Tratamento das hemorragias intracranianas espontâneas: o dilema continua / Treatment of Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhages: the Dilemma Continues

Introdução As doenças cerebrovasculares (DCV) são a principal causa de morte no Brasil, sendo um grande problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Métodos Revisão da literatura utilizando o banco de dados do MEDLINE. Buscados os termos "intracerebral" e "hemorrhage" presentes no título e no resumo publicados em qualquer data. Resultados As hemorragias intracranianas (HIC) acometem, principalmente, os lobos cerebrais, gânglios da base, tálamo, tronco cerebral (predominantemente a ponte) e cerebelo como resultado da ruptura de vasos cerebrais afetados pelos efeitos degenerativos da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) ou da angiopatia amiloide. O diagnóstico pode ser feito através da tomografia computadorizada de crânio (TCC), sendo auxiliado pela ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) do encéfalo e a angiografia dos quatro vasos cerebrais na investigação etiológica. Tratamento: dividido em clínico e cirúrgico. Atualmente, não há consenso sobre a seleção do tipo de tratamento para pacientes com HIC, e esta decisão deve levar em consideração idade do paciente, estado neurológico, tamanho e profundidade do hematoma, presença de hidrocefalia e de efeito compressivo. Os estudos atuais mostram uma tendência de superioridade dos procedimentos cirúrgicos minimamente invasivos, commenor risco de lesão encefálica secundária decorrente do acesso cirúrgico ao hematoma. Conclusão A escolha da melhor estratégia para o tratamento das HIC permanece um desafio e ainda deve ser feita de forma individualizada.

Introduction Cerebrovascular Diseases are the major cause of death in Brazil and a public health issue in the world. Methods Review of the literature using the MEDLINE's data bank. We have searched the keywords "intracerebral" and "hemorrhages" in the title and abstract. Results Intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) affect, mainly, the cerebral lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem and the cerebellum as a result of the rupture of diseased cerebral vessels by the effects of hypertension or amyloid angiopathy. Diagnosis can be done with the use of a non-contrast computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebral angiogram (useful in investigation of the etiology). Treatment can be divided in clinical and surgical. This decision still should be taken considering individual features, such as patient's age and neurological status, hematoma's size and deep, time between ictus and the procedure, presence of hydrocephalus and compressive effects. The studies has shown a preference for the minimally invasive procedures, since the secondary brain lesions caused by the surgery tend to be less. Conclusion The choice of what would be the best strategy to treat the ICH is still a challenge and this decision should be taken individually.

Impacto da utilização do rFVIIa nas hemorragias intracranianas: revisão da literatura: [revisão] / Impact of the rFVIIa use on intracranial hemorrhage: [review]

Revisão sobre as doenças cerebrovasculares hemorrágicas (DEVH), com ênfase emsua fisiopatologia, avaliando a utilização de um agente hemostático de ação localizada — fator VII recombinante ativado (rFVIIa) — no contexto de agente neuroprotetor. Método: Como ferramenta de busca, utilizamos Medline, Scielo e Cochraine cruzando os termos: “rFVIIa intracranial hemorrhage”;“penumbra zone”; “intracranial trauma rFVIIa”; “hemorrhagic stroke rFVIIa”, selecionados do período de 1995-2008. Avaliamos trabalhos que mostraram a utilização do rFVIIa em situações neurológicas críticas, incluindo traumatismo craniencefálico, hemorragia subaracnóidea, hematomas sub e extradurale hemorragia intraventricular, tendo como parâmetros valores referentes ao tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e índice de normalização internacional antes e após a utilização desse agente hemostático.

Literature review about hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, emphasizing its pathophisiology, and evaluating the utilization of a local action hemostatic factor — activated recombinant factor VII(rFVIIa) — as a neuroprotective agent. Method: In Medline, Scielo and Cochraine data bases thefollowing searching words were used: “rFVIIa intracranial hemorrhage”; “penumbra zone”; “intracranialtrauma rFVIIa”; and “hemorrhagic stroke rFVIIa”. Publications between 1995 and 2008 on the use of rFVIIa in critical neurologic situations, such as traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural and extradural haematoma, and inraventricular hemorrhage, using prothrombin time, partial activated tromboplastin time, and the international normalization ratio before and after its administration as control parameter were selected.

