Etiquetado frontal de advertencia nutricional de alimentos y bebidas pre-envasados. Postura intersectorial de expertos en Centro América y República Dominicana / Front-of-package warning labelling system for pre-packaged foods and beverages: an intersectoral position of expertsin Central American and Dominican Republic

La región latinoamericana ha sido pionera en la implementación del etiquetado frontal de advertencia nutricional (EFAN), mismo que ha demostrado su eficacia y efectividad para identificar correctamente cuando un producto contiene cantidades excesivas de nutrientes asociados a Enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Sin embargo, ningún país del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA); que incluye a Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá y República Dominicana, lo ha adoptado. Por esta razón, el Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá, convocó a un grupo de expertos de la academia y la sociedad civil con el objetivo de establecer una postura técnica, basada en la mejor evidencia científica, en relación al etiquetado frontal para los nutrientes críticos de alimentos y bebidas pre- envasados en la región centroamericana. Se presenta evidencia específica de la región del SICA que demuestran la superioridad del EFAN frente a otros etiquetados como las Guías Diarias de Alimentación (GDA), el semáforo y el Nutriscore para seleccionar opciones más saludables. Dentro del marco de los derechos de la niñez y de los consumidores, se brindan argumentos y se hace un llamado a los gobiernos para la pronta adopción del EFAN como una política costo-efectiva para la prevención de ENT. Además, se proveen recomendaciones para su monitoreo y evaluación, así como recomendaciones de otras políticas costo-efectivas como la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos no saludables dirigido a la niñez y adolescencia, entre otros, para la prevención de las ENT y la creación de ambientes y sistemas alimentarios más saludables y sostenibles(AU)

The Latin American region has been a pioneer in the implementation of a front- of-pack warning labeling system (FOPWL), which has demonstrated its efficacy and effectiveness in correctly identifying when a product contains excessive amounts of nutrients associated with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). However, countries of the Central American Integration System (SICA); which includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and the Dominican Republic, have no adopted it. For this reason, the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama convened a group of experts from academia and civil society with the aim of establishing an evidence-based technical position, in relation to front-of-pack labelling for critical nutrients of pre-packaged foods and beverages in the Central American region. Specific evidence from the SICA region demonstrating the superiority of FOPWL over other labels such as the Guideline Daily Amount (GDA), the traffic light and Nutriscore to select healthier choices is presented. Within the framework of children's and consumer rights, arguments are provided, and a call is made to governments for the prompt adoption of FOPWL as a cost-effective policy for the prevention of NCDs. In addition, recommendations for its monitoring and evaluation are provided, as well as recommendations for other cost-effective policies such as the regulation of unhealthy food advertising aimed at children and adolescents, among others, for the prevention of NCDs and the creation ofhealthier and more sustainable environments and food systems(AU)

Prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso en niños, niñas y adolescentes en pandemia, en centro médico de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Tarapaca / Prevalence of malnutrition due to excess in children, girls and adolescents during pandemic, in a medical center of the School of Medicine of the University of Tarapacá

INTRODUCCIÓN: La malnutrición por exceso afecta aproximadamente a 337 millones de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el mundo. Entre los aspectos multifactoriales asociados a la obesidad, destaca el contexto Pandemia por COVID-19, el cual ha aumentado las cifras de obesidad infantil. Por otro lado, la obesidad es considerada un factor de riesgo para desarrollar de forma grave la enfermedad por COVID-19. Este estudio busca analizar el efecto de la pandemia en los índices de malnutrición por exceso en los niños, niñas y adolescentes atendidos en el centro médico de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad de Tarapacá durante el año 2021 y compararlos con estudios previos realizados en Chile. METODOLOGÍA: La investigación tiene un enfoque analítico, transversal, retrospectivo y observacional. El estudio se basó en la revisión de fichas clínicas de 1094 pacientes entre 2 y 17 años atendidos en el Centro Médico de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Tarapacá en la ciudad de Arica. Los datos obtenidos fueron almacenados en plantilla Excel para ser ingresados en un programa estadístico. RESULTADOS: Del total de 1094 fichas analizadas, 611 pacientes (55,8%) se encontraron en un estado nutricional concordante con malnutrición por exceso, predominando en el sexo masculino (54,7%) y a mayor edad mayor malnutrición por exceso, encontrando mayor prevalencia de obesidad y obesidad severa en los(las) adolescentes. DISCUSIÓN: La malnutrición por exceso ha adquirido las características de epidemia y es un problema frecuente de los países en vías de desarrollo, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública. En este estudio se demuestra un aumento en los niveles de malnutrición por exceso durante el año 2021, comparando los resultados obtenidos en relación a la realidad nacional y regional en los años 2019 y 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition due to excess affects approximately 337 million children and adolescents in the world. Among the multifactorial aspects associated with obesity, the COVID-19 Pandemic context stands out, which has warned the figures of childhood obesity. On the other hand, obesity is considered a risk factor for severely developing COVID-19 disease. This study seeks to analyze the effect of the pandemic on the rates of malnutrition due to excess in children and adolescents treated at the medical center of the University of Tarapacá during the year 2021 and compare them with previous studies carried out in Chile. METHODOLOGY: The research has an analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective and observational approach. The study was based on the review of clinical records of 1094 patients between 2 and 17 years of age treated at the Medical Center of the School of Medicine of the University of Tarapacá in the city of Arica. The data obtained was stored in an Excel template to be entered into a statistical program. RESULTS: Of the total of 1094 records analyzed, 611 patients (55.8%) were found to be in a nutritional state consistent with malnutrition due to excess, predominating in males (54.7%) and at older ages, finding a higher prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in adolescents. DISCUSSION: Malnutrition due to excess has acquired the characteristics of an epidemic and is a frequent problem in developing countries, becoming a public health problem. This study demonstrates an increase in the levels of malnutrition by excess during the year 2021, comparing the results obtained in relation to the national and regional reality in the years 2019 and 2020.

