Logistic Regression Analysis of the Mechanism of Blunt Brain Injury Inference Based on CT Images / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the correlation between CT imaging features of acceleration and deceleration brain injury and injury degree.@*METHODS@#A total of 299 cases with acceleration and deceleration brain injury were collected and divided into acceleration brain injury group and deceleration brain injury group according to the injury mechanism. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and Glasgow coma scale (GCS), combined with skull fracture, epidural hematoma (EDH), subdural hematoma (SDH) and brain contusion on the same and opposite sides of the stress point were selected as the screening indexes. χ2 test was used for primary screening, and binary logistic regression analysis was used for secondary screening. The indexes with the strongest correlation in acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism were selected.@*RESULTS@#χ2 test showed that skull fracture and EDH on the same side of the stress point; EDH, SDH and brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point; SAH, GCS were correlated with acceleration and deceleration injury (P<0.05). According to binary logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of EDH on the same side of the stress point was 2.697, the OR of brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point was 0.043 and the OR of GCS was 0.238, suggesting there was statistically significant (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#EDH on the same side of the stress point, brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point and GCS can be used as key indicators to distinguish acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism. In addition, skull fracture on the same side of the stress point, EDH and SDH on the opposite of the stress point and SAH were relatively weak indicators in distinguishing acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism.

Large Vertex Epidural Hematoma: Case Report and Review of Surgical Approaches

Vertex epidural hematomas (VEHs) are a special clinical entity due to their clinical presentation, vascular etiology and options of surgical approach. The clinical suspicion involves recognizing the mechanism of the injury and the correct visualization of the hematoma in computed tomography (CT) coronal sequences. In the present article, we describe a case of a very large (146 mL) VEH with central brain herniation, and provide a technical note on the surgical planning and treatment. A 34-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital after an injury on the left superior parietal region. The Glasgow coma scale score was 6, and the left pupil of the patient was dilated. The CT scan showed a large epidural hematoma on the vertex between the coronal e lambdoid sutures, and a fracture over the sagittal suture. During the surgery, multiple burr holes were made laterally to the sagittal suture, and after inspection and no visualization of bleeding in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), we performed a standard biparietal craniotomy. The patient was discharged three days after the surgery without any deficits. Currently, with the improvement in imaging modalities,more cases of VEH are being identified. Identifying the etiology prior to the craniotomy is challenging in severe cases. Tears in the SSS can bleed profusely, and they demand strategies during the craniotomy.With multiple burr holes parallel to the sagittal suture, we can visualize whether there is bleeding in the SSS and design a craniotomy with or without a central osseous bridge to anchor the dura. Neurosurgeons must be prepared to plan a surgical strategy in cases of large VEHs. Due to its rare frequency and bleeding risks, VEHs are considered challenging.

Craniectomía descompresiva, una alternativa de tratamiento. Caso clínico / Decompressive craniectomy, an alternative treatment. Clinical case

Introducción: El Trauma Cráneo Encefálico Grave (TCE), continúa siendo un problema de preocupación para las autoridades sanitarias a nivel mundial. A pesar de las diferentes publicaciones existen divergencias en la toma de desición en aplicar la Craniectomía descompresiva (Cd). En el presente trabajo se describe caso clínico portador de Hematoma Epidural (HE), Hipertensión Endocraneana (HE), intervenido quirúrgicamente donde la información fue tomada de la historia clínica realizada en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Andino del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador, previa obtención del consentimiento informado. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 18 años de edad que sufre Trauma craneoencefálico grave, hematoma epidural con efecto de masa y edema cerebral. Sometida a craniectomía descompresiva y tratamiento neurointensivo. Estadía en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de seis días, evolución favorable, ausencia de secuelas neurológicas. Conclusiones: La Craniectomía descompresiva mejora la Hipertensión endocraneana, disminuye la estadía UCI, y los días de ventilación mecánica, sin embargo los estudios actuales demuestran que esta intervención no mejora resultados finales. La Craniectomía Descompresiva primaria, en centros de escasos recursos de neuromonitoreo, puede constituir un proceder salvador. La craniectomía descompresiva está indicada en la segunda línea de tratamiento según la American Association of Neurological Surgeons.

