Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the time to endoscopy in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el tiempo hasta la endoscopia en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta

ABSTRACT Introduction : During the COVID-19 pandemic, endoscopic procedures are associated with a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), priority should be given to an early endoscopy. Objective : The main objective was to compare the time since arrival at the hospital and the performance of the endoscopy between both groups. Materials and methods : We performed a retrospective study. Data contains information of patients who attended to the hospital with UGIB and underwent an endoscopy between October 19th, 2019 and June 6th, 2020. Patients were divided into 2 phases: pre-pandemic and pandemic. The time between arrival at the hospital and the performance of the endoscopy in both phases were compared as well as other indicators such hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. Results : With information from 219 patients, the median age was 69 years. 154 and 65 endoscopies were performed in pre-pandemic and pandemic phase, respectively. The time between arrival at the hospital and the performance of the endoscopy was significantly longer during the pandemic (10.00 vs. 13.08 hours, p-value = 0.019). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in hospital stay or mortality. Conclusion : The management of patients with UGIB during the COVID-19 pandemic is complex and requires the application of clinical judgment to decide the best timing to perform an endoscopy without affecting patient care.

RESUMEN Introducción : Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, los procedimientos endoscópicos se asocian con un alto riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, en casos de hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA), se debe dar prioridad a una endoscopia precoz. Objetivo : El objetivo principal fue comparar el tiempo transcurrido desde la llegada al hospital y la realización de la endoscopia entre ambos grupos. Materiales y métodos : Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo. Los datos contienen información de pacientes que acudieron al hospital con HDA y fueron sometidos a endoscopia entre el 19 de octubre de 2019 y el 6 de junio de 2020. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 fases: prepandémica y pandémica. Se comparó el tiempo transcurrido entre la llegada al hospital y la realización de la endoscopia en ambas fases, así como otros indicadores como la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Resultados : Con información de 219 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue de 69 años. Se realizaron 154 y 65 endoscopias en fase prepandémica y pandémica, respectivamente. El tiempo entre la llegada al hospital y la realización de la endoscopia fue significativamente mayor durante la pandemia (10,00 frente a 13,08 horas, valor de p = 0,019). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en la estancia hospitalaria ni en la mortalidad. Conclusión : El manejo de pacientes con HDA durante la pandemia de COVID-19 es complejo y requiere la aplicación del juicio clínico para decidir el mejor momento para realizar una endoscopia sin afectar la atención del paciente.

Revisión teórica de los factores de riesgos asociados a hemorragia digestivas altas en pacientes geriátricos / Theoretical review of risk factors associated with high digestive hemorrhage in geriatric patients

La hemorragia digestiva alta aguda (HDAA) es la emergencia gastrointestinal más frecuente. En los ancianos se asocia con tasas de internación, morbilidad y mortalidad más elevadas que en las personas jóvenes, probablemente por la prevalencia más elevada de múltiples comorbilidades, como las enfermedades pulmonares y cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Describir los fundamentos teóricos de los factores de riesgos asociados a hemorragia digestivas altas. Metodología: Documental, descriptiva. Resultados: diversos estudios demuestran que los factores de riesgos asociados a las hemorragias digestivas altas son: la úlcera péptica gastroduodenal y várices esofágicas, complicaciones graves con alto riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes de edades avanzadas, por lo que se debe actuar con rapidez, eficacia y efectividad. Conclusión: la bibliografía consultada revela: que a pesar de los avances de la tecnología y de la farmacología, la tasa de mortalidad global por hemorragia digestiva alta no ha mejorado. Esta realidad se explica por el aumento significativo en la edad de los pacientes que hoy ingresan a los servicios de urgencias con esta complicación. En la HDAA es fundamental intentar identificar y tratar la fuente del sangrado, para lo cual resulta esencial la endoscopia temprana(AU)

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (HDAA) is the most frequent gastrointestinal emergency. In the elderly, it is associated with higher hospitalization, morbidity and mortality rates than in young people, probably due to the higher prevalence of multiple comorbidities, such as pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe the theoretical foundations of the risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methodology: Documentary, descriptive. Results: various studies show that the risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are, gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and esophageal varices, serious complications with a high risk of mortality in elderly patients, therefore, it is necessary to act quickly, efficiently and effectiveness. Conclusion: the bibliography consulted reveals: that despite advances in technology and pharmacology, the overall mortality rate from upper gastrointestinal bleeding has not improved. This reality is explained by the significant increase in the age of patients who today enter the emergency services with this complication. In HDAA it is essential to try to identify and treat the source of the bleeding, for which early endoscopy is essential(AU)