Evolución del estado nutricional en adolescentes chilenos entre el 2010 y 2019: una revisión narrativa / Evolution of nutritional status in Chilean adolescents between 2010 and 2019: a narrative review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La adolescencia es una fase crítica del crecimiento con múltiples cambios fisiológicos. Dentro de sus factores determinantes se encuentran el estado nutricional. Adicionalmente, en el año 2016 se implementó la Ley de Etiquetado Nutricional con el objetivo de asegurar una oferta saludable de alimentos. Por lo tanto, se considera relevante conocer la evolución del estado nutricional relacionado a la implementación de esta nueva ley. OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución del estado nutricional de adolescentes chilenos,durante el 2010 y 2019. MÉTODOS: Revisión narrativa, que reúne los datos utilizando bases científicas como revistas, paper e informes de Scielo, Google Académico, Scopus, Pubmed e información del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), publicados entre los años 2010 hasta el 2019, en inglés o español. RESULTADOS: El estado nutricional normal en los adolescentes, muestra una disminución de un 10%. El porcentaje de adolescentes con malnutrición por exceso en el 2010 fue de 37.1% y en el año 2019 de 47.6%, aumentando un 10,5% en 10 años. CONCLUSIÓN: El estado nutricional de los adolescentes chilenos, entre los años 2010 y 2019, ha mostrado una evolución hacia la malnutrición por exceso, Esto podría traer consecuencias negativas en la salud y aumentar el riesgo de enfermedades asociadas a un estilo de vida poco saludable en la adultez.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a critical phase of growth with multiple physiological changes. Among its determining factors is the nutritional status. Additionally, in 2016 the Nutritional Labeling Law was implemented with the aim of ensuring a healthy food supply. Therefore, it is considered relevant to know the evolution of nutritional status related to the implementation of this new law. OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of the nutritional status of Chilean adolescents between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: Narrative review, which gathers data usings cientific data bases such as journals, papers and reports from Scielo, Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed and information from the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), published between 2010 and 2019, in English or Spanish. RESULTS: The normal nutritional status in adolescents showed a decrease of 10%. The percentage of adolescents with excess malnutrition in 2010 was 37.1% and in 2019 47.6%, increasing by 10.5% in 10 years. CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of Chilean adolescents, between 2010 and 2019, has shown an evolution towards excess malnutrition. This could have negative consequences on health and increase the risk of diseases associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in adulthood.

Dietary habits, physical activity and sleep pattern among in-school adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Overnutrition has been documented at epidemic levels in children and adults. The associated risk factors may include poor dietary habits, sedentary behaviour, inadequate sleep and low parental education. Objective: To describe dietary habits, physical activity and sleep patterns among secondary school adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,120 adolescents recruited from public and private secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria, was carried out to study the dietary habits, sleep patterns and physical activity in relation to nutritional status. Results: Ten per cent of the adolescents skipped breakfast, while 28% had fruits on up to five days of the week. Eleven per cent had a sweetened drink every day, while 20 % had a sweetened drink on most days of the week. One out of four (26%) adolescents had more than two hours of screen time daily, and only 5% engaged in sporting activities up to five times weekly. One-third of the students slept for less than six hours daily and experienced sleeping difficulties. Multivariate analysis showed that females were twice as likely not to participate in sports (OR = 2.38, CI = 1.3-4.37, p = 0.002 and to have a higher intake of confectionaries (OR = 1.47, CI = 1.07-2.04, p = 0.01. Conclusion: Poor dietary habits, inadequate physical activity and insufficient sleep were observed among secondary school adolescents. A multi-pronged approach to improve these behaviours is recommended

Relación del estado nutricional de las madres y la alteración de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de sus hijos / Relationship between mothers' nutritional status and alterations in cardiovascular risk factors of their offsprings

RESUMEN: ANTECEDENTES: La obesidad infantil es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública, y es el mejor predictor de obesidad adulta, que conlleva a futuras consecuencias, como enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Este estudio pretende relacionar el estado nutricional de las madres con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) de sus hijos con malnutrición por exceso (MNPE). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y muestreo de tipo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se efectuó en 100 diadas madres/hijos con MNPE. En cada diada se efectuaron mediciones antropométricas, peso, talla, estado nutricional según índice de masa corporal (IMC) y perímetro cintura (PC). En escolares se determinó presión arterial (PA), glicemia y consumo alimentario. El análisis estadístico incluyó Riesgo relativo (RR) y regresión logística. Su usó el software Stata 14. RESULTADOS: Los promedios encontrados en los hijos fueron: edad 8.8 años, IMC/edad 21.1 kg/mt2. En las madres, la edad promedio fue 36,9 años y el IMC 29,0 kg/mt2. En relación con los FRCV, los escolares presentaron glicemias y presión arterial alteradas y obesidad abdominal. La malnutrición por exceso y la alteración de la percepción de las madres sobre el estado nutricional de sus hijos aumentó el RR de presentar alteración de la glicemia en 1,31 veces. La obesidad según IMC/edad presentó un RR de 1,5 y una relación positiva OR de 5,73. CONCLUCIONES: Existe una asociación positiva entre la MNPE de las madres y la obesidad de sus hijos. Se observó un aumento en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de los escolares, quienes presentaban obesidad abdominal y presión arterial y glicemia alteradas.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUP: Childhood obesity is one of the main public health problems. It is the best predictor of adult obesity, leading to adverse consequences, especially in relation to cardiovascular diseases. OBJETIVE: This study aims to relate the nutritional status of mothers to the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) of their offsprings with excess MNPE. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic convenience sampling included 100 mother/child dyads with MNPE. Anthropometric measurements and determination of weight, height, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)), as well as blood pressure (BP), glycemia and food consumption were evaluated in schoolchildren. The statistical analysis included Relative Risk (RR) and logistic regression, using the Stata 14 software. RESULTS: Average results in children included: age 8.8 years, BMI/age 21.1 kg/mt2. In mothers, mean age was 36.9 years and BMI 29.0 kg/mt2. In relation to CVRF, schoolchildren presented altered glycemia, higher blood pressure and abdominal obesity. The MNPE and the alteration of mothers' perception of the nutritional status of their children increased the RR of altered glycemia 1.31 fold. Obesity according to BMI/age presented a RR of 1.5 and a positive OR 5.73. CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive association between the mothers' MNPE and elevated cardiovascular risk factors in school children including abdominal obesity, higher blood pressure and altered glycemia.