Introduction: Serious Skull Trauma (SST), continues to be a problem of concern for health authorities worldwide. Despite the different publications there are divergences in the decision making in applying decompressive craniectomy (dc). In the present work, a clinical case of Epidural Hematoma (EH), Endocranial Hypertension (EH), surgically intervened was described, where the information was taken from the clinical history carried out in the Intensive Care Unit of the Andino del Chimborazo Hospital, Riobamba, Ecuador, after obtaining the informed consent. Presentation of the case: An 18-year-old female patient suffering from severe head trauma, epidural hematoma with mass effect and cerebral edema. Subjected to decompressive craniectomy and neurointensive treatment. Stay in the Intensive Care Unit for six days, favorable evolution, absence of neurological sequelae. Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy improves intracranial hypertension, decreases ICU stay, and days of mechanical ventilation, however current studies show that this intervention does not improve final results. Primary Decompressive Craniectomy, in centers with scarce resources of neuromonitoring, can be a saving procedure. Decompressive craniectomy is indicated in the second line of treatment according to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons.

Endovascular Treatment Following Gauze Packing for the Control of Massive Bleeding from Traumatic Transverse Sinus Lesion / 대한신경손상학회지

Posterior fossa epidural hematoma (EDH) is uncommon, but the related clinical deterioration can occur suddenly. Accompanying venous sinus injury and lacerations are associated with 40% to 80% mortality. The authors present one clinical case of a patient with posterior fossa EDH from transverse sinus bleeding. A 57-year-old male was injured after falling while working. He was taken to the hospital, where computed tomography scans of his brain revealed a right posterior temporal and cerebellar EDH with a right temporo-occipital fracture. He underwent a right parieto-occipital craniotomy, incorporating the fracture line. Longitudinal laceration of the right transverse sinus extending to the sigmoid sinus with profuse bleeding was identified. Four gauzes were inserted in the epidural space for tamponade of the injured sinus. Conventional angiography and coil embolization for the injured sinus were immediately performed. Subsequently, the patient was transferred to the operating room, wherein staff members removed the gauzes and remnant hematoma. Based on this experience, the authors recommend that for posterior fossa EDH from transverse sinus bleeding, bleeding control should be performed by gauze packing and endovascular treatment.

Generalidades de trauma cráneo encefálico en medicina legal / Generalities of traumatic brain injury in legal medicine

Resumen:El Trauma Cráneo Encefálico (TCE) tiene hoy en día una incidencia muy alta de morbilidad y mortalidad en nuestra población, por lo que es de suma importancia esclarecer los conceptos básicos de las lesiones producidas por el TCE, su cronología y el pronóstico de dichos traumas. Este artículo se basa en identificar las lesiones primarias y secundarias más frecuentes y las características más importantes de cada una de ellas, así como describir los mecanismos de trauma frecuentemente implicados.

Abstract:The Brain Trauma (TCE) has a very high incidence of morbidity and mortality in its population today, so it is very important to clarify the basic concepts of the injuries produced by the TCE, its timing and the prognosis of these traumas. This article is based on identifying the most frequent primary and secondary lesions and the most important characteristics of each, as well as describing the mechanisms of trauma frequently involved

Lethal Outcome due to Misdiagnosis between Acute Cerebral Infarction and Epidural Hematoma Expansion after Blunt Trauma: A Case Report

Large amount of epidural hematoma usually requires surgical intervention. When the amount of epidural hematoma is increasing gradually, causing neurological symptoms, an early emergent surgery may be the only way to prevent lethal outcome. Among many factors associated with the prognosis, age, amount of hematoma, patient's consciousness at the time of admission, and other accompanying injuries are known to be important factors. However, in some cases, symptoms may be exacerbated due to causes other than the increase in epidural hematoma, such as cerebral infarction. In particular, calcification of the internal carotid artery is known to be an important factor that causes acute cerebral infarction before and after surgery. Correct identification is important for appropriate treatment between cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. Herein, we present a case that followed lethal outcome due to misdiagnosis between epidural hematoma expansion and acute cerebral infarction caused by dissection or calcification of the internal carotid artery after blunt trauma. To the best of our knowledge, there have been any reports regarding simultaneous occurrence of acute cerebral infarction and acute epidural hematoma on the same side following blunt trauma.

