Uso de atracúrio para o bloqueio da musculatura extrínseca do bulbo ocular em cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória sob ventilação espontânea / Blocking of ocular bulb extrinsic musculature by atracurium in inhalant anesthetized dogs under spontaneous breathing

Comparou-se o bloqueio da musculatura extrínseca do bulbo ocular com três doses de atracúrio em cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória sob ventilação espontânea. Em estudo cego, foram utilizados seis cães, pré-medicados com 0,1mg/kg de acepromazina intravenoso (IV), anestesiados com 5mg/kg de propofol, entubados e mantidos sob anestesia inalatória com 1,5 por cento de isofluorano e submetidos a quatro tratamentos: não tratados (controle), tratados com 25µg/kg (G25) de atracúrio IV, com 50µg/kg (G50) de atracúrio IV e com 75µg/kg (G75) de atracúrio IV. Mensuraram-se: pressão parcial de CO2 expirado (ETCO2), freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (ƒ), saturação arterial de oxiemoglobina (SatO2) e tempo de centralização do bulbo ocular. Nos grupos tratados com atracúrio, o ETCO2 aumentou aos 5min, e permaneceu aumentado até 10min em G50 e até 20min em G75, sendo este o único tratamento cuja concentração de ETCO2 apresentou-se acima de 50mmHg. Não houve reinalação de CO2 em nenhum grupo. Em G75, observou-se aumento crescente da ƒ até os 40min e considerável bradicardia após 10min; ambos retornaram aos valores basais após esse período. A centralização do bulbo ocular foi crescente de acordo com a dose: G25, 38±13min; G50, 65±16,4 min; G75, 78±27min, mas não houve diferença estatística entre G50 e G75. Conclui-se que G50 apresentou bloqueio satisfatório sem promover intensa e prolongada hipercapnia nos animais.

The ocular bulb extrinsic musculature blocking by the administration of three atracurium doses in isoflurane anesthetized dogs under spontaneous breathing was compared. In a blind study, six dogs were premedicated with 0.1mg/kg of acepromazine, anesthetized with 5mg/kg of propofol, intubated and maintained in inhalation anesthesia with 1.5 percent of isoflurane in 100 percent of oxygen. Afterwards, they were submitted to four treatments (control, G25:25µg/kg of atracurium IV, G50:50µg/kg IV and G75:75µg/kg IV). Heart rate (HR), breathing rate (BR), CO2 extrated (ETCO2), arterial saturation of oxyhaemoglobin (SatO2) and ocular bulb centralization time were measured. ETCO2 in all animals were increased at 5min keeping high until 10min in G50 and until 20min in G75 dogs; this was the unique animal group that showed results above 50mmHg of ETCO2. CO2 was not reinhaled by any animal. It was observed an increase in BR until 40min and a considerable bradycardia after 10min in G75 animals; both returned to basal levels thereon. The centralization time was crescent, according the doses (G25: 38±13min; G50: 65±16.4min; G75: 78±27min), but no difference between G50 and G75. It was showed that G50 dogs took a content ocular centralization without intense and prolonged hypercapnia.

Does Hypercapnic Acidosis, induced by Adding CO2 to Inspired Gas, Have Protective Effect in a Ventilator-induced Lung Injury?

To investigate whether hypercapnic acidosis, induced by adding CO2 to inspired gas, would be protective effect against ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), we ventilated 55 normal white rabbits for 6 hr or until PaO2/FIO2 <200 mmHg. Control group (n=15) was ventilated with peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 15 cm H2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3 cm H2O, an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2, and an inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.40. High pressure hypercapnic group (HPHC; n=20) was ventilated with PIP of 30 cm H2O, PEEP of 0 cm H2O, and FIO2 of 0.40. Carbon dioxide was introduced into the inspiratory limb of the ventilator circuit, as necessary to maintain hypercapnia (PaCO2, 65 to 75 mmHg). High pressure normocapnic group (HPNC; n=20) was ventilated with same setting of HPHC, except normocapnia (PaCO2, 35 to 45 mmHg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, interleukin-8 were significantly higher in high pressure ventilator group than control group (p<0.05). Wet weight to dry weight (WW/DW) and histologic scores were significantly higher in high pressure ventilator group than control group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in oxygenation, BALF inflammatory markers, WW/DW and histologic scores between HPHC and HPNC groups. These findings suggest that hypercapnic acidosis at least induced by CO2 insufflation would not be protective effect against VILI in this model.

Hipercapnea inducida por acetazolamida, su efecto en la circulación pulmonar: estudio experimental / Acetazolamide induced hipercapnea, its effect on the pulmonary circulation: experimental study

Se diseño un modelo de hipercapnea, sin hipoxemia ni acidosis y se evaluaron los efectos del CO2 en la circulación arterial pulmonar. Se estudiaron 6 perros a los que se administró dosis única de acetazolamida (120mg/Kg) para inhibir la acción de la anhidrasa carbónica. Con esta dosis se logró aumentar la PaCO2 de 27.mmHg a 41.mmHg y la PvCO2 de 31.mmHg a 46.mmHg (p<0.01). A lo largo de tres horas la PaCO2 y la PvO2 permanecieron estables y no ocurrió hipoxemia. El pH arterial y el venoso se mantuvieron en promedio en 7.35 ñ 02 y 7.32 ñ.03 respectivamente. Hemodinâmicamente hubo aumento de las resistencias pulmonares totales de 312 ñ 156 a 435 ñ 173 d.s.cm >- (p<0.01) y la presión media de la arteria pulmonar no se modificó. Estos hallazgos aunados a la disminución del índice latido de 20.7 ñ 8.3 a 13.2 ñ 4.8 ml/lat. (p<0.5), sin haber ocurrido cambios en la presión capilar pulmonar, ni en la presión diastólica final del ventrículo derecho nos sugieren posible vasoconstricción pulmonar, la que se atribuye a incremento de la PaCO2 y la PvCO2, en ausencia de otros factores vasoactivos o pasivos