Hipovitaminosis D y malnutrición por exceso en niños asmáticos hospitalizados / Hypovitaminosis D and malnutrition by excess in hospitalized asthmatic children

La tasa de hospitalización por crisis de asma en niños chilenos se ha duplicado en los últimos años. Diversos estudios muestran una asociación entre hipovitaminosis D y crisis de asma. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue describir la prevalencia de déficit e insuficiencia de vitamina D (vitD) en escolares asmáticos hospitalizados por crisis de asma y evaluar su estado nutricional. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio analítico, transversal, que incluyó a todos los pacientes de 5 años o más que se hospitalizaron por crisis de asma durante un año calendario en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, se evaluó el nivel de control del asma mediante el cuestionario Asthma Control Test (ACT), se determinó el estado nutricional y se midió la concentración de vitD. RESULTADOS: Se observó que 6 de cada 10 pacientes presentaba déficit o insuficiencia de vitD (22,8 ng/ml ± 10,5), encontrándose una asociación positiva entre concentración de vitD y ACT. La malnutrición por exceso estaba presente en casi la mitad de los pacientes. Aquellos pacientes que se hospitalizaron por más de 3 días tenían una concentración sérica de vitD significativamente menor. CONCLUSIONES: La hipovitaminosis D afectó a la mayoría de los niños hospitalizados por crisis de asma. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre concentración de vitD con días de hospitalización y control de la enfermedad medido por ACT.

Asthma hospitalization rates in Chilean children has doubled in recent years. Multiple studies show an association between hypovitaminosis D and asthma attacks. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D (vitD) deficiency and insufficiency in asthmatic school age children hospitalized for asthma crisis and to evaluate their nutritional status. METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytical study that included patients 5 years of age or older hospitalized for asthma attacks during one calendar year, in the Pediatric Service of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. A survey was conducted that included sociodemographic and clinical data, the level of asthma control was evaluated using the Asthma Control Test questionnaire (ACT), the nutritional status was determined and the concentration of vitD was measured. RESULTS: 6 out of 10 patients had either Vit D deficiency or insufficiency (22,8 ng/ml ± 10,5), showing a positive association between vitD concentration and ACT. Malnutrition due to excess was present in almost half of the patients. Children hospitalized for more than 3 days had a significantly lower vitD serum concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients had hypovitaminosis D. An association was found between vitD concentration and hospital stay and between vitD concentration and asthma control, measured by ACT .

Alteración de la percepción materna sobre el estado nutricional de sus hijos ¿nuevo factor de riesgo cardiovascular? / Perception of child nutritional status by their mothers: a new cardiovascular risk factor?

ANTECEDENTES: La obesidad infantil es un trastorno de prevalencia creciente que predispone a la obesidad, diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto. Investigaciones recientes relacionan la percepción materna con el estado nutricional real de los niños, encontrando una distorsión entre imagen corporal de sus hijos con malnutrición por exceso (MNPE). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población objetivo fue 320 madres de escolares de 6 a 10 años y se utilizó un muestreo por conveniencia. Se incluyeron madres de hijos con MNPE. Se evaluó la percepción de las madres a través de un pictograma. Se efectuaron mediciones antropométricas de peso, talla y perímetro de cintura (PC), presión arterial (PA), glicemia y colesterol total. En el análisis estadístico se usó Stata 14 y Epidat 4.2. RESULTADOS: La muestra fue conformada por 100 díadas madre/hijo con MNPE. 69% de las madres presentaron escolaridad de enseñanza media, y 68% tenían nivel socioeconómico bajo. Respecto de los niños, 52% eran de sexo femenino, 38% presentaban riesgo de obesidad abdominal y el 47% tenían obesidad abdominal. La glicemia en ayunas estaba alterada en 35%, el colesterol total alterado en 12% y 31% presentaban PA elevada. El 60% de las madres de niños con MNPE subestimaron el estado nutricional de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES: En relación a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de los escolares, un alto porcentaje presenta índices de riesgo cardiovascular elevado: obesidad abdominal, PA alterada, colesterol total y glicemias alteradas. La alteración de la percepción materna sobre el estado nutricional de sus hijos, puede repercutir en forma significativa para el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la MNPE y, por consiguiente, constituye un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, estableciendo un punto clave de intervención.

BACKGROUND: Overnutrition in children is increasingly more prevalent and leads to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Recent research links distorted maternal perception of nutritional status in their children with the presence of obesity in adulthood). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on mothers and their schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years old. A basic inclusion criteria was the presence of overnutrition in children and the study related maternal perception with the actual degree of overnutrition in her child. Perception was evaluated using a pictogram. Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), blood sugar level and total cholesterol were measured in children Stata 14 and Epidat 2.0 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 100 mother-child pairs were studied. All children had overnutrition. 69% of mothers had high-school level education and 68% belonged in the low socio-economic stratum. There were 52% of girls. According to waist circumference 38% were at risk of malnutrition and 47% already had abdominal obesity. 35% had an altered fasting blood sugar level, 12% an elevated total cholesterol, 31% an increased blood pressure. 60% of mothers of children with overnutrition underestimated the actual nutritional status (overnutrion) of their children. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of overnutrition and obesity indicators were high in this population. This occurred along with increased levels of BP, total cholesterol and altered blood sugar levels. The maternal perception of their children severely under estimated the level of overnutrition. This fact can have a significant impact on the development and maintenance of the excess type malnutrition and subsequent development of other cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, improving the perception of mothers regarding the nutritional status of their children should be an important element for diminishing cardiovascular risk longterm.

Hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de niños y niñas que asisten a las Escuelas Deportivas Integrales del Instituto Nacional de Deporte, Región de Ñuble / Eating habits and nutritional status of children attending the Integral Sports Schools of the National Sports Institute, Ñuble Region, Chile

RESUMEN La malnutrición por exceso se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública a través de todo el ciclo vital. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los hábitos alimentarios y el estado nutricional de niños y niñas que asisten a las Escuelas Deportivas Integrales (EDI) del Instituto Nacional de Deporte en la comuna de Chillán. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica y aplicación de encuesta sobre hábitos alimentarios, que permitía medir alimentos consumidos de manera diaria, semanal y mensual de: frutas, verduras, lácteos, agua, carne, pescado, legumbres, golosinas dulces y saladas, productos fritos, comida rápida y embutidos. En los resultados, se confirma una alta prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso (58,7%). Para el cumplimiento de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABAS) para la población chilena, se observó sólo un 59,2% en frutas, 71,4% para verduras, 13,8% en pescado, 39,3% en legumbres y 66,3% en lácteos. Diariamente, más del 65% consume golosinas dulces y/o saladas. Semanalmente, la comida rápida y productos fritos se ingieren en un 66% y 79% respectivamente. Se sugiere la necesidad de realizar intervenciones multidisciplinarias de prevención y promoción de la salud, orientadas a mejorar estilos de vida saludables en la población infantil y así contribuir a disminuir los índices de morbilidad infantil.

ABSTRACT Over nutrition has become a public health problem over the life cycle. The objective of the study was to analyze the eating habits and nutritional status of children attending the Integral Sports Schools (ISS) of the National Sports Institute in Chillán, Chile. An anthropometric evaluation was performed; an eating habits survey, which measured the consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, water, meat, fish, legumes, sweet and salty treats, fried products, junk food, and cold meats on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis was completed. Results confirmed a high prevalence of overnutrition (58.7%). Complying with Food Based Dietary Guidelines for the Chilean Population, values were 59.2% for fruit, 71.4% for vegetables, 13.8% for fish, 39.3% for legumes, and 66.3% for dairy products. More than 65% of the children ate sweet and/or salty treats on a daily basis. Weekly intake of junk food and fried products was 66% and 79%, respectively. Multidisciplinary prevention and health promotion interventions are required to improve healthy lifestyles in children and thus contribute to reducing child morbidity rates.

Environmental enrichment reduces brain excitability in adult rats overnourished during lactation / Enriquecimento ambiental reduz excitabilidade cerebral em ratos adultos hipernutridos durante a lactação

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) during the juvenile phase of life interferes with the electrical activity of the adult rat brain. In addition, the present research also investigated whether this putative effect on brain electrical activity could be affected by prior overnutrition during lactation. Electrophysiology was measured through cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon related to brain excitability. Methods: Wistar rats were suckled in litters of either nine or three pups, forming the nourished (N) or overnourished (ON) groups, respectively. At 36 days old, half of the animals from each nutritional condition were exposed to EE. The other half was kept in the standard environment (SE). At 90-120 days of life, each animal was anesthetized for CSD recordings. Results: Overnutrition during lactation caused increases (p < 0.05) in body and brain weights. The EE decelerated CSD propagation velocity regardless of nutritional state during lactation (p < 0.001). The CSD deceleration in the N-EE group was 23.8% and in the ON-EE group was 15% in comparison with the N-SE and ON-SE groups, respectively. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that EE exposure in the juvenile phase of the rat's life reduced brain excitability, and this effect was observed even if animals were overnourished during lactation. An EE could be considered an adjuvant therapeutic resource to modulate brain excitability.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo analisou se a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido durante a fase juvenil da vida interferiria na atividade elétrica do cérebro de ratos adultos. Além disso, a presente pesquisa também investigou se esse provável efeito na atividade elétrica cerebral poderia ser afetado pela hipernutrição durante a lactação. A eletrofisiologia foi medida através da depressão alastrante cortical, um fenômeno relacionado à excitabilidade cerebral. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram amamentados em ninhadas de nove ou três filhotes, formando os grupos nutridos ou hipernutridos, respectivamente. Aos 36 dias, metade dos animais de cada condição nutricional foram expostos ao ambiente enriquecido. A outra metade foi mantida na condição de ambiente padrão. Aos 90-120 dias de vida, foram obtidos os registros da depressão alastrante cortical. Resultados: A hipernutrição durante a lactação causou incrementos (p < 0,05) nos pesos corporal e cerebral.O Ambiente Enriquecido desacelerou a velocidade de propagação da depressão alastrante cortical independentemente do estado nutricional durante a lactação (p < 0,001). A desaceleração da depressão alastrante cortical no grupo nutrido/ambiente enriquecido foi de 23,8% e no grupo hipernutrido/ambiente enriquecido foi de 15% em comparação com os grupos nutrido/ambiente padrão e hipernutrido/ambiente padrão, respectivamente. Conclusão: Nossos dados demonstram que a exposição ao ambiente enriquecido na fase juvenil da vida do rato reduz a excitabilidade cerebral, e esse efeito pode ser observado mesmo se os animais estiverem hipernutridos durante a lactação. O ambiente enriquecido pode ser considerado um recurso terapêutico adjuvante para modular a excitabilidade cerebral.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población adolescente aymara. Rol de la occidentalización de la nutrición / Risk factors in Aymara adolescents: influence of western type nutrition