Factores asociados a la mortalidad por sangrado digestivo alto variceal / Factors associated with mortality from variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: Las hemorragias digestivas altas por várices esofagogástricas constituyen un problema clínico-quirúrgico y aún mantienen una mortalidad excesivamente alta. Objetivo: Estimar la carga de mortalidad y sus causas relacionadas con la enfermedad, así como los factores asociados según variables seleccionadas. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 39 pacientes ingresados con este diagnóstico en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba durante el cuatrienio 2013-2016. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos, en las edades medias de la vida y con varios factores de riesgo asociados. La Clase B de Child-Pugh, así como las Clases de sangrado II y III fueron las más frecuentes. El diagnóstico fue eminentemente clínico. El tratamiento endoscópico se realizó en tres pacientes y la aplicación de la sonda de Sengstaken-Blakemore resultó infrecuente. Se operaron 7 enfermos, que representan 43,7 por ciento de los que fallecieron. La tasa de mortalidad osciló entre 22,2 por ciento en 2013 hasta 41,0 por ciento en 2016. Conclusiones: La persistencia del sangrado digestivo alto variceal obedece a la pobre utilización del tratamiento endoscópico y al no uso de los derivados de la somatostatina, asociado a niveles de mortalidad elevados y en íntima relación con un grado de insuficiencia hepática avanzada y las intervenciones urgentes; hubo correspondencia entre las causas directas de muerte y la enfermedad en análisis(AU)

Introduction: Variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding constitutes a clinical surgical problem that still has an excessively high mortality. Objective: To estimate the burden of mortality and its causes related to the disease, as well as the associated factors according to selected variables. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted in 39 patients who were admitted with this diagnosis to the General Surgery Service of the Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital of Santiago de Cuba during 2013-2016. Results: Middle-aged male patients with several associated risk factors predominated in the study. Child-Pugh Class B and Classes II and III bleedings were the most frequent ones. The diagnosis was eminently clinical. Endoscopic treatment was carried out in three patients and the application of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was infrequent. 7 patients received surgical treatment, who account for the 43,8 percent of those who died. Mortality rate ranged from 22,2 percent in 2013 to 41,0 percent in 2016. Conclusions: The persistence of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding responds to the poor use of endoscopic treatment and the non-use of somatostatin derivates. It is also associated with high levels of mortality, and in close relationship with a grade of advanced hepatic failure and urgent interventions. There was a correspondence between the direct causes of death and the disease under analysis(AU)

Valor de la Escala de Rockall en la predicción de la mortalidad de la Hemorragia digestiva alta / Value of the Rockall score in predicting mortality from Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: La hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) presenta una incidencia mundial entre 50 y 140 pacientes por cada 100 000 habitantes al año; la mortalidad varía de un país a otro, pero en Cuba en las últimas décadas oscila entre 4 y 10 por ciento en los de origen no varicoso y alcanza 30 por ciento en los casos asociados a hipertensión portal. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la Escala de Rockall en la estratificación del riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo en los pacientes que ingresaron en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay con diagnóstico de sangrado digestivo alto durante el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2012 y marzo de 2016, a quienes se les aplicó la Escala de Rockall para determinar la capacidad predictiva de la misma con la mortalidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron 394 enfermos de los cuales fallecieron 48 (12,19 por ciento), al estratificar los pacientes en grupos de riesgo según la Escala de Rockall se encontró que la mayor cantidad pertenecía al grupo de alto riesgo donde se encontraban todos los fallecidos del estudio. Al aplicar la curva de COR (Característica Operativa del Receptor) se obtuvo un área bajo la curva de 0,888 lo cual constituye una buena habilidad predictiva para mortalidad. Conclusiones: la Escala de Rockall es útil para predecir la mortalidad en la evolución de enfermos con SDA(AU)

Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) has a worldwide incidence between 50 and 140 patients for every 100 000 inhabitants a year; the mortality varies from a country to another, but during the last decades in Cuba, it fluctuates between 4 and 10 percent in those of non-varicose origin and reaches 30 pèrcent in cases associated with portal hypertension. Objective: To evaluate the utility of the Rockall score in the risk stratification for mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Material and Methods: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted in patients that came to Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital with the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from November 2012 to March 2016, to whom the Rockall score was applied to determine its predictive capacity of estimating mortality. Results: 394 patients were studied; 48 of them died (12,19 percent). When stratifying the patients in risk groups according to Rockall score it was found that the greatest quantity belonged to the high risk group, which also included all the deceased during the study period. When applying the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) an area under the curve of 0,888 was obtained, which constitutes a good predictive ability for mortality. Conclusions: The Rockall score can be used to predict mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the evolution of patients suffering from it(AU)

Factores asociados a mal pronóstico en pacientes con sangrado digestivo bajo en un hospital público / Poor outcome factors associated to patients with lower digestive bleeding in a public hospital

