Frequency of pelvic pain and bleeding per vaginum in first trimester of pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of pelvic pain and per vaginal bleeding, in the first trimester of pregnancy

Methods: A total of 150 pregnant women 18 to 35 years in first trimester were recruited in this crosssectional study, conducted from July 2015 to July 2016. Non-probability sampling technique was used to collect the data. The collected information from patients were entered in pre-designed proforma after taking informed consent. Data was analysed by using SPSS version 20

Results: The average age of the patients was 26.33 +/- 4.23 [range 18-35] years. Frequency of pelvic pain and per vaginal bleeding in first trimester of pregnancy was observed in 29.33% [44/150] and 12% [18/150] respectively. Stratification analysis was performed and it was observed that rate of pelvic pain and per vaginal bleeding was not statistically significant among different age groups. Rate of pelvic pain was significantly high in women with primigravida as compare to multigravida [p=0.003]

Conclusion: We found in our sample a significant number of women experiencing pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding in first trimester of their pregnancy. The practitioner must employ sound clinical and diagnostic skills in the management of the patient as early pregnancy complications can cause significant distress for some women and their partners

Prevalencia de istmocele en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Colombia / Prevalence of isthmocele at the San José Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de istmocele como hallazgo incidental en pacientes con antecedente de cesárea y síntomas clínicos asociados. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, en pacientes con antecedente de cesárea, programadas para histeroscopia entre noviembre de 2014 y marzo de 2015, en el servicio de cirugía endoscópica ginecológica del Hospital San José de Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: 42 pacientes fueron elegibles para el estudio por su antecedente de cesárea y todas fueron incluidas. La frecuencia de istmocele fue 83,3% en la histeroscopia, con similar localización en istmo y cérvix. La principal característica clínica presentada por las pacientes fue hemorragia uterina anormal (85,7%), mientras que la menos frecuente fue infertilidad (7,1%). En las pacientes con presencia de istmocele se observó una mayor prevalencia de dismenorrea (65,7% vs. 42,9%), antecedente de 2 o más cesáreas (60% vs. 42,9%) y cesárea de urgencia (54,3% vs. 28,6%) comparadas con el grupo de pacientes sin istmocele, en este último grupo se advirtió que el 100% de las pacientes no tenían antecedente de trabajo de parto previo. En mujeres con antecedente de cesárea y presencia de síntomas como sangrado uterino anormal, dismenorrea, dolor pélvico, infertilidad y dispareunia, la frecuencia de istmocele diagnosticado por histeroscopia fue mayor del 80%. Conclusión: El istmocele se debe a la cicatrización anómala uterina posterior a una cesárea, se requieren otros estudios para determinar no solo la prevalencia sino los factores protectores que reduzcan su incidencia para tener un impacto positivo en este tipo de pacientes.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of isthmocele as an incidental finding in patients with a history of cesarean section and associated clinical symptoms. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study using nonprobabilistic sampling for convenience in patients with a history of cesarean section, scheduled for hysteroscopy between November 2014 and March 2015, in the gynecological endoscopic surgery service of the Hospital San José de Bogotá, Colombia. Results: 42 patients were eligible for the study because of their previous cesarean section and all were included. The frequency of isthmocele was 83.3% in hysteroscopy, with similar localization in the isthmus and cervix. The main clinical characteristic presented by the patients was abnormal uterine bleeding (85.7%), while the less common was infertility (7.1%). A higher prevalence of dysmenorrhea (65.7% vs. 42.9%) was observed in patients with isthmocele, a history of 2 or more cesareans (60% vs. 42.9%) and an emergency cesarean section (54, 3% vs. 28.6%) compared to the group of patients without isthmocele, in the latter group it was noted that 100% of the patients had no previous history of labor. In women with a history of cesarean section and presence of symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, infertility and dyspareunia, the frequency of isthmocele diagnosed by hysteroscopy was greater than 80%. Conclusion: Isthmocele is due to abnormal uterine cicatrization after cesarean section, other studies are required to determine not only the prevalence but also the protective factors that reduce its incidence to have a positive impact on this kind of patients.