RESUMEN ANTECEDENTES: La obesidad es una epidemia mundial que provoca una alta frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Se ha observado que la aculturación está incidiendo en los pueblos originarios, como consecuencia de una dieta occidentalizada, lo cual predispone la obesidad, desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y diabetes. En general la población aymara adulta presenta un bajo riesgo cardiovascular innato, lo cual lleva a una baja incidencia de ECV. Objetivos: Conocer la influencia de la occidentalización de la nutrición y evaluar riesgo cardiovascular de la población adolescente aymara de la comuna de Camiña. Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en población aymara entre 11 y 18 años de la comuna de Camiña. Muestra probabilística aleatoria simple constituida por 94 individuos. Se aplica una encuesta alimentaria de tendencia de consumo cuantificada, medición antropométrica y exámenes de glicemia y perfil lipídico. Resultados: Se evaluaron 94 participantes 57,4 % mujeres. Malnutrición por exceso presenta 41%; riesgo cardiovascular según medición de perímetro de cintura (PC) 55,2%; colesterol total alterado 52,6% y triglicéridos alterados 89,5%. Mediante encuesta alimentaria se pudo conocer que 71,7% mantenían una dieta hipercalórica, 69,8 % una dieta hiperglucídica, 45% una dieta hiperlipídica. Conclusión: En la población adolescente aymara estudiada se encontraron factores de riesgo cardiovascular alterados, como malnutrición por exceso, PC aumentado, Colesterol total y Triglicéridos elevados. Su alimentación era "de tipo occidental", consumiendo alimentos procesados y elaborados con dietas hipercalóricas, hiperglucídicas e hiperlipídicas.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND. Obesity is widely known to lead to increased cardiovascular risk factors (RF). Cultural changes observed in native populations, including the adoption of a western type nutrition, leads to obesity, increased levels of RF ,cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Aim: To determine the influence of a western type nutrition on RF among adolescent Aymaras in northern Chile. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was performed in Camiña (northern Chile), including Aymaras aged 11 to 18 years-old. A quantified alimentary consumption questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, blood glucose levels and lipid profile were obtained. Results: 94 subjects (57% women) were studied. Excess malnutrition (obesity) was present in 41%, abnormally high waist circumference in 55%, high cholesterol levels in 53%, and high triglycerides in 90% of subjects. The contents of the diet being consumed was high in calories in 72%, high in sugar in 70% and high in lipids in 45%. Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular RF was present in adolescent Aymaras of northern Chile. This finding was related to the consumption of a western type diet, rich in calories, lipids and sugar, leading to obesity

Caracterización del consumo de alimentos e ingesta de nutrientes de población residente en las Islas Galápagos / Characterization of food consumption and nutrient intake of population resident in the Galapagos Islands

Las Islas Galápagos es una de las provincias de Ecuador con mayores índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en población adulta. Debido a las restricciones de producción de alimentos, la presión turística y otros factores sociales; la disponibilidad, el acceso y consumo de alimentos saludables y recomendables puede estar afectando al estado de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de su población. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el consumo de alimentos de la población y su adecuación a las necesidades nutricionales. Sobre una muestra de 120 personas residentes en las Islas Galápagos se aplicaron 3 R24h. Los resultados de la valoración nutricional fueron comparados con las IDR, realizando un análisis factorial multivariante para analizar diferencias por grupo de edad o desempeño profesional. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para caracterizar el perfil de ingesta de nutrientes. Para energía y principios inmediatos se sobrepasan las recomendaciones, principalmente entre las mujeres, a la vez que se evidencia una ingesta inadecuada de fibra, iodo, ácido fólico y vitamina E. Respecto a los grupos de alimentos, el consumo medio de frutas y verduras frescas es muy escaso y el aporte proteico proviene en mayor medida de productos cárnicos (46%), seguido de pescado (24%) y arroz (17%). Los resultados de este estudio evidencian la necesidad de asegurar el acceso a alimentos frescos y saludables, en especial frutas y verduras, y promover la adopción de pautas nutricionales que promuevan un consumo adecuado de ciertos alimentos(AU)

The Galapagos Islands are one of the provinces of Ecuador with the highest rates of overweight and obesity among the adult population. Due to its restrictions on local production, tourist pressure and other social factors; availability, access and consumption to food is a problem that is related to the state of food and nutritional security of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of food consumption of healthy and recommended foods may be affecting the food insecurity or nutritional status of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the food consumption of the population and its adaptation to nutritional needs. On a sample of 120 people resident in the Galapagos Islands, 3 R24h were applied. The results of the nutritional assessment were compared with the RDI. A multivariate factor analysis has been performed to analyze differences by age group or professional performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to characterize the nutrient intake. Recommendations are exceeded for energy and immediate principles, mainly among women. On the other hand, there is an inadequate intake of fiber, iodine, folic acid and vitamin E. Regarding food groups, the average consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is very low and protein intake comes mostly from meat products (46%), followed by fish (24%) and rice (17%). The results of this study demonstrate the need to ensure access to fresh and healthy foods, especially fruits and vegetables, and to promote the adoption of nutritional guidelines that promote adequate food intake(AU)

Representaciones sociales y percepciones de la malnutricion por exceso en trabajadores chilenos del retail / Social representations and perceptions on malnutrition by exceess on retail Chilean workers

Resumen: El 74,2% de los adultos chilenos tiene malnutrición por exceso (MNE), constituyendo un problema de salud pública; por ello se presenta un estudio exploratorio, corte transversal, usando encues ta semiestructurada y escala de Stunkard; y descriptivo e interpre tativo, levantando categorías de percepción sobre imagen corporal y cultura alimentaria, mediante grupos focales y entrevistas. Su objetivo, comprender percepciones y representaciones sociales res pecto de la malnutrición por exceso de trabajadores del retail, Temuco. Muestra intencionada, consideró 80 trabajadores de dos empresas, de un universo de 380, cumpliendo criterios de inclusión; análisis de datos mediante coeficiente de Spearman y atlas Ti. Resultados: 83,3% y 92,3% de mujeres y hombres con obesidad se autopercibió correctamente (P < 0,05), "todas estamos pasaditas"; trabajadores con sobrepeso normalizan su estado. Imagen deseada de enflaquecida en mujeres (47,1%) y hombres (60,9%), sin diferen cias significativas en ambos. El vestuario ayuda a la negación de la MNE. Falta de tiempo, cansancio, comodidad influyen en la alimen tación. El 54,1% de trabajadores no cumplió con una porción de lácteos, frutas, verduras diaria. El 81,1% se alimenta en el trabajo, desean un casino con alimentación equilibrada. Apremian enfoques para manejo de la autopercepción a equipos de salud. En el ámbito laboral fomentar hábitos saludables a trabajadores.