Introducción: El sangrado digestivo bajo (SDB) es una entidad cuyas tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad se han incrementado en las últimas décadas. Si bien se han identificado algunos factores relacionados a mal pronóstico, aún quedan variables por evaluar. Objetivo: Identificar factores de mal pronóstico en pacientes que presentaron SDB en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectivo. Se realizó un censo de todos los pacientes que presentaron SDB agudo entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2013. Las variables principales a evaluar fueron frecuencia cardiaca ≥100/min, presión arterial sistólica <100 mmHg y hematocrito bajo (≤35%) al ingreso. Se definió mal pronóstico como cualquiera de los siguientes criterios: muerte durante la hospitalización, sangrado que requiera transfusión de ≥4 unidades de sangre, reingreso dentro del primer mes, o necesidad de cirugía de hemostasia. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 341 pacientes con SDB, de los cuales el 27% tuvo mal pronóstico y 2% fallecieron. Se encontró como variables asociadas a mal pronóstico: frecuencia cardiaca ≥100/min al ingreso (RR: 1,75, IC 95% 1,23-2,50), presión arterial sistólica <100 mmHg al ingreso (RR: 2,18, IC 95% 1,49-3,19), hematocrito ≤35% al ingreso (RR: 1,98, IC 95% 1,23-3,18) y sangrado de origen no determinado (RR: 2,74, IC 95% 1,73-4,36). Conclusiones: Frecuencia cardiaca elevada al ingreso, hipotensión sistólica al ingreso, hematocrito bajo al ingreso y presentar un sangrado en el cual no se encuentra el punto de origen son factores que incrementan el riesgo de presentar mal pronóstico, por lo que se recomienda un monitoreo más estricto en estos pacientes

Background: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is an event that has shown an increase in complications and mortality rates in the last decades. Although some factors associated with poor outcome have been identified, there are several yet to be evaluated. Objective: To identify risk factors for poor outcome in patients with LGIB in the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins of Lima, Peru. Material and methods: A prospective analytic observational cohort study was made, and a census was conducted with all patients with acute LGIB between January 2010 and December 2013. The main variables were heart rate ≥100/min, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg and low hematocrit (≤35%) at admission. Poor outcome was defined as any of the following: death during hospital stay, bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥4 blood packs, readmission within one month of hospital discharge, or the need for hemostatic surgery. Results: A total of 341 patients with LGIB were included, of which 27% developed poor outcome and 2% died. Variables found to be statistically related to poor outcome were: heart rate ≥ 100/min at admission (RR: 1.75, IC 95% 1.23-2.50), systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg at admission (RR: 2.18, IC 95% 1.49-3.19), hematocrit ≤35% at admission (RR: 1.98, IC 95% 1.23-3.18) and LGIB of unknown origin (RR: 2.74, IC 95% 1.73-4.36). Conclusions: Elevated heart rate at admission, systolic hypotension at admission, low hematocrit at admission and having a LGIB of unknown origin are factors that increase the risk of developing poor outcome, and these patients should be monitored closely due to their higher risk of complications

Efficacy of lactulose in the prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients presenting gastrointestinal bleeding / Eficácia da lactulose na profilaxia de encefalopatia hepática em pacientes cirróticos apresentando hemorragia digestiva

SUMMARY Introduction: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a bad prognostic factor in patients with liver cirrhosis and its incidence is associated with several triggering factors being the most prevalent gastrointestinal bleeding. Lactulose, despite its questionable efficacy in the literature, is considered a first line treatment in patients with HE. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of lactulose in preventing HE in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Method: A systematic review of the literature using the Medline scientific database. Only randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of lactulose for HE prophylaxis in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were included. Results: The incidence of HE in the intervention group was 7%, while the control group was 26% (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of mortality in the group treated with lactulose compared to the group that was not treated (p=0.48). Conclusion: Administering lactulose to cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding reduces the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

RSUMO Introdução: encefalopatia hepática (EH) é fator de mau prognóstico no paciente com cirrose hepática e sua incidência está associada a vários fatores desencadeantes, sendo a hemorragia digestiva o mais prevalente. A lactulose, apesar de apresentar eficácia discutível na literatura, é considerada tratamento de primeira linha em pacientes com EH. Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia da lactulose na prevenção de EH em pacientes cirróticos apresentando hemorragia digestiva. Método: realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura pela base de dados Medline. Foram incluídos apenas ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados que avaliaram a eficácia da lactulose na profilaxia de EH em pacientes cirróticos com hemorragia digestiva. Resultados: a incidência de EH no grupo intervenção foi de 7% enquanto no grupo controle foi de 26% (p=0,01). Não houve diferença significante na incidência de mortalidade entre o grupo que recebeu lactulose e o que não recebeu (p=0,48). Conclusão: a administração de lactulose em pacientes cirróticos apresentando hemorragia digestiva alta diminui a incidência de encefalopatia hepática.

Comparación de los scores Glasgow-Blatchford, Rockall y AIMS65 en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Comparison between Glascow-Blatchford, Rockall and AIMS65 scores in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru

Identificar el mejor score que predice cada variable resultado (mortalidad, resangrado y necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares) en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta hasta los 30 días del evento. Material y métodos: Los pacientes incluidos fueron aquellos mayores de 18 años que presentaron hemorragia digestiva alta entre enero 2014 y junio 2015 en un hospital general de tercer nivel. Los datos se analizaron mediante el área bajo la curva de ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: En total fueron 231 casos de hemorragia digestiva alta, de los cuales 154 (66,7%) casos fueron varones, la edad promedio fue de 57,8 +/- 20,02 años, la causa más frecuente de sangrado fue úlcera péptica: 111 (48.1%) casos, la tasa de mortalidad y de resangrado fue de 7,8% y 3,9% respectivamente. Se debió excluir del análisis a 5 pacientes porque no contaban con estudio endoscópico, entre los 226 restantes se realizó el análisis, al evaluar mortalidad se encontró un área bajo la curva ROC para el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,73, score Rockall: 0,86 y el score AIMS65: 0,90 (p<0,05), para predecir resangrado el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,73, score Rockall: 0,66 y el score AIMS65: 0,64 (p=0,41) y necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares el score Glasgow- Blatchford: 0,72, score Rockall: 0,67 y el score AIMS65: 0,77 (p=0,09). Conclusiones: El score AIMS65 es un buen predictor de mortalidad y es útil para predecir la necesidad de transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares en comparación al score Glasgow-Blatchford y el score Rockall...