Pattern of Obstetrical Emergencies and Fetal Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction: Th ere is increasing awareness and facilities provided by various government and non government organizations regarding antenatal care and safe delivery practices but it is still a public health concern due to high maternal and perinatal mortality. Th e aims of present study is to assess the availability of manpower which provided services to the mothers in the peripheries, role of demographic characteristics, educational status, common pregnancy complications and there maternal and fetal outcome along with the hospital stay. Material and Methods: It was a retrospective study carried out in the Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College. All the patients who were admitted through casualty were analysed with respect to Age, parity, Socioeconomic status, antenatal check-up, reason for referral from periphery, maternal and fetal condition at the time of admission, mode of delivery, maternal and fetal outcome along with NICU admission & hospital stay. Result: It has been observed that most of the patients with poor obstetrical outcome are multiparous or grand multiparous with low socio economic status not receiving any antenatal care. Th e common obstetrical emergencies came out were PIH (18%), obstructed labor (10.3%) followed by APH (8.2%), fetal mal-presentation (7.5%) and anemia (7.2%). Conclusion: Illiteracy and ignorance of female regarding healthcare requirements came out to be a major contributor of poor pregnancy outcome. Early diagnosis and management of high risk pregnancies is one of the measures which can reduce poor pregnancy outcomes. It is to be emphasized that majority of the maternal death from pregnancy are preventable by sample priority intervention. Co-ordination between healthcare providers at gross root level to tertiary care centre is the need of time. Health care providers at PHC and CHC levels should have adequate knowledge of antenatal requirements and importance of immunization. Th ere must be referral of high risk cases for their early and timely management. Th ere must be adequate transport facility and systematic referral system as well as provision of immediate management of referred cases at tertiary care centre. So it is high time for urgent strategic planning and investment for upgrading eff ective obstetric and neonatal care.

Revisão de 15 casos submetidos a oclusão temporária bilateral de artéria ilíaca interna em pacientes com alto risco para hemorragia obstétrica / Review of the cases of 15 patients at high risk of obstetric hemorrhage who underwent temporary bilateral occlusion of internal iliac arteries

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados de 15 pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático para oclusão temporária das artérias hipogástricas. MÉTODOS: Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada com base em prontuários de 15 pacientes submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático, de janeiro/2008 a dezembro/2011. Todas as pacientes incluídas no estudo foram diagnosticadas no período antenatal com doença placentária associada a alto risco de hemorragia obstétrica. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das pacientes estudadas foi de 36 anos (32-42 anos). Nove pacientes eram portadoras de acretismo placentário, quatro possuíam placenta prévia, uma estava com gestação ectópica e uma apresentava miomatose uterina e coagulopatia associada a Lupus Eritematosos Sistêmico. O volume total de contraste utilizado para o procedimento variou entre 20 e 160 ml (média de 84 ml). A média do número total de dias de internação e o número de dias de internação após o procedimento foram, respectivamente, 12,4 e 4,9 dias. Em oito (53%) casos, não houve necessidade de transfusão sanguínea no intraoperatório ou após a cirurgia. A média do número de unidades de sangue transfundida foi 2,06. A única complicação associada ao procedimento foi a trombose arterial de artéria ilíaca externa, observada em dois casos. CONCLUSÃO: A oclusão temporária de artérias hipogástricas é um método seguro e efetivo para controle de hemorragia em pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, quando realizado por equipe experiente. Os resultados deste estudo são observacionais, retrospectivos e não randomizados; portanto, ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of 15 cases of patients at high risk of obstetric hemorrhage who underwent prophylactic temporary occlusion of internal iliac arteries. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of the medical records of 15 patients who underwent prophylactic balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries between January 2008 and December 2011. All patients included in the study were diagnosed antenatally with a placental disease associated with a high risk of obstetric hemorrhage. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients studied was 36 years (32-42 years). Nine patients had placenta accreta, 4 had placenta previa, 1 had an ectopic pregnancy and 1 had uterine fibroids and coagulopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematous. The total volume of contrast used in each procedure ranged from 20 to 160 ml (mean 84 ml). The average total number of days in hospital and the average number of days in hospital after the procedure were 12.4 and 4.9 days respectively. In 8 (53%) cases there was no need for blood transfusion during surgery or after surgery. The mean number of units of blood transfused was 2.06. The only complication associated with the procedure was arterial thrombosis of the external iliac artery, observed in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: Temporary occlusion of hypogastric arteries is a safe and effective method for control of bleeding in patients at high risk of obstetric hemorrhage, when performed by experienced staff. The results of this study are observational, retrospective and nonrandomized, therefore we cannot support the routine use of this technique, however, we can include it our arsenal to treat selected cases with potentially unstable hemodynamics. .