Spontaneous intracranial epidural hematoma during rivaroxaban treatment / Hematoma epidural intracraniano espontâneo durante tratamento com rivaroxaban

Summary According to our research, this is the first case described in the literature of spontaneous intracranial epidural hematoma secondary to the use of Xareltor. Spontaneous intracranial epidural hematomas are rarely described in the literature. They are associated with infectious diseases of the skull, coagulation disorders, vascular malformations of the dura mater and metastasis to the skull. Long-term post-marketing monitoring and independent reports will probably detect the full spectrum of hemorrhagic complications of the use of rivaroxaban.

Resumo Segundo nossa pesquisa, descrevemos o primeiro caso na literatura de hematoma epidural intracraniano espontâneo secundário ao uso de Xareltor. Hematomas epidurais intracranianos espontâneos raramente são descritos na literatura, sendo comumente associados a doenças infecciosas cranianas, distúrbios de coagulação, malformações vasculares da dura-máter e metástases cranianas. A elaboração de relatórios de monitoramento em longo prazo de pós-comercialização e relatórios independentes provavelmente irá detectar o espectro completo de complicações hemorrágicas do uso desse medicamento.

Clinical Outcome of Acute Epidural Hematoma in Korea: Preliminary Report of 285 Cases Registered in the Korean Trauma Data Bank System / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this preliminary collaborative study was to assess the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of epidural hematoma (EDH) based on the data collected and registered in the Korean Trauma Data Bank System (KTDBS). METHODS: Of 2,698 patients registered in the KTDBS between September 2010 and March 2014, 285 patients with EDH were analyzed. Twenty-three trauma centers participated in the study voluntarily to collect data. We subcategorized the patients into two groups with good and poor outcomes. Various clinical characteristics and the time intervals with regard to treatment course were investigated to determine the relationship between these parameters and the functional outcome. RESULTS: Of multiple parameters for this analysis, older age (p=0.0003), higher degree of brain injury (p<0.0001), cases of surgical EDH (p<0.0001), time interval from trauma to hospital before 6 hours, and the decreasing pattern of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) between and initial and final GCS were strongly associated with poor outcome. Use of prophylactic anticonvulsant did not affect the functional outcome. There was an interesting difference in the use of mannitol in treating EDH between the urban and rural regions (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This is the first multi-center analysis of etiology of injury, pre-hospital care, treatment, and functional outcome of EDH in Korea. The degree of brain injury and the GCS difference were notable factors that were significant in determining the functional outcome of EDH.

Is Routine Repeated Head CT Necessary for All Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury?

OBJECTIVE: Repeated computed tomography (CT) follow up for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is often performed. But there is debate the indication for repeated CT scans, especially in pediatric patients. Purpose of our study is to find risk factors of progression on repeated CT and delayed surgical intervention based on the repeated head CT. METHODS: Between March, 2007 and December, 2013, 269 pediatric patients (age 0-18 years) had admitted to our hospital for head trauma. Patients were classified into 8 subgroups according to mechanisms of injury. Types, amount of hemorrhage and amount changes on repeated CT were analyzed as well as initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. RESULTS: Within our cohort of 269 patients, 174 patients received repeat CT. There were progression in the amount of hemorrhage in 48 (27.6%) patients. Among various hemorrhage types, epidural hemorrhage (EDH) more than 10 cc measured in initial CT was found to be at risk of delayed surgical intervention significantly after routine repeated CT with or without neurological deterioration than other types of hemorrhage. Based on initial GCS, severe head trauma group (GCS 3-8) was at risk of delayed surgical intervention after routine repeated CT without change of clinical neurologic status. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the patients with EDH more than 10 cc or GCS below 9 should receive repeated head CT even though absence of significant clinical deterioration.