Identify the best score that predicts each variable outcome (mortality, rebleeding and need for transfusion for more than 2 red blood cells pack) in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding until 30 days of the event. Material y methods: Patients included were those over 18 years, who had upper gastrointestinal bleeding between January 2014 to June 2015 in a general hospital of third level. The data was analyzed by the area under the curve ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: In total, there were 231 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 154 (66.7%) cases were male, the average age was 57.8 +/- 20.02 years, the most common cause of bleeding was peptic ulcer: 111 (48.1%) cases, the mortality rate and rebleeding was 7.8% and 3.9% respectively. 5 patients were excluded from the analysis because they do not count with endoscopy study, the analysis was performed in 226 rest. In the evaluation of mortality, it was found an area under the curve ROC for Glasgow Blatch ford: 0.73, Rockall score: 0.86 and AIMS65 score: 0.90 (p<0.05) to predict rebleeding the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.73 Rockall score: 0.66 and AIMS65 score: 0.64 (p=0.41) and transfusion requirements of more than 2 globular packages the Glasgow-Blatchford score: 0.72, Rockall score: 0.67 and AIMS65 score: 0.77 (p=0.09). Conclusions: AIMS65 score is a good predictor of mortality and is useful in predicting the need for more than 2 transfusions of red blood cells pack compared to score Glasgow- Blatchford and Rockall score...

Emergency endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients with blood clots in the stomach but no active bleeding or stigmata increases the risk of rebleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of emergency variceal ligation for the prevention of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients who are found on initial endoscopy to have blood clots in the stomach but no actively bleeding esophageal and gastric varices or stigmata. METHODS: This study included 28 cirrhotic patients who underwent emergency prophylactic EVL and 41 who underwent an elective intervention between January 2009 and June 2014. Clinical outcomes were analyzed, including the rebleeding, 6-week mortality, and rebleeding-free survival rates. RESULTS: The rebleeding rate was higher in the emergency than in the elective group (28.6% vs. 7.3%, P=0.041). Multivariate analysis showed that emergency prophylactic EVL (odds ratio [OR] = 7.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.634.8, P=0.012) and Child-Pugh score C (OR=10.6, 95% CI=1.4-80.8, P=0.022) were associated with rebleeding. In the emergency group, the gastric varices were associated with rebleeding (OR=12.0, 95% CI=1.7-83.5, P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency EVL may be associated with variceal rebleeding when blood clots are present in the stomach without active esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding or stigmata. Elective intervention should be considered as a safer strategy for preventing variceal rebleeding in this situation.

Utilidad del índice de Rockall en pacientes con episodios de hemorragia digestiva alta no variceal / Utility of Rockall index in patients with upper non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding episodes

INTRODUCCIÓN: por la alta mortalidad de pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta, es necesario la utilización de sistemas pronósticos para el adecuado manejo de aquellos con alto riesgo de resangrar. OBJETIVO: evaluar la capacidad del índice de Rockall para predecir el riesgo de resangrado y mortalidad en el paciente con episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta de origen no variceal. MÉTODOS: estudio longitudinal, descriptivo y prospectivo entre diciembre de 2011 y junio de 2012. Se incluyeron 89 pacientes admitidos en el cuerpo de guardia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", con evidencia clínica de hemorragia digestiva alta, a quienes se les realizó una endoscopia dentro de las 24 h posteriores al ingreso. Se evaluaron parámetros demográficos (edad, género) y endoscópicos (hallazgos, terapéutica). Se aplicó el índice de Rockall y se evolucionó al paciente las 72 h siguientes al ingreso. Se realizó un análisis por curva de COR. RESULTADOS: hubo un predominio del sexo masculino (64/89; 71,9 %); la edad promedio fue de 63,6 años. El 26,0 % de los casos (n= 23) presentó un índice de Rockall alto, con una capacidad predictiva sobre la mortalidad (área bajo la curva de COR de 0,875) y el resangrado (área bajo la curva de COR de 0,757; p= 0,020). CONCLUSIONES: se confirma la utilidad del índice de Rockall para identificar a los pacientes con alto riesgo de fallecer y resangrar, lo que puede ser utilizado para el manejo del paciente con hemorragia digestiva no variceal.