Hysteroscopic findings in patients with post-menstrual spotting with prior cesarean section / Achados histeroscópicos em pacientes com sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape com cesárea anterior

Objective: To identify uterine hysteroscopic findings among patients with prior cesarean section and whom had post-menstrual bleeding spotting type. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and prospective study between June 2008 and December 2009 involving women admitted to our clinic in Ji-Paraná (RO), Brazil, and who complained of prolonged genital bleeding after menstrual period. A total of 20 women with the simultaneous following characteristics were selected: at least one prior cesarean section, aged between 18 and 45 years, no use of hormonal contraceptives, and no history of uterine surgery that could change the cavity anatomy. All participants underwent a hysteroscopic examination. Results: During hysteroscopy, in 90% of the patients, the presence of a cesarean section scar was observed in the last third of the cervix. This scarring causes an anomaly in the uterine cavity anatomy, characterized by the viewing of an enlargement followed by a retraction of the anterior wall, which affords the presence of a pseudocavity with depth and lumen narrowing in variable degrees. Two patients did not present the pseudocavity. Conclusion: Pseudocavities in cesarean section scar are usually found in hysteroscopic examination of patients with prior cesarean section and abnormal uterine spotting.

Objetivo: Identificar os achados histeroscópicos uterino em grupo de pacientes com operação cesariana anterior e sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e prospectivo, com mulheres que compareceram em consultório em Ji-Paraná (RO), entre junho de 2008 e dezembro de 2009, com queixa de sangramento genital prolongado tipo escape após período menstrual. Destas, foram selecionadas 20 mulheres que apresentavam, simultaneamente, as seguintes características: ao menos uma cesárea prévia; idade entre 18 e 45 anos; sem uso de método anticoncepcional hormonal; e ausência de qualquer outra cirurgia uterina capaz de alterar a anatomia da cavidade. As pacientes selecionadas foram submetidas a exame histeroscópico. Resultados: À histeroscopia, em 90% das pacientes, observou-se, no terço final do colo, a presença da cicatriz de cesárea. Essa cicatriz causa, no interior da cavidade uterina, uma anomalia em sua anatomia, caracterizada pela visualização, na parede anterior, de uma dilatação seguida de retração, que proporciona a presença de pseudocavidade com profundidade e oclusão da luz em graus variáveis. Já em duas pacientes, não foi detectada a pseudocavidade. Conclusão: A pseudocavidade na cicatriz da cesariana é o achado mais freqüente à observação histeroscópica em pacientes com cesárea prévia e sangramento uterino anormal pós-menstrual tipo escape.

Análisis de un quinquenio en la histerectomía obstétrica de emergencia / A five-year analysis in the emergence obstetric hysterectomy

La histerectomía obstétrica de emergencia (HOE), realizada en casos de hemorragia obstétrica severa e incontrolable, se relaciona con una significativa morbilidad materna. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el hospital general docente "Enrique Cabrera", para caracterizar a las pacientes obstétricas histerectomizadas de urgencia e identificar las indicaciones y morbimortalidad asociadas al proceder. Todas las puérperas histerectomizadas en el quinquenio 2002-2006, constituyeron el universo de trabajo. De las historias clínicas se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, obstétricos y aquellos relacionados con la indicación de la histerectomía, técnica y complicaciones. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias y otras técnicas de estadística descriptiva, mediante el procesador estadístico para Windows, SPSS, versión 13. El 47 % de las HOE ocurrió en mujeres mayores de 30 años, el 44 % de las pacientes fueron primíparas, la atonía uterina fue la indicación en el 48 % de los casos, la morbilidad incluyó la politransfusión (80 %), admisión en unidad de cuidados intensivos (88 %) y coagulación intravascular diseminada (45,4 %). Se concluyó que la edad materna mayor de 30 años predominó entre las pacientes histerectomizadas, que los eventos hemorrágicos fueron la primera indicación para HOE y entre ellos la atonía uterina y que el proceder se asoció a una elevada morbilidad materna