Risk factors of progressive brain contusion and relationship with outcome / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk factors of progressive brain contusion and to evaluate their impact on patients' outcome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty two patients with traumatic brain contusion were enrolled in the study, including 70 cases with progressive contusion and 62 cases with non-progressive contusion. The risk factors were investigated with univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The univariate analysis showed that Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) at admission, contusion volume at the first brain CT scans, midline shift, combined with skull fracture, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, location of brain contusion, D-dimer levels, combined with type 2 diabetes were associated with progressive brain contusion. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that GCS at admission, contusion volume at the first CT scans, combined with subarachnoid hemorrhage, combined with type 2 diabetes were the independent risk factors for disease progression. The outcome in the progressive group was more aggravated than that in non-progressive group (P = 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with disturbance of consciousness, the larger contusion volume, combined with subarachnoid hemorrhage and diabetes are at risk for progressive brain contusion and unfavorable outcome.</p>

Clinical Analysis of Delayed Surgical Epidural Hematoma / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: A small epidural hematoma (EDH) that has been diagnosed to be nonsurgical by initial brain computed tomography (CT) can increase in size and need surgical removal, resulting in a poor prognosis. However, there have been few studies, which focused delayed operated EDH. Therefore, we analyzed the clinical factors to determine the predicting factors of delayed operated EDH. METHODS: Between January 2011 and January 2014, 90 patients, who were admitted due to EDH, were enrolled in this study. None of the patients were indicated for operation initially. Based on the presence of surgery, we classified the patients into a delayed-surgery group (DG) and a non-surgical group (NG). Additionally, we analyzed them according to the following: time interval between the trauma and the initial CT, gender, age, medical history, drinking, change of mean arterial pressure (MAP), volume of EDH and other traumatic brain lesion. RESULTS: Among the 90 patients, the DG was 19 patients. Compared with NG, the DG revealed increased MAP, less presence of drinking, and a short time interval (DG vs. NG: +9.684 mm Hg vs. -0.428 mm Hg, 5.26% vs. 29.58%, 1.802 hours vs. 5.707 hours, respectively, p<0.05). Analyzing the time interval with receiver operating characteristic, there was 88.2% sensitivity and 68.3% specificity at the 2.05-hour cut-off value (area under the curve=0.854). CONCLUSION: According to our results, the time interval between the trauma and the initial CT along with blood pressure change are potential predicting factors in the cases of delayed operation of EDH.

Intraoperative Endovascular Embolization of Middle Meningeal Artery and a Pseudoaneurysm by Using N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate for Hemostasis during Operation of Acute Epidural Hemorrhage / 대한신경손상학회지

A 21-year-old female presented with acute epidural hemorrhage (EDH) on the left temporal region associated with skull fracture after traffic accident. She was neurologically deteriorated at four-hour after an admission, and follow-up computed tomography revealed increased amount of EDH. Under the general anesthesia, emergency craniotomy was performed. During the surgery, massive bleeding from the base of middle cranial fossa was observed. However, we could not identify an origin of bleeding and foramen spinosum due to brain swelling and obscured surgical field. Consequently, her systolic blood pressure was dropped to 60 mm Hg with >110 beat/min of heart rate. Therefore, we decided to perform an intraoperative angiography after gauze packing into the middle cranial fossa. Intraoperative angiography showed a large pseudoaneurysm with massive contrast leakage of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). Intraoperative endovascular embolization of the pseudoaneurysm and MMA by using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was done. After that, her vital sign became stable, and we could complete the operation after the achievement of adequate hemostasis. Intraoperative angiography and endovascular embolization of MMA was effective in achieving adequate hemostasis in case with brisk bleeding from the middle cranial fossa could not be controlled in an open surgical field.