Abstract: 74.2% of Chilean adults have malnutrition by excess (MNE), consti tuting a public health problem; therefore an exploratory study is presented, cross section, using a semi structured survey and Stunkard scale; and descriptive and interpretative, developing cate gories of perception on body image and alimentary culture, through focus groups and interviews. Its objective is to understand percep tions and social representations regarding to malnutrition by excess of retail workers, Temuco, Chile. Intended sample, considered 80 workers of two companies of a universe of 380, fulfilling inclusion criteria; data analisys using Spearman coefficient and Atlas Ti. Results: 83.3% and 92.3% of women and men with obesity cor rectly self-perceived (P<0.05), "we are all a little overweigh"; over weight workers normalized their status. Desire slim image in women (47.1%) and men (60.9%) without significant differences between each other. The costumes help of denial of the MNE. Lack of time, fatigue and comfort influence alimentation. 54.1% of workers did not complete a daily portion of dairy product, fruits and vegetables. 81.1% of workers eat at work, want a casino with balanced diet. They advocate approaches for managing self-perception to public health system. In the workplace, encourage healthy habits for workers.

Consumo de nutrientes no primeiro e terceiro trimestres gestacionais e peso ao nascer: coorte nisami / Consumption of nutrients in the 1st and 3rd gestational quarters and weight at birth: coorte nisami / Consumo de nutrientes en el primer y tercer trimestre gestacional y peso al nacimiento: coorte nisami

A inadequação no consumo de nutrientes pode comprometer o crescimento fetal e resultar em baixo peso ao nascer ou em macrossomia fetal. Busca-se aqui identificar a relação entre consumo de energia, macronutrientes e micronutrientes no primeiro e terceiro trimestre gestacional e o peso ao nascer. Trata-se de estudo transversal aninhado em coorte prospectiva longitudinal com 166 gestantes do serviço público entrevistadas, no período de abril de 2012 a novembro de 2013. Para comparar as médias de consumo alimentar no primeiro e terceiro trimestre com o peso ao nascer foi utilizado o Test T de Student, com nível de significância estatística com valores de p < 0,05. Foi observado que as crianças com peso ao nascer inadequado (< 3.000 g) apresentaram consumo médio mais elevado de calorias (p = 0,02) e carboidratos (p = 0,04) no primeiro trimestre. E no terceiro trimestre identificaram-se diferenças nas médias de consumo de proteína (p = 0,02) segundo as categorias de peso ao nascer, já que mulheres que tiveram crianças com peso adequado (≥ 3.000 g) apresentaram consumo médio maior de proteína (médias = 72,66 g). O consumo alimentar de gestantes tem influência sobre a situação nutricional do concepto, especialmente no terceiro trimestre de gestação, momento em que a ingestão proteica materna teve maior relevância para o peso ao nascer.

Inadequate nutrient intake may compromise fetal growth and result in low birth weight or fetal macrosomia. This paper identified the relation between energy consumption, macronutrients, and micronutrients in the first and third gestational trimesters and birth weight. This cross-sectional study nested in a prospective longitudinal cohort involving 166 pregnant women in public service interviewed from April 2012 to November 2013. To compare the means of food consumption in the first and third trimesters with the birth weight, Student's T-Test was used. The level of statistical significance adopted was p<0.05. The results show that children with inadequate birth weight (<3.000 g) presented higher mean intake of calories (p=0.02) and carbohydrates (p=0.04) during the first trimester. In the third trimester, differences in the mean intake of protein (p=0.02) were observed according to the categories of birth weight, where women who had children of adequate weight (≥3.000 g) had a higher mean protein intake (averages = 72.66 g). The dietary intake of pregnant women was shown to influence the nutritional status of the conceptus, especially during the third trimester of gestation in which maternal protein intake was more relevant according to birth weight.

La inadecuación en el consumo de nutrientes puede afectar el crecimiento fetal y resultar en bajo peso al nacer o en macrosomía fetal. Se objetivó identificar la relación entre consumo de energía, macronutrientes y micronutrientes en el primer y tercer trimestre gestacional y el peso al nacer. Es un estudio transversal anidado en una cohorte prospectiva longitudinal con 166 gestantes entrevistadas en el servicio público, en el período de abril de 2012 a noviembre de 2013. Para la comparación entre las medias de consumo alimentario en el primer y tercer trimestre con el peso al nacer, se utilizó el Test T de Student, con nivel de significancia estadística de p < 0,05. Se observó que los niños con peso inadecuado al nacer (< 3.000 g) presentaron un consumo medio más alto de calorías (p = 0,02) y carbohidratos (p = 0,04) en el primer trimestre. En el tercer trimestre se identificaron diferencias en las medias de consumo de proteína (p = 0,02) según las categorías de peso al nacer, puesto que las mujeres que tuvieron niños con peso adecuado (≥ 3.000 g) presentaron un consumo medio mayor de proteína (promedios = 72,66 g). Se concluye que el consumo alimentario de gestantes tiene influencia sobre la situación nutricional del concepto, especialmente en el tercer trimestre de gestación momento en que la ingestión proteica materna tuvo mayor relevancia para el peso al nacer.