Emergence obstetric hysterectomy (EOH), carried out in cases of severe and uncontrollable obstetric hemorrhage is related to a significant maternal morbidity. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in "Enrique Cabrera" Teaching General Hospital to characterize the obstetric patients underwent an emergence hysterectomy and to identify the indications and morbidity and mortality associated to procedure. Sample included all the hysterectomy puerperants during 2002-2006. From medical records it was possible to collect the sociodemographic, obstetric data and those related to prescription of hysterectomy, technique and complications. Frequency distribution and other descriptive statistic techniques were used by statistical processor for Windows, SPSS version 13. The 47 percent of EOHs was in women aged over 30, the 44 percent of patients were primipara, uterine atomy was the indication in the 48 percent of cases; morbidity included polytransfusion (80 percent) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (45.4 percent). We conclude that mother aged over 30 predominates among hysterectomy patients, that hemorrhagic events were the first indication for EOH and mainly the uterine atony and that procedure was associated with a high maternal morbidity

Sangramento durante a anticoagulação oral: alerta sobre um mal maior / Sangrado durante la anticoagulación oral: alerta sobre un mal mayor / Bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy: warning against a greater hazard

FUNDAMENTO: Sangramento é uma das grandes preocupações em pacientes sob anticoagulação oral. OBJETIVO: Investigar causas determinantes do sangramento em usuários de anticoagulante oral. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados prospectivamente, por 48 ± 7,2 meses, 360 pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA), todos em uso de anticoagulante oral (ACo) com INR-alvo de 2,0-3,5, avaliados em média a cada 30 dias. Os pacientes foram investigados quanto à presença de patologia associada que levasse a sangramento. RESULTADOS: Participaram deste estudo 338 pacientes. Desses, 210 (62,13 por cento) eram do sexo feminino. A estenose mitral estava presente em 218 pacientes (64,4 por cento), a prótese biológica mitral em 64 (18,9 por cento) e a insuficiência da valva mitral em 56 (16,5 por cento). O sangramento ocorreu em 65 pacientes (19,2 por cento) e de forma grave em 7 (10 por cento). Em 38/65 pacientes (58,5 por cento), identificou-se nova doença associada, facilitadora do sangramento. Em 100 por cento dos pacientes com sangramento na faixa terapêutica, foi encontrada doença associada, contra 49,05 por cento de diagnóstico de doenças associadas naqueles com INR > 3,5 (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de doença local associada ao sangramento foi frequente entre os medicados com anticoagulante oral (58,5 por cento). Houve associação entre sangramento com INR na faixa terapêutica (INR 2,0-3,5) e diagnóstico de patologia predisponente a sangramento (p < 0,001). Em pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral que apresentam sangramento, é mandatória a investigação da causa, sobretudo se a INR estiver na faixa terapêutica.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding is one of the main concerns in patients undergoing oral anticoagulation therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinant causes of bleeding in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy. METHODS: A total of 360 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing oral anticoagulant (ACo) therapy, with a target INR of 2.0-3.5, were followed prospectively for a period of 48 ± 7.2 months. The patients were evaluated on average every 30 days and were investigated regarding the presence of associated pathology that could lead to bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 338 patients participated in the present study. Of these, 210 (62.13 percent) were females. Mitral stenosis was present in 218 patients (64.4 percent), a mitral biological prosthesis in 64 (18.9 percent) and mitral valve failure in 56 (16.5 percent) patients. Bleeding occurred in 65 patients (19.2 percent), being severe in 7 (10 percent) patients. In 38/65 patients, a new associated disease was identified, which facilitated bleeding. An associated disease was identified in 100 percent of the patients with bleeding within the therapeutic range, against 49.05 percent of associated disease diagnosis in those with an INR > 3.5 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of a local disease associated to the bleeding was frequent among those patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy (58.5 percent). There was an association between bleeding with an INR within the therapeutic range (INR=2.0-3.5) and the diagnosis of a pathology predisposing to bleeding (p<0.001). It is mandatory to investigate the cause of bleeding in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy, especially if the INR is within the therapeutic range.