Epidural Hematoma: A Prospective Analysis of Morbidity and Mortality in 173 Patients / Hematoma epidural: Uma análise prospectiva de morbidade e mortalidade em 173 pacientes

Objectives A few recent studies have focused on epidural hematomas (EDHs) that are routine in emergency rooms. The study was to evaluate the latest situation of affected patients by encephalic trauma associated with EDH in our service. Methods Prospective study between September 1, 2003 and May 30, 2009. Data were computed regarding age, sex, trauma mechanism, qualification by Glasgow coma scale admission, presence of anisocoria, and evaluation by the recovery of Glasgow scale high, with all patients by computed tomography (CT) scan. Results Among the 173 analyzed patients, mortality reached 20 patients (11.5%). Mortality was higher in the subgroup of 76 patients (44%) admitted with Glasgow coma scale (GCS ≤ 8) with 17 deceased, corresponding to 85% of total deaths. Prevalence of male subjects (140 cases, 81%) with bruises located in the temporal, frontal and parietal regions; 147 (85%) patients underwent neurosurgical treatment by craniotomy. The worst prognosis was in patients with hematomas of higher-volume (50 mL), midline structures deviations greater than 1.5 mm and basal cisterns CSF closed. Conclusion The authors emphasize the correct indication of neurosurgery and the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) as key factors for success in the treatment of patients with EDHs.

Objetivos Poucos estudos atuais tem focado os hematomas epidurais que são rotina nos serviços de emergência. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a situação mais recente dos doentes acometidos por traumatismo crânio ancefálico associado a hematoma epidural no nosso serviço. Métodos Estudo prospectivo entre 1 de setembro de 2003 a 30 de maio de 2009. Foram computados dados referentes a idade, sexo, mecanismo do traumatismo, qualificação pela escala de coma de Glasgow` a admissão, presença de anisocoria e avaliação pela escala de recuperação de Glasgow na alta, tendo todos os pacientes realizado tomografia de crânio. Resultados Dentre os 173 pacientes analisados encontramos mortalidade de 20 pacientes (11,5%). No subgrupo de 76 pacientes (44%) admitidos em escala de coma de Glasgow (ECGLa) ≤ 8 pontos, a mortalidade foi superior com 17 óbitos, correspondendo a 85% do total de óbitos. Prevaleceram indivíduos do sexo masculinos (140 casos, 81%) com hematomas localizados na região temporal, seguido pelas regiões frontal e parietal; 147 (85%) foram submetidos a tratamento neurocirúrgico por craniotomia. O prognóstico foi pior nos pacientes com hematomas de volume superior a 50 mL, desvios de estruturas de linha mediana maiores que 1,5 mm e cisternas liquóricas basais fechadas. Conclusões Os autores enfatizam a correta indicação da neurocirurgia e o pósoperatório na unidade de terapia intensiva como fatores chave para o bom resultado no tratamento dos doentes com hematomas epidurais.

Hematoma epidural diagnosticado por diplopia - Relato de caso / Epidural Hematoma Diagnosed by Diplopia - Case Report

Os autores relatam e discutem o mecanismo pelo qual um paciente de 33 anos, com relato de traumatismo crânio encefálico ocorrido 5 dias antes comperda de consciência no momento do traumatismo, e assintomático nos 4 dias sequentes, iniciou diplopia no quinto dia após o traumatismo, sintoma que provocou sua ida ao pronto-socorro, a realização de exame físico neurológico normal e de tomografia do crânio devido a história e mecanismo de traumatismo, que revelou hematoma epidural occipital, prontamente operado, com o sintoma de diplopia tendo desaparecido no 14o dia após a cirurgia, já com o paciente em casa.

The authors report a male of 33 years that after head trauma occurred 5 days before developed diplopia, which motivated him to go to the emergency room, where even without changes in neurological examination, brain CT scan performed revealed an epidural hematoma occipital, operated with good functional outcome.

Hematoma extradural de clivus ? Relato de casos / Clivus extradural hematoma ? Cases report

O clivus é considerado o osso mais forte da base do crânio. Dessa forma, sua lesão sugere trauma de relevante impacto. O hematoma extradural agudo de clivus (HEDAC) é particularmente raro, com poucos casos descritos na literatura. A maioria dos relatos de HEDAC envolve vítimas de colisão com veículos de alta velocidade, sendo comum o acometimento da coluna cervical concomitantemente. Neste artigo, são relatados dois casos de HEDAC. O primeiro envolve um paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, com história de queda da própria altura. O segundo também envolve um paciente do sexo masculino, 28 anos, vítima de queda de motocicleta em alta velocidade. Ambos evoluíram com resultados favoráveis.