INTRODUCTION: the use of prognostic systems is necessary for the proper management of those at high risk of bleeding again. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the ability of the Rockall index for predicting the risk of rebleeding and mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding episode of non-variceal origin. METHODS: a longitudinal, descriptive, prospective study was conducted in 89 patients who arrived with clinical evidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding at ER of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital from December 2011 to June 2012. They underwent an endoscopy within 24 h after admission. Demographic parameters (age, gender) and endoscopic (findings, therapeutic) were evaluated. Rockall index was applied and patients were followed up 72 h after admission. COR curve Analysis was performed. RESULTS: there was a predominance of males (64/89, 71.91 %); the average age was 63.58 years. 26 % of cases (n= 23) had a higher rate of Rockall, with a predictive capacity for mortality (area under the ROC curve = 0.875) and rebleeding (area under the ROC curve = 0.757, p= 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Rockall index utility is confirmed to identify patients at high risk of death and reindent, which can be used for the management of patients with non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.

Avaliação das características clínicas, epidemiológicas e endoscópicas dos pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta em um hospital do sul de Santa Catarina / Evaluation of clinical and epidemiological and endoscopic features of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in southern Santa Catarina

Objetivo: avaliar as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e endoscópicas dos pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão, SC, e assim determinar as principais etiologias, mortalidade intra-hospitalar e possíveis fatores que possam contribuir para a mortalidade. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado por meio de formulário construído para esta pesquisa, contendo as variáveis clínicas, epidemiológicas e endoscópicas dos pacientes que foram submetidos à EDA devido ao episódio de HDA, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2012. Resultados: foram registrados 60 casos, a idade média foi de 63,80 anos, 74,5% eram do sexo masculino. A principal causa de HDA foi úlcera péptica (56,4%), seguida por varizes esofágicas (20%). A média do tempo de internação de todos os pacientes foi de 12,2 dias. Dos 43 pacientes com HDA não varicosa, 37,1% foram submetidos à terapêutica endoscópica, a maioria escleroterapia, enquanto que naqueles com HDA varicosa, 83,3% foram tratados endoscopicamente (todos com ligadura elástica). Ressangramento relatado em 18,2%. A mortalidade global foi de 10,9%. Os pacientes que apresentaram ressangramento intra-hospitalar tiveram maiores tempo de internação e mortalidade. Conclusão: a HDA pode trazer um risco à vida e a terapêutica endoscópica é um recurso importante para redução de mortalidade, de ressangramento e a de necessidade de cirurgia. Com a assistência adequada, os desfechos desfavoráveis ficam em torno de pacientes mais idosos e com múltiplas doenças.

Objective: evaluate the clinical, epidemiological and endoscopic features of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão-SC, and thus determine the main causes, and possible hospital mortality factors that may contribute to mortality. Methods: cross-sectional study using a questionnaire constructed for this research, containing the clinical, epidemiological and endoscopic characters of patients who underwent EGD due to UGB episode, from January 2012 to August 2012. Results: 60 cases were reported, the mean age was 63.80 years, 74.5% were male. The main cause of UGB was peptic ulcer (56.4%), followed by esophageal varices (20%). The average length of stay for all patients was 12.2 days. Of the 43 patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 37.1% underwent therapeutic endoscopic, most sclerotherapy. While those with varicose UGB, 83.3% were treated treated endoscopically (all with ligation). New bleeding was reported in 18.2%. The overall mortality was 10.9%. Patients who had rebleeding had higher length of stay and mortality. Conclusion: UGB has a life-threatening, endoscopic therapy is an important feature in reducing mortality, rebleeding and the surgery. With appropriate assistance, the unfavorable outcomes, are around older patients with multiple diseases.

Factores relacionados a resangrado y mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda en el Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Perú / Related factors to re-bleeding and mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding at Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru

Determinar los factores relacionados con resangrado dentro de los 5 días y mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas de un episodio de hemorragia variceal en los pacientes cirróticos. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, correlacional, retrospectivo. Fueron incluidos en el estudio los pacientes cirróticos que ingresaron al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, en Lima, Perú, entre enero del 2006 y febrero del 2012 con sospecha de hemorragia variceal. Fueron excluidos pacientes con sangrado de origen no variceal, o que no tenían los datos en la historia clínica para calcular el puntaje de Child Pugh, el Modelo para enfermedades terminales del hígado (MELD), o el informe endoscópico detallando la fuente de sangrado y la presencia de várices esofágicas y/o gástricas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 63 pacientes, de los cuales 35 (55,6%) eran varones. La mediana de edad fue de 64 años. 26 de ellos (41,3%) eran Child Pugh C, en tanto que la mediana del puntaje MELD fue 9. El análisis multivariado encontró que el puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas (p=0,003), mientras que la presencia de sangrado activo durante la endoscopía (p=0,012) y el valor de creatinina (p=0,012) se relacionaron con resangrado dentro de los 5 días. Conclusiones: El puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con el riesgo de mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal. El sangrado activo durante la endoscopía y el valor de creatinina se relacionaron con el riesgo de resangrado dentro de los 5 días...

