepressant activities of rose oil and geranium oil may be mediated through a presynaptic mechanism

Chemical constituents of Geranium eristemon / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of Geranium eristemon.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Chromatography and spectral analysis were used to isolate the constituents and elucidate their structures.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Five compounds were isolated from acetone extract of the whole grass of G. eristemon, and identified as beta-sitosterol, protocatechuic acid, myricetin, kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside were isolated from G. genus for the first time.</p>