The clivus is considered the strongest bone of the skull base. Thus, his injury suggests trauma of significant impact. The clivus extradural hematoma (HEDAC) is particularly rare, with few cases reported in the literature. Most accounts of victims HEDAC involves collision with high-speed vehicles, which often affects the cervical spine concurrent. In this paper, we report two cases of HEDAC. The first involves a 53 years old male with a history of fall from height. The second also involves a 28 years old male suffered high speed motorcycle accident. Both evolved with favorable results.

Sinal do redemoinho em hematoma extradural hiperagudo / Swirl sign in hiperacute extradural hematoma

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho apresenta o significado do sinal do redemoinho, que é observado no exame de tomografia computadorizada (TC) em casos de hematoma extradural hiperagudo. Métodos: Foram estudados 12 pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo e que apresentaram sinal do redemoinho ao exame de TC. Resultados: O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido 10:2 feminino. Nove pacientes foram vítimas de acidente de trânsito, dois de queda de altura e um de agressão física. A localização do hematoma foi parietal (sete casos), frontal (três casos) e temporoparietal (dois casos). O sinal do redemoinho foi diagnosticado na TC em todos os casos e confirmada no ato cirúrgico sua relação com sangramento arterial ativo em nove casos. Conclusão: O sinal do redemoinho observado na TC em pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo indica que se deve realizar drenagem cirúrgica urgente, uma vez que sua persistência implica aumento de volume e, consequentemente, aumento da morbimortalidade.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents the meaning of the swirl sign, which is observed on computed tomograhy (CT) examination in cases of hyperacute epidural hematoma. Methods: We studied 12 patients with hyperacute epidural hematoma and had to sign Swirl CT examination. Results: Men were more affected females 10:2. Nine patients were victims of traffic accidents, fall two and a physical assault case. The location of the hematoma was seven parietal, frontal and temporoparietal two three. The sign of the swirl was diagnosed on CT in all cases and confirmed during surgery its relationship with active arterial bleeding in nine cases. Conclusion: The signal observed in the swirl of CT in patients with hyperacute epidural hematoma, indicates that we must carry out urgent surgical drainage, since its persistence implies an increase in volume and consequently increased morbidity and mortality.

Hematoma extradural supra e infratentorial / Supra and infratentorial extradural hematoma

OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam uma série de casos de hematoma extradural da fossa posterior (HEDFP) com expansão supratentorial. MÉTODOS: O presente trabalho é retrospectivo e descritivo. Foram analisados 14 pacientes com HEDFP de apresentação mista. RESULTADOS: Dos 14 pacientes, 12 são do gênero masculino e dois, do feminino. A média das idades foi de 26,2 anos. Acidente de trânsito foi a principal causa, seguida de queda acidental e agressão física. Escore na escala de coma de Glasgow variou entre 8 e 14. Cefaleia e vômitos foram os principais achados clínicos. Exame de RX simples de crânio demonstrou traço de fratura em 80% (8/10) dos casos. Tomografia de crânio demonstrou traço de fratura e hematoma extradural mista em todos os pacientes e ressonância magnética em um caso. Cirurgia foi realizada em 12 e tratamento conservador em dois. Dois pacientes foram a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Na presença de fratura no osso occipital, deve-se suspeitar de HEDFP de forma mista. Exames de imagens são importantes no diagnóstico e conduta.

OBJECTIVE: The authors present a case series of HEDFP with supratentorial expansion. METHODS: This study is retrospective and descriptive. We analyzed 14 patients with HEDFP presentation mixed. RESULTS: Of 14 patients, 12 males and two females. Mean age was 26.2 years. Traffic accidents were the leading cause, followed by accidental fall and assault. Score on the Glasgow coma scale ranged between 8 and 14. Headache and vomiting were the main clinical findings. Examination showed RX plain skull fracture line in 80% (8/10) of cases. Cranial CT scan showed the fracture line and epidural hematoma mixed in all patients and magnetic resonance one case. Surgery was performed in 12 and conservative in two. Two patients died. CONCLUSION: In the presence of occipital bone fracture should be suspected HEDFP mixed basis. Imaging techniques are important for diagnosis and management.