To determine related factors to 5 days re-bleeding and 6 week-mortality of an episode of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, co relational, retrospective study. In this study were included the cirrhotic patients who entered to Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru, between January 2006 and February 2012 with suspicion of variceal bleeding. Were excluded patients who bled from nonvariceal origin, or that did not have the data in clinical history to calculate the Child Pugh score, the Model for terminal diseases of the liver (MELD), or the endoscopic report detailing the bleeding source and the presence of esophageal and/or gastric varices. Results: We include 63 patients, 35 (55.6%) were men. The median of age was of 64 years. 26 of them (41.3%) were Child Pugh C, where as the median of MELD score was 9. The multivariate analysis found that the Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality (p=0,003), where as the presence of active bleeding during endoscopy (p=0.012) and the value of creatinine (p=0.012) were related to 5 days re-bleeding. Conclusions: The Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Active bleeding during endoscopy and the value of creatinine were related to 5 days re-bleeding...

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público: Estudio caso control / Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital: A case control study

Objetivo: Determinar y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) a los 30 días posteriores al episodio en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico caso-control retrospectivo con una proporción caso: control de 1:3, analizando 180 pacientes, siendo 135 los controles y 45 los casos. Se determinó por plausibilidad biológica como posibles factores de riesgo a 14 variables, con las cuales se realizó un análisis logístico bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se encontró en el análisis logístico bivariado como variables relacionadas estadísticamente a la mortalidad: edad (OR=1,02), hematemesis (OR=2,57), hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria (OR=4), cirrosis (OR=2,67), neoplasia maligna (OR=5,37), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=9,29), score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=19,75), resangrado (OR=5,65), y paquetes globulares transfundidos (OR=1,22). Mientras que en el análisis logístico multivariado se encontró solamente a las variables neoplasia maligna (OR=5,35), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=8,29), y score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=8,43). Conclusiones: Los factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta son: un score de Rockall mayor a 4, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma, resangrado, hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria, cirrosis, presencia de hematemesis, neoplasia maligna, número de paquetes globulares transfundidos y edad.

Objective: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material and methods: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). Conclusions: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

Frecuencia y mortalidad de resangrado en pacientes cirróticos tratados por hemorragia de várices esofágicas en dos hospitales de Lima-Perú durante los años 2009-2011 / Frequency and mortality by rebleeding in cirrhotic patients treated for bleeding esophagic varices in two hospitals in Lima Peru during years 2009 to 2011

Durante las primeras 6 semanas después de una hemorragia variceal hay un 30-40% de probabilidad de recurrencia y de aquellos que resangran mueren del 20-35%. Pasado este periodo, el riesgo de resangrado se presenta en un 60% de pacientes alcanzando una mortalidad de 60-70% en dos años sin tratamiento. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de resangrado y mortalidad por resangrado en pacientes cirróticos tratados por hemorragia variceal en los Centros Endoscópicos del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) y del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) , ambos en Lima, Perú, durante los años 2009-2011. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio es transversal de periodo y retrospectivo donde participaron en total 176 pacientes cirróticos mayores de 14 años de edad que hayan sangrado por varices esofágicas y que hayan recibido tratamiento endoscópico por hemorragia variceal. Los instrumentos fueron la ficha de datos donde se consignó la información obtenida de las historias clínicas de cada paciente, la escala de CHILD para medir la severidad de la enfermedad hepática, informes endoscópicos y llamadas telefónicas. Resultados: En total se halló una tasa de frecuencia de 32,20% (56 pacientes) con resangrado temprano menor de 6 semanas. Asimismo, se obtuvo un 22,56% (37 pacientes) con resangrado tardío en los controles posteriores. Se halló una mortalidad de 5,70% (10 pacientes) en el total de los pacientes. Y una tasa de mortalidad por resangrado de 13,33% (6 pacientes). Conclusión: La hemorragia variceal es una causa importante de morbimortalidad en la población peruana, la frecuencia y mortalidad por resangrado resultaron ligeramente menores a la reportada en la bibliografía mundial.

During the first 6 weeks after a variceal hemorrhage there is a 30-40% of probability of recurrence and those who rebleed 20-30% die. Passed this period, the risk of rebleeding is of 60% and reaches a mortality of 60-70% in two years without treatment. Objective: Describe the frequency of rebleeding and mortality due to rebleeding in cirrhotic patients treated for variceal hemorrhage at Endoscopic Centers of Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru and Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru during the years 2009-2011. Materials and methods: The study type is a transversal, periodic and retrospective one in which were included 176 cirrhotic patients older than 14 years who have bleed for esophageal varices and that have received endoscopic therapy. The instruments used were a data sheet with all the information obtained from the clinical chart of each patient, the CHILD score to assess severity of hepatic disease, endoscopic informs and phone calls. Results: The frequency of rebleeding before 6 weeks was 32.20% (56 patients). Also, the frequency of rebleeding after that time was 22.56% (37 patients). There was a mortality rate of 5.70% (10 patients) and a mortality rate due to rebleeding of 13.33% (6 patients). Conclusions: Variceal hemorrhage is an important cause of mobimortality in peruvian people. The frequency of rebleeding and mortality due to rebleeding resulted slightly lower than in other countries.