FUNDAMENTO: El sangrado es una de las grandes preocupaciones en pacientes bajo anticoagulación oral. OBJETIVO: Investigar causas determinantes del sangrado en usuarios de anticoagulante oral. MÉTODOS: Se realizó el seguimiento, prospectivamente, por 48 ± 7,2 meses, de 360 pacientes con fibrilación atrial (FA), todos en uso de anticoagulante oral (ACo) con INR-objetivo de 2,0-3,5, evaluados en promedio cada 30 días. Los pacientes se investigaron sobre la presencia de patología asociada que llevara al sangrado. RESULTADOS: Participaron en este estudio 338 pacientes. De ellos, 210 (62,13 por ciento) eran del sexo femenino. La estenosis mitral estaba presente en 218 pacientes (64,4 por ciento), la prótesis biológica mitral en 64 (18,9 por ciento) y la insuficiencia de la válvula mitral en 56 (16,5 por ciento). El sangrado ocurrió en 65 pacientes (19,2 por ciento) y de forma grave en 7 (10 por ciento). En 38/65 pacientes (58,5 por ciento), se identificó nueva enfermedad asociada, facilitadora del sangrado. En el 100 por ciento de los pacientes con sangrado en el intervalo terapéutico, se encontró enfermedad asociada, contra el 49,05 por ciento de diagnóstico de enfermedades asociadas en aquellos con INR > 3,5 (p = 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de enfermedad local asociada al sangrado fue frecuente entre los medicados con anticoagulante oral (58,5 por ciento). Hubo asociación entre sangrado con INR en el intervalo terapéutico (INR 2,0-3,5) y diagnóstico de patología predisponente a sangrado (p < 0,001). En pacientes en uso de anticoagulante oral que presentan sangrado, es indispensable la investigación de la causa, sobre todo si la INR está en el intervalo terapéutico.

Abnormal uterine bleeding; hysteroscopic findings in patients

To determine the frequency of the various uterine pathologies detected during hysteroscopic examination in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Descriptive - case series. This study was conducted at Nishtar Hospital Multan in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit II from July 2005 to July 2006. A total of 70 patients admitted through gynecology outpatient department with complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding were evaluated. 40 patients were selected by non- probability purposive sampling. Assessment included detailed history, clinical examination, baseline investigations and pelvic ultrasound in all patients. ECG and X-ray chest of patients above 40 years was done. Diagnostic hysteroscopies were performed and findings were noted. A total of 40 patients underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy. Most of the women were in perimenopausal age group with presenting complaint of irregular and heavy bleeding per vaginum. General anesthesia was used in all patients with saline as distension medium. Pathology was diagnosed in 52.5% with the help of hysteroscope. The most common pathology was endometrial polyp 27.5% followed by submucous fibroid 25%. No early or late complication was observed. Incidence of focal endometrial lesions in patients with AUB is high. Hysteroscopy provides direct visualization of endometrial cavity and hence accurately detects intrauterine pathology. It is safe, effective and successful investigation and should be considered a procedure of choice for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding

Hemorragía uterina disfuncional / Hemorragía uterine dysfunctional

Los trastornos menstruales son una de las primeras causas de consulta o de urgencia en servicios clínicos, y la hemorragia uterina disfuncional, una de las irregularidades menstruales de más incidencia en las adolescentes.

Evaluation of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in Fasa - Hamze Outpatient Clinic of Gynecology of during 6 months

Abnormal uterine bleeding [AUB] is one of the most frequent complaints in women at all age groups, but causes are different in different age groups. In our discriptional and observational research, we collected demographic data, results of physical examination and work ups and sonographies in 225 women during 6 months. With omission of pregnancy and its complications, most frequent causes of AUB in premenarchal, reproductive, perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups were anovulation, infections and endometrial atrophy respectively. The common pattern of AUB were oligomenorrhea, menometrorrhagia, unexpected spotting respectively. These results are the same as other researches. Also as an alternative object, usefulness of sonography and paraclinical workups were evaluated

Assessment of risk factors of uterine cancer in Saudi patients with postmenopausal bleeding

To investigate whether postmenopausal bleeding [PMB] in our postmenopausal patients is a significant early symptom of uterine cancer [UC] and to assess risk factors for developing the disease in our population. A retrospective observational study conducted at King Fahad National Guard Hospital [KFNGH], Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A review of documents was carried out from PMB patients who were admitted to the hospital from January 1990 through to December 2000. Factors that are usually associated with UC were studied [age, body mass index, parity, menopausal duration, past medical history, ultrasound endometrial thickness, and number of PMB episodes]. Forty-seven/one hundred and ninety-five patients [24.1%] were found to have UC. One hundred and forty-eight/one hundred and ninety-five patients [75.9%] had no pathology or a benign pathology. After adjustment for confounding variables, patient's is age >60-years and occurrence of >/= 2 episodes of PMB were the risk factors significantly related to UC development. Age 61-70-years P=0.02, odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-32.9. Age >70-years P=0.001, OR 28.4, 95% CI 3.5-156.3. Occurrence of >/= 2 episodes of PMB P=0.005, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6-11.8. Endometrial thickness >5mm, diabetes, hypertension and obesity were not found to be among the risk factors associated with UC development. Patient's age >60-years and occurrence of >/= 2 episodes of PMB were the risk factors significantly related to UC development in saudi patients with PMB. National risk factors assessment though case control study is required