Ingestão de corpo estranho de chumbo por cão da raça daschund - Relato de caso / Ingestion of lead object by a daschund dog - Case report / Ingestión de cuerpo extraño de plomo por perro de la raza daschund - Relato de caso

O presente trabalho relata a ingestão de corpo estranho de chumbo por um cão da raça Daschund, fêmea, atendido em uma clínica particular no município de Pitanga-PR visualizado pelo proprietário há aproximadamente 20 dias. A paciente apresentava vomito há 48 horas, mas apresentava-se hidratada e demais parâmetros dentro da normalidade. O diagnóstico foi confirmado com radiografia simples e o protocolo terapêutico instituído foi o cirúrgico. Apesar do tempo de exposição ao objeto púmblico, a paciente não apresentava alterações clinicas de intoxicação pelo metal. Após 10 dias da gastrotomia, a paciente recebeu alta e permaneceu sem sinais de intoxicação pelo chumbo até o momento.(AU)

This study reports the ingestion of a lead object by a female Daschund dog attended in a private clinic in the city of Pitanga ­ PR witnessed by the owner 20 days before. The patient presented vomit for 48 hours but it was hydrated, with other parameters within normality. The diagnosis was confirmed with an X-ray and surgery was the therapeutic treatment of choice. In spite of the time of exposure to the lead object, the patient did not present clinical signs of intoxication by the metal. Ten days after the gastrostomy, the patient was discharged and did not present further signs of intoxication.(AU)

El presente trabajo relata la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño de plomo por un perro de la raza Daschund, hembra, atendido en una clínica particular en el municipio de Pitanga-PR visualizado por el propietario hacía aproximadamente 20 días. La paciente presentaba vomito hacía 48 horas, pero se presentaba hidratada y demás parámetros dentro de la normalidad. El diagnóstico se ha confirmado con radiografía simple y el protocolo terapéutico instituido fue el quirúrgico. A pesar del tiempo de exposición al objeto plúmbeo, la paciente no presentaba alteraciones clínicas de intoxicación por el metal. Después de 10 días de la gastrostomía, la paciente recibió alta y permaneció sin signos de intoxicación por el plomo hasta el momento.(AU)

Body Mass Index, Anthropometric Factors, and Food and Nutrient Intakes of Korean Middle-Aged Males by Year: Based on 2001~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

This study investigated anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, food and nutrient intakes, and changes in body mass index (BMI) of Korean middle age men (40~49 yrs). Data on BMI, anthropometric (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure), and biochemical (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, hemoglobin, GOT, GPT) characteristics, food and nutrients intakes, nutrient density, and index of nutrient quality were obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2001, 2005, 2011). Subjects were divided into three groups by year. Weight, BMI, and hemoglobin increased significantly by year. All anthropometric factors except height showed a positive relation with BMI by year. Consumption of barley, chinese noodle, confections, soybean milk, egg, ice cream, pizza, fried foods, banana, coffee, and raw rice wine increased significantly by year. Intake ratios of nutrients except water and fiber were over 100% of KDRI generally. INQ according to intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin per 1,000 kcal increased significantly by year. Distribution of BMI status of subjects showed a significant difference by exercise. The findings of the present study show that BMI of subjects increased by year, and intakes of all nutrients except calcium and riboflavin showed aspects of overnutrition by year. Intakes of fruits decreased while intakes of raw rice wine and coffee increased by year. Therefore, practical and systematic nutrition programs are required to maintain optimum BMI and appropriate intakes of nutrients to maintain a desirable lifestyle and improve dietary life.

Base of the skull morphology and Class III malocclusion in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the morphological differences in the base of the skull of individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion in comparison to control groups with Class I and Class III malocclusion. METHODS: A total of 89 individuals (males and females) aged between 5 and 27 years old (Class I, n = 32; Class III, n = 29; and Class III individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate, n = 28) attending PUC-MG Dental Center and Cleft Lip/Palate Care Center of Baleia Hospital and PUC-MG (CENTRARE) were selected. Linear and angular measurements of the base of the skull, maxilla and mandible were performed and assessed by a single calibrated examiner by means of cephalometric radiographs. Statistical analysis involved ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: No significant differences with regard to the base of the skull were found between the control group (Class I) and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P > 0.017). The cleft lip/palate group differed from the Class III group only with regard to CI.Sp.Ba (P = 0.015). Individuals with cleft lip and palate had a significantly shorter maxillary length (Co-A) in comparison to the control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the mandible (Co-Gn) of the control group and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that there are no significant differences in the base of the skull of individuals Class I or Class III and individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar diferenças morfológicas da base do crânio de indivíduos portadores de fissura de lábio e palato e de má oclusão de Classe III, comparado-os com indivíduos controle com má oclusão de Classes I ou III. MÉTODOS: oitenta e nove indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 5 e 27 anos, Classe I (n = 32), Classe III não fissurados (n = 29) e Classe III com fissura labiopalatina unilateral (n = 28), oriundos do Centro de Odontologia e Pesquisa da PUC-MG e do Centro de Atendimento de Fissurados do Hospital da Baleia e da PUC-MG (CENTRARE), foram selecionados. Medições lineares e angulares da base do crânio, maxila e mandíbula foram realizadas e avaliadas por um único examinador calibrado, por meio de radiografias cefalométricas. Foram utilizados os testes ANCOVA e correção de Bonferroni para a análise estatística dos dados. RESULTADOS: com relação à base do crânio, os resultados não indicaram diferença estatística entre indivíduos controle (Classe I) e os indivíduos com fissuras (p > 0,017). O grupo com fissura foi diferente do grupo Classe III somente em relação à medida CI.Sp.Ba (p = 0,015). O comprimento maxilar (Co-A) apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na comparação entre o grupo controle (Classe I) e o grupo com fissuras (p < 0,001), sendo que os fissurados apresentaram uma maxila menor. Não foram encontradas diferenças na mandíbula (Co-Gn) entre indivíduos do grupo controle (Classe I) e indivíduos fissurados (p = 1,000). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados sugerem que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na base do crânio entre indivíduos Classe I e III e indivíduos com fissuras de lábio e palato com má oclusão de Classe III. .

Characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced in wistar rats following four different diets

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased worldwide in parallel with overnutrition characterized by high-fat and high-carbohydrate intake. Our objective was to establish, in 16 weeks, a model of NAFLD in Wistar pathogen-free rats following four dietary types. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty (6 weeks old) healthy Wistar male rats, weighing an average of 150 g were randomly divided into four groups of ten and assigned a diet with the same quantity (15 g/rat/day), but with different composition. The moderate-fat (MF) group was fed a moderate-fat diet (31.5% fat and 50% carbohydrates), the high-fat (HF) group was fed a fat-rich diet (51% fat), the high-sucrose (HS) group and the high-fructose (HFr) group were fed a carbohydrate-rich diet (61%). The carbohydrate contents of the HS group was composed of 60.3% sucrose while that of the HFr group was composed of 59.3% fructose. RESULTS: At week 16, the HF group had the highest percentage of cells enriched in fat (40%) and the highest weight and liver weight (P < 0.05). The HFr group showed significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin at week 16 as compared to week 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 15 g/rat/day diet composed of 51% fat or 61% carbohydrates enriched mainly in fructose may induce characteristics of NAFLD in rats.

Percepción de condicionantes del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios con malnutrición por exceso / Perception of determining factors in the dietary behavior of higher education students with overnutrition

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud proyectó para el año 2015 que 3.000 millones de adultos en el mundo presentarán malnutrición por exceso. Esta situación debe ser considerada, especialmente en el fortalecimiento de los programas de salud existentes destinados a usuarios con estas patologías. Objetivo: interpretar la percepción de estudiantes universitarios con malnutrición por exceso, de los factores que condicionan su alimentación. Materiales y métodos: utilizando un diseño cualitativo del tipo fenomenológico, se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 alumnos pertenecientes a la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción durante el año 2010, que cumplieron con los requisitos de ingreso al estudio y firmaron el consentimiento informado. Resultados: entre las condicionantes que se perciben como influyentes en la alimentación de los estudiantes entrevistados se encuentran la limitada disponibilidad de tiempo durante la vida universitaria; el grupo familiar; los amigos; el alto costo y una reducida oferta de alimentos saludables dentro del establecimiento educacional; situaciones de estrés académico y el lugar de residencia. Conclusiones: a excepción de la familia, las condicionantes de la alimentación identificadas por los entrevistados son interpretadas como desfavorables para mantener una alimentación saludable y un control adecuado del peso corporal.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization the number of adults presenting overnutrition will reach 3.000 million by the year 2015. This situation must be considered, especially strengthening the existing health programs that aim at people with these pathologies. Objective: The main goal is to interpret the perception of the factors that condition the diet of higher education students with overnutrition. Materials and methods: Through a phenomenological-type study, using a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted to 16 students that fulfilled the requirements to participate in the study and granted their consent. All of them were at Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción during the year 2010. Results: Among the determining factors that have a strong influence on the diet of the interviewed students, it was found the limited period of time that students have between classes; their family; their friends; the elevated price, and the reduced supply of healthy food on campus; academic stress, and their place of residence. Conclusions: With the sole exception of the family, the conditioning factors identified by the interviewed people were considered as unfavorable to maintain a balanced diet and an appropriate control over body weight.

Avaliação do metabolismo ósseo em modelos de plasticidade ontogenética / Evaluation of bone metabolism in models of developmental plasticity

O aumento da prevalência da obesidade e osteoporose, bem como a identificação de mecanismos comuns que ligam a osteogênese e a adipogênese, sugerem que a obesidade e osteoporose podem ser distúrbios relacionados, e além disso, ambos podem ter suas origens no início da vida. Em 3 modelos diferentes de plasticidade ontogenética foi observado obesidade na vida adulta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o impacto desses 3 modelos, o desmame precoce mecânico (DPM) e o farmacológico (DPF), e a supernutrição neonatal (SN) no tecido ósseo da prole durante o desenvolvimento. Para tanto, 2 experimentos foram realizados. No experimento 1, ratas lactantes foram divididas em 3 grupos: controle - os filhotes tiveram livre acesso ao leite durante toda a lactação; DPM - as mães foram envolvidas com uma atadura nos últimos 3 dias de lactação; DPF - as mães foram tratadas com bromocriptina (0,5 mg/duas vezes/dia) 3 dias antes do desmame padrão. No experimento 2, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzido para 3 filhotes machos no 3o dia de lactação até o desmame (SN); o grupo controle permaneceu com 10 filhotes durante toda a lactação. Realizou-se absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia, tomografia computadorizada, microtomografia computadorizada, teste biomecânico e análises séricas. Os dados foram considerados significativos quando P<0,05. No experimento 1, ao desmame, os filhotes DPM e DPF apresentaram menor massa corporal, massa gorda, densidade mineral óssea total (DMO), conteúdo mineral ósseo total (CMO), área óssea e osteocalcina sérica, e maior telopeptídeo carboxi-terminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-I). O cálcio ionizado sérico foi menor apenas na prole DPM, a 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) foi maior e o PTH menor apenas na prole DPF. Aos 180 dias, as proles DPM e DPF apresentaram maior massa corporal, maior massa de gordura visceral, hiperleptinemia, maior 25(OH)D e menor CTX-I...

Nutritional changes during critical developmental periods are associated with chronic diseases in adulthood, a phenomenon known as developmental plasticity. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis have common mechanisms. In 3 different models of developmental plasticity, we observed programming for obesity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of these 3 models, mechanical early weaning (MEW), pharmacological early weaning (PEW), and early overnutrition (EO) upon offspring’s bone tissue during development. Thus, the present study was divided into two experiments. In experiment 1, lactating rats were separated into 3 groups: control - pups had free access to milk; MEW - dams were involved with a bandage interrupting lactation in the last 3 days; PEW - dams were pharmacologically treated to block prolactin (0.5 mg bromocryptine/twice a day) 3 days before standard weaning. In experiment 2, litter size was adjusted to 3 male rats per litter (EO). Litter containing 10 pups per mother was control. Bone tissue was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, biomechanical tests and serum analyses. Data significant had P<0.05. In experiment 1, at weaning, MEW and PEW pups presented lower body weight, total body fat, total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, serum osteocalcin and higher C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I). However, serum ionized calcium was lower only in MEW pups, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was higher and PTH was lower only in PEW pups. In adulthood, MEW and PEW groups presented higher body weight, visceral fat mass, 25-hydroxivitamin D, hyperleptinemia and lower CTX-I...