Prevalence of Factors involved in intracranial hemorrhage of premature neonates less than 34 weeks' gestation

Intracranial hemorrhage is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. It is the most severe cranial problem in that period. Those who survive would be affected by hydrocephalus, encephalomalacia, and finally brain atrophy. With accurate knowledge of risk factors, hemorrhage may be diagnosed earlier and the complications managed earlier. This study was performed in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital. All the neonates less than 34 weeks of gestation were undergone intracranial sonography from Feb 2005 to Feb 2006. Sonography was performed via anterior fontanel with proper probe according to neonatal age. 113 neonates less than 34 weeks of gestation have been studied. Mean gestational age was 32 weeks. Mean neonatal weight were 1566 +/- 734 grams. Intracranial hemorrhage was evident in 21% of them; 16.8% was grade 1, 0.9% grade 2, 2.7% grade 3, 0.9% grade 4. The mean weight of neonates with hemorrhage was 1504.11 grams. Intracranial hemorrhage had correlation with respiratory acidosis and pneumothorax. The latter was also correlated with hemorrhage grade. Supposing the safety and non-invasiveness of intacranial sonography, we suggest performing sonography in all premature neonates with low birth weight, and also in those neonates with pneumothorax and respiratory acidosis

Intracranial haemorrhage in typhoid fever

Intracranial haemorrhage in typhoid fever is very rare. We report another case of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in a 6-year-old boy suffering from typhoid fever, unconsciousness, seizure and non-coherent speech. Investigations revealed severe thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin time. CT scan of brain showed intraparenchymal haemorrhage in frontal regions bilaterally with perilesional oedema, subarachnoid bleed and extension into the lateral ventricles. No aneurysm or arterio-venous malformation was seen on MR angiography. The patient recovered without any neurological deficit

Hematoma cerebeloso espontáneo: Diagnóstico, manejo y evolución de 18 pacientes / Spontaneous cerebellar haematoma: Diagnosis, management and Follow-up in 18 patients

Objetivo: Describir 18 pacientes con hematoma cerebeloso espontáneo (HCE), su diagnóstico, manejo y evolución. Pacientes y Métodos: En el Hospital de Especialidades CMN "La Raza", del 1° de enero del 2001 a 15 de julio del 2003, se estudiaron 18 pacientes, hombres y mujeres de 16 años o más, con HCE. Se evaluó: compresión del IV ventrículo, estado neurológico, hidrocefalia, enfermedades agregadas, manejo y evolución postoperatoria. La compresión del IV ventrículo se dividió en 3 grados. El manejo fue: 1) conservador, 2) craniectomía y drenaje del hematoma, 3) craniectomía con drenaje del hematoma y derivación ventricular, 4) ventriculostomía y 5) ninguno. Resultados: La evolución promedio del HCE fue de más de 6 horas en 11 casos (62%). La hipertensión arterial sistémica se asoció en 72% (13 casos), hidrocefalia en 12 (66%). En 5 pacientes la evolución fue buena, con vida independiente (28%), 3 (17%) con evolución regular y vida dependiente y 10 fallecieron (55%). Conclusiones: Los HCE son una urgencia médica y quirúrgica. El estado neurológico y el grado de compresión del IV ventrículo son los factores más importantes para decidir el manejo e inferir el pronóstico.

Objective: Describe eighteen patients with spontaneous cerebellar haematoma (SCH), their diagnosis, management and outcome. Patients and Method: 18 patients were seen at the Hospital de Especialidades CMN "La Raza" between January 2001 and July 2003. Patients were male and female over 16 years that showed signs compatible with SCH. Fourth ventricle compression, neurological status, hydrocephalus, concomitant diseases, management and postoperative status were assessed. Fourth ventricle compression was divided in three stages. Management included: 1) conservative approach, 2) craniectomy and haematoma drainage, 3) craniectomy haematoma drainage and ventricular derivation, 4) ventriculostomy and 5) absence of treatment. Results: SCH was observed for over six hours in 11 patients (62%). Systemic hypertension was present in 13 patients (72%), hydrocephalus in 12 (66%), five patients displayed a favourable outcome and were able to lead independent lives (28%), three patients (17%) had a guarded outcome, dependent on others for daily living skills and 10 patients died. Conclusions: SCH is a medical and surgical emergency. Neurological status and degree of fourth ventricle compression are the most important factors on which to base clinical management and infer prognosis.

Malformaciones vasculares del sistema nervioso central y embarazo: revisión del tema y presentación de un caso clínico / Vascular malformations in the central nervous system and pregnancy: review of the subject and presentation of a clinical case

La hemorragia intracraneal debida a la ruptura de una malformación arteriovenosa durante el embarazo es una condición rara, pero seria, que puede condicionar morbimortalidad materno-fetal. Los trabajos científicos sugieren que el embarazo no aumenta el riesgo del primer sangrado de la malformación vascular, pero si el riesgo de sangrados posteriores. Las malformaciones arteriovenosas tienen una historia natural mal definida, más desconocida aún cuando se hacen clínicamente sintomáticas por primera vez durante el embarazo. Debido a su rareza, no existen protocolos definidos a seguir frente a esta situación. La colaboración estrecha entre los distintos especialistas en estos campos, tanto neurólogos, como obstétricas es obligatoria. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 14 años cursando embarazo de 15 semanas, a la que se le realizó un estudio por un cuadro de cefalea, diagnosticándose una hemorragia intracerebral secundaria a la ruptura de malformación arteriovenosa, la que tuvo finalmente una resolución neuroquirúrgica durante el embarazo.