Sangrado transvaginal durante el embarazo, como factor de riesgo para isoinmunización al antígeno Rhesus-D / Transvaginal bleeding during pregnancy associated with Rhesus-D isoimmunization

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el sangrado transvaginal en cualquier etapa del embarazo como factor de riesgo para la sensibilización al antígeno eritrocitario Rhesus-D en mujeres previamente no isoinmunizadas (Rh(-)NI), como una alternativa para la aplicación rutinaria de gama-globulina anti-D a la semana 28 de gestación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles consecutivos, efectuado en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología de la Ciudad de México, en el periodo de 1995 a 2001.Casos (n=24), pacientes Rh(-)NI que mostraron seroconversión positiva de anticuerpos contra el componente D del antígeno Rh durante el embarazo o en el puerperio inmediato. Controles (n=24), mujeres Rh(-)NI, captadas consecutivamente y que no presentaron seroconversión positiva de anticuerpos Anti-D. En todos los casos los recién nacidos fueron Rh positivos. Ninguna de las pacientes recibió inmunoprofilaxis Anti-D a la semana 28 de gestación. Se evaluaron periodos de sangrado transvaginal en cualquier etapa del embarazo y antes del inicio del trabajo de parto. Se estimaron razones de probabilidad e intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: La presencia de sangrado transvaginal se observó en 18/24 (75 por ciento) de los casos y en 5/24 de los controles (20 por ciento). La actividad uterina pretérmino y la amenaza de aborto fueron las causas más frecuentes identificadas como causa de este sangrado. La presencia de uno solo de estos eventos durante cualquier etapa del embarazo aumentó 11.4 veces (IC 95 por ciento 2.9-44.0) el riesgo de sensibilización al antígeno eritrocitario Rh-D, y si el sangrado se presentó después de la semana 20 el riesgo se incrementó 5.0 veces (IC 95 por ciento 1.3-19.1). La presencia de sangrado antes de la semana 20 no se asoció con un incremento significativo en el riesgo de sensibilización (OR=7.6, IC 95 por ciento 0.8-69.5). CONCLUSIONES: En presencia de cualquier sangrado transvaginal durante el embarazo en una paciente Rh-NI...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate transvaginal bleeding (TVB) as a risk factor for Rhesus isoimmunization during pregnancy, in order to optimize the application of Anti-D gammaglobulin in non-immunized pregnant women, as an alternative to the routine application of Anti-D at 28 weeks of gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This case-control study was conducted from 1995 to 2001 at Mexico's National Perinatology Institute. Cases (n=24) were non-immunized pregnant women who showed positive anti-D antibody seroconversion during pregnancy or during the early puerperium. Controls (n=24) were non-immunized pregnant women who enrolled after each case, with similar clinical characteristics but who had no anti-D antibody seroconversion during pregnancy. In all cases the newborns were Rh-positive. None of the patients received immunoprofilaxis at 28 weeks of gestation. The presence of TVB was recorded at any stage of pregnancy and before labor. Odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals were used to assess associations. RESULTS: TVB was observed in 18/24 (75 percent) cases and in 5/24 (20 percent) controls. Preterm uterine contractions and threatened miscarriage were the most frequent causes of TVB. The presence of one TVB event during pregnancy increased 11.4 times (95 percent CI 2.9-44.0) the likelihood of Rhesus isoimmunization. TVB after 20 weeks of gestation increased the likelihood 5.0 times (95 percentCI 1.3-19.1). TVB before 20 weeks of gestation was not significantly associated with Rh isoimmunization (OR=7.6, 95 percentCI 0.8-69.5). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with anti-D gammaglobulin should be given to all non-immunized Rhesus-negative pregnant woman with TVB at any stage of pregnancy.