The secondary prophylactic efficacy of beta-blocker after endoscopic gastric variceal obturation for first acute episode of gastric variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The most appropriate treatment for acute gastric variceal bleeding (GVB) is currently endoscopic gastric variceal obturation (GVO) using Histoacryl(R). However, the secondary prophylactic efficacy of beta-blocker (BB) after GVO for the first acute episode of GVB has not yet been established. The secondary prophylactic efficacy of BB after GVO for the first acute episode of GVB was evaluated in this study. METHODS: Ninety-three patients at Soonchunhyang University Hospital with acute GVB who received GVO using Histoacryl(R) were enrolled between June 2001 and March 2010. Among these, 42 patients underwent GVO alone (GVO group) and 51 patients underwent GVO with adjuvant BB therapy (GVO+BB group). This study was intended for patients in whom a desired heart rate was reached. The rates of rebleeding-free survival and overall survival were calculated for the two study groups using Kaplan-Meyer analysis and Cox's proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: The follow-up period after the initial eradication of gastric varices was 18.14+/-25.22 months (mean+/-SD). During the follow-up period, rebleeding occurred in 10 (23.8%) and 21 (41.2%) GVO and GVO+BB patients, respectively, and 39 patients died [23 (54.8%) in the GVO group and 16 (31.4%) in the GVO+BB group]. The mean rebleeding-free survival time did not differ significantly between the GVO and GVO+BB groups (65.40 and 37.40 months, respectively; P=0.774), whereas the mean overall survival time did differ (52.54 and 72.65 months, respectively; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant BB therapy after GVO using Histoacryl(R) for the first acute episode of GVB could decrease the mortality rate relative to GVO alone. However, adjuvant BB therapy afforded no benefit for the secondary prevention of rebleeding in GV.

Comparación de la efectividad de la ligadura vs esclerosis endoscópica en pacientes con sangrado de várices esofágicas en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez de Temuco: estudio de cohortes comparativas / Comparison of band ligation with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices

Background: Endoscopic band ligation is the treatment of choice for bleeding esophageal varices. However it is not clear if this procedure is associated with less early and late mortality than sclerotherapy. Aim: To assess rates of re-bleeding and mortality in cohorts of patients with bleeding esophageal varices treated with endos-copic injection or band ligation. Patients and Methods: Analysis of medical records and endoscopy reports of two cohorts of patients with bleeding esophageal varices, treated between 1990 and 2010. Of these, 54 patients were treated with sclerotherapy and 90 patients with band ligation. A third cohort of 116patients that did not require endoscopic treatment, was included. The mean analyzed follow up period was 2.5 years (range 1-16). Collection of data was retrospective for patients treated with sclerotherapy and prospective for patients treated with band ligation. Rates of re-bleeding and medium term mortality were assessed. Results: During the month ensuing the first endoscopic treatment, re-bleeding was recorded in 39 and 72% of patients treated with band ligation and sclerotherapy, respectively (p < 0.01). The relative risk of bleeding after band ligation was 0.53 (95% confidence limits 0.390.73). Death rates until the end of follow up were 20 and 48% among patients with treated with band ligation and sclerotherapy, respectively (p < 0.01), with a relative risk of dying for patients subjected to band ligation of 0.41 (95% confidence limits 0.25-0.68). Conclusions: Band ligation was associated with lower rates of re-bleeding and mortality in these cohorts of patients.

Intra-Arterial Treatment in Patients with Acute Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding after Endoscopic Failure: Comparisons between Positive versus Negative Contrast Extravasation Groups

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment outcome is associated with visualization of contrast extravasation in patients with acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2009, patients that experienced a first attack of acute gastrointestinal bleeding after failure of initial endoscopy were referred to our interventional department for intra-arterial treatment. We enrolled 79 patients and divided them into two groups: positive and negative extravasation. For positive extravasation, patients were treated by coil embolization; and in negative extravasation, patients were treated with intra-arterial vasopressin infusion. The two groups were compared for clinical parameters, hemodynamics, laboratory findings, endoscopic characteristics, and mortality rates. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients had detectable contrast extravasation (positive extravasation), while 31 patients did not (negative extravasation). Fifty-six patients survived from this bleeding episode (overall clinical success rate, 71%). An elevation of hemoglobin level was observed in the both two groups; significantly greater in the positive extravasation group compared to the negative extravasation group. Although these patients were all at high risk of dying, the 90-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the positive extravasation than in the negative extravasation (20% versus 42%, p < 0.05). A multivariate analysis suggested that successful hemostasis (odds ratio [OR] = 28.66) is the most important predictor affecting the mortality in the two groups of patients. CONCLUSION: Visualization of contrast extravasation on angiography usually can target the bleeding artery directly, resulting in a higher success rate to control of hemorrhage.