Conduta anestésica em criança com osteogênese imperfeita e hemorragia epidural / Anesthesia management in a child with osteogenesis imperfecta and epidural / Hemorrhage conducta anestésica en niño con osteogénesis imperfecta y hemorragia epidural

Osteogênese imperfeita (OI) é o resultado de uma mutação genética que causa a formação defeituosa ou insuficiente de colágeno. OI pode causar várias complicações anestésicas por causa do manejo difícil das vias aéreas, da presença de deformidade da coluna vertebral, de doenças respiratórias, anomalias cardíacas, distúrbio da função plaquetária, risco de hipertermia, invaginação bacilar, deformidades ósseas e distúrbios metabólicos. A abordagem anestésica de pacientes com OI deve ser feita com cautela, por causa do risco de certas complicações respiratórias. Esses riscos são causados por deformidade do tórax, fraturas ósseas durante o movimento ou mudança de posição, fraturas mandibulares e cervicais relacionadas à intubação, intubação difícil e hipertermia maligna. As técnicas anestésicas com o uso de anestesia venosa total (AVT) e máscara laríngea são adequadas para o manejo de paciente pediátrico com OI. No entanto, essas técnicas ainda não foram mencionadas como úteis em relatos de casos neurocirúrgicos. Neste estudo, apresentamos o uso de AVT e máscara laríngea ProSeal (MLP) em uma criança com OI e hemorragia epidural. Concluímos que a MLP e a AVT podem ser usadas com segurança no manejo anestésico de pacientes com OI e problemas anestésicos graves.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) results from gene mutation that causes defective or insuffi cient collagen formation. It may cause various anesthetic complications due to the diffi culty in airway management, existence of spinal deformity, respiratory disorders, cardiac anomalies, thrombocyte function disorder, risk of hyperthermia, bacillary invagination, bone deformities and metabolic disorders. The anesthesia management of OI patients should be exercised with caution given certain risks of respiratory disorders. These risks are due to thorax deformity, bone fractures during moving or changing position, mandibular and cervical fractures related with intubation, diffi cult intubation and malignant hyperthermia. The anesthetic technique using Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and laryngeal mask airway is suitable for pediatric patient care with OI. However, these techniques have not yet been reported as useful in neurosurgery case reports. In this study, we present the use of TIVA and ProSeal Laringeal Mask in a child with OI and epidural hemorrhage. We came to the conclusion that LMA and TIVA can safely be used in the anesthetic management of OI patients with severe anesthetic problems.

La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es el resultado de una mutación genética que causa la formación defectuosa o insufi ciente de colágeno. La OI puede causar varias complicaciones anestésicas a causa del manejo difícil de las vías aéreas, de la presencia de deformidad de la columna vertebral, de enfermedades respiratorias, anomalías cardíacas, trastorno de la función plaquetaria, riesgo de hipertermia, invaginación bacilar, deformidades óseas y trastornos metabólicos. El abordaje anestésico de pacientes con OI debe ser hecho con cautela, ya que existe un riesgo de ciertas complicaciones respiratorias. Esos riesgos son causados por deformidad del tórax, fracturas óseas durante el movimiento o el cambio de posición, fracturas mandibulares y cervicales relacionadas con la intubación, intubación difícil e hipertermia maligna. Las técnicas anestésicas con el uso de anestesia venosa total (AVT) y mascarilla laríngea, son adecuadas para el manejo de paciente pediátrico con OI. Sin embargo, esas técnicas todavía no han sido mencionadas como útiles en relatos de casos neuroquirúrgicos. En este estudio, presentamos el uso de AVT y mascarilla laríngea ProSeal (MLP) en un niño con OI y hemorragia epidural. Concluimos que la MLP y la AVT pueden ser usadas con seguridad en el manejo anestésico de pacientes con OI y problemas anestésicos graves.