Hemorragia uterina disfuncional

La hemorragia uterina disfuncional (HUD) constituye el 75 por ciento de la hemorragia uterina anormal (HUA). El otro 25 por ciento es hemorragia uterina bien sea por patología del tracto reproductivo, patología sistémica, o iatrogénica. EL diagnóstico de HUD sólo se puede sustentar cuando no se han encontrado causas orgánicas después de una cuidadosa historia clínica, examen físico, pruebas de laboratorio acordes, ecografía transvaginal, y en muchos casos biopsia endometrial e histeroscopia. Las mujeres adolescentes por inmadurez del eje endocrino, y las climatéricas por involución son las más susceptibles de presentar HUD. El episodio agudo es mejor controlado con estrógenos a altas dosis, o con raspado uterino en caso de hipovolemia. El tratamiento crónico, para evitar recurrencias, depende de las necesidades de cada paciente: progestágenos cíclicos, anticonceptivos orales de microdosis, estrógenos- progestágenos, inductores de la ovulación, ablación histeroscópica, e histerectomía

Sangrado uterino anormal en premenopáusicas / Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopause

Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de pacientes premeno-pausicas con sangrado uterino anormal que acudieron a la consulta de ginecologia del Hospital Materno Infantil "San Lorenzo de Los Mina"; en el periodo 1987-1988. De un total de 118 pacientes, 18.6 por ciento fueron analizados de forma prospectiva y 81.4 por ciento fue analizado retrospectivamente. La edad mas afectada fue la comprendida entre 40-41 años. El legrado-biopsia fue la forma mas frecuente para llegar al diagnostico asi como tambien, la base del tratamiento

Hemorragia uterina disfuncional: estudo clinico de 322 pacientes / Dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage: clinical study in 322 patients

No periodo de 1980 a 1987 foram estudadas na Clinica Ginecologica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo 322 pacientes portadoras de hemorragia uterina disfuncional com o objetivo de avaliar alguns dados epidemiologicos e os resultados de exames complementares. A idade das pacientes variou de 15 a 45 anos, media etaria de 29,8 anos. O padrao menstrual que predominou foi o hipermenorragico (115 pacientes - 35,7 por cento). A ligadura tubaria foi o antecedente pessoal predominante (90 pacientes - 27,9 por cento). Os sintomas e sinais associados foram: mastodinia, queda de cabelo, galactorreia, hirsutismo e acne. O valor medio das dosagens sanguineas de FSH, LH, prolactina, T3, T4, TSH e o perfil androgenico encontravam-se dentro dos parametros da normalidade. Os valores de progesterona foram compativeis com ciclos ovulatorios em 42,3 por cento das pacientes.

Incidencia de hemorragia en usuarias de dispositivo intrauterino, Hospital de San Jose, Centro de Salud No. 6. Bogota Enero de 1981, Diciembre de 1986 / Incidence of genital hemorrhage in users of intra uterine dispositive, Hospital San Jose, health center No. 6. Bogota. January 1981, December 1986

En el centro de salud No 6 del D.E. de Bogota, se lleva a cabo el programa de planificacion familiar, en el cual las usuarias tienen acceso a la utilizacion de DIU, Asa de Lippes y T de cobre, metodos que aunque son efectivos de un 90 a 95% pueden llegar a ocasionar efectos secundarios como la hemorragia, que constituye una de las quejas mas frecuentes en las ususarias. La hemorragia parece estar relacionada con variables tales como edad, gestaciones, tipo de DIU y tiempo de uso del mismo, razon por la cual el objetivo general del presente trabajo no solo es determinar la incidencia, sino tambien conocer algunos factores de riesgo y algunas caracteristicas de la hemorragia en mujeres que planifican con DIU. Los principios o bases teoricas seleccionadas para sustentar cientificamente esta investigacion, tienen que ver con la historia y los antecedentes del uso de los DIU, con las clases de DIU y los mecanismos de accion de cada uno de ellos, con la prescripcion, procedimiento de insercion y contraindicaciones para el uso de DIU, con los efectos secundarios y las complicaciones que pueden sobrevenir a la usuaria, y finalmente con las formas de hemorragia, sus causas y consecuencia. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se pudo concluir: -Los tipos de hemorragiaque mas se presenta independiente del tipo del dispositivo son la hipermenorrea y la hemorragia. -Se aprecia que 4 de cada 100 usuarias de T de cobre tienen riesgo de presentar mas de una clase de hemorragia (mixta); en el grupo de edad de 24 a 33 anos y primigestantes. -Con relacion a las usuarias de Asa de Lippes..