Evaluación de la clasificación de Rockall como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta de origen no variceal / Assessment of Rockall score as a mortality predictor in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), a high morbi-mortality disease, is a medical emergency with high incidence among the population. It also represents a significant health expense and its mortality rate is 4-12 percent. There are different systems to classify the risk for these patients; one of them is the Rockall Score. This system has been previously validated as mortality predictor. Objective: To evaluate the use in our environment of the Rockall Score as a mortality predictor, the need for surgery and hemoderivative requirements. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study in adult patients subjected to emergency upper digestive endoscopy due to potential non-variceal UGIB at Hospital Militar de Santiago. Many clinical and endoscopic variables were analyzed. Validation of Rockall Score was carried out by ROC curve analysis. Results: Ninety-one patients were studied: 2/3 male; 70 percent > 60 years; 68 percent with a related disease. The most frequent endoscopic diagnosis was stomach and duodenal lesions. Mortality rate of 8.8 percent. Rockall Score indicated an acceptable discrimination ratio as a predictor of mortality, need for surgery and red blood cell transfusion. The best sensitivity and specificity correlation score was >_ 5 to determine the high-risk group. Conclusion: Rockall Score proved to be a good mortality predictor in patients with non-variceal UGIB in our environment. The identification of high-risk UGIB patients will allow for an appropiate therapeutic approach.

Introducción: Hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA), patología de alta morbimortalidad, es una emergencia médica, presenta alta incidencia poblacional y demanda alto gasto en salud. Presenta una mortalidad entre 4-12 por ciento. Existen diferentes sistemas de clasificación de riesgo para estos pacientes, uno de los cuales es la clasificación de Rockall. Este sistema ha sido previamente validado como predictor de mortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar en nuestro medio el uso de la clasificación de Rockall, para predecir mortalidad, necesidad de cirugía y requerimientos de hemoderivados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio restrospectivo en pacientes adultos sometidos a endoscopia digestiva alta de urgencia por sospecha de HDA no variceal en el Hospital Militar de Santiago. Se analizaron diversas variables clínicas y endoscópicas. La validación de la clasificación de Rockall se realizó con el análisis de curva ROC. Resultados: Se estudiaron 91 pacientes: 2/3 de sexo masculino; 70 por ciento > 60 años; 68 por ciento presentaban alguna enfermedad asociada. El diagnóstico endoscópico mas frecuente fue lesiones en estómago y duodeno. Tasa de mortalidad de 8,8 por ciento. La clasificación de Rockall mostró un aceptable nivel de discriminación como predictor de mortalidad, requerimiento de cirugía y tranfusión de glóbulos rojos. El puntaje de mejor correlación de sensibilidad y especificidad fue > 5 para definir el grupo de alto riesgo. Conclusión: La clasificación de Rockall resultó ser un buen predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con HDA no variceal en nuestro medio. Identificar pacientes con HDA de alto riesgo, permitiría un adecuado enfrentamiento terapéutico.

Riesgo de resangrado y muerte en pacientes hospitalizados en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Jesús Yerena con el diagnostico de hemorragia digestiva superior no variceal, durante el período comprendido entre enero 2002 y agosto 2008 / Rebleeding and dearth risks in inpatients at Hospital Jesús Yerena Gastoenterology Service diagnosed with non-varicose upper disgestive hemorrahage between january 2002 and august 2008

La hemorragia digestiva superior es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta y hospitalización en los hospitales generales y en los servicios de gastroenterología a nivel mundial. Existen criterios que permiten orientarnos hacia la evolución que puedan tener estos pacientes. Los criterios de Rockall, aplicados a pacientes con hemorragia digestiva superior no variceal y según las características clínicas-endoscópicos nos permiten predecir el riesgo de resangrado y muerte. Estadificar según criterios de Rockall el riesgo de resangrado y muerte en pacientes hospitalizados con diagnostico de Hemorragia Digestiva superior no variceal a la emergencia del hospital de Lídice, durante el período comprendido entre Enero 2002 y agosto 2008. Se realiza estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 150 pacientes, recopilando los datos de las historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de hemorragia digestiva superior no variceal a los cuales se les calculó según Rockall el riesgo de resangrado y muerte. Del total de 150 pacientes, presentaron riesgo bajo de muerte y resangrado 53 pacientes (8 resangraron y sólo 1 falleció por otra causa), riesgo intermedio 57 pacientes (14 resangraron y 2 fallecieron) y riesgo alto 40 pacientes (20 resangraron y 10 fallecieron). Nuestro trabajo confirma el valor de la escala de Rockall para determinar el riesgo de resangrado y muerte en pacientes con sangrado digestivo superior no variceal...

Upper digestive hemorrhage is one of the most frequent causes of worldwide consult and hospitalization in general hospitals and gastroenterology services as well. There are criteria allowing to being guided to the evolution that said patients could experience. Rockall criteria applied to patients with non-varicose upper digestive hemorrhage, and as per the clinical-endoscopic features, let us predict the rebleeding and death risks. According to Rockall criteria, staging the rebleeding and death risks in hospitalized patients diagnosed with non-varicose upper digestive hemorrhage at Hospital de Lidice’s ER between January 2002 and August 2008. A cross-sectioned retrospective study is carried out with a 150-patient sample, collecting clinical records data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with non-varicose upper digestive hemorrhage who were computed, according to Rockall, the rebleeding and death risks. Out of the total of 150 patients, 53 presented death and rebleeding risks (8 rebled and just 1 died due to other cause), 57 patients presented intermediate risk (14 rebled and 2 died), and patients showed high risk (20 rebled and 10 died). This research confirms the Rockall score’s value for determining the risk of rebleeding and death in patients diagnosed with non-varicose upper digestive bleeding...