Abordagem das hipertrigliceridemias graves / Management to severe hypertriglyceridemia

Os níveis de triglicérides plasmáticos são biomarcadores das lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides circulantes e de seus remanescentes. Formas leves a moderadas de hipertrigliceridemia podem ser secundárias a outras desordens metabólicas, fatores ambientais ou medicamentos, ou ainda poligênicas. Já as formas mais graves são, em geral, monogênicas e resultam de alterações em seis genes. Fatores não genéticos podem exacerbar as hipertrigliceridemias. As hipertrigliceridemias classificam-se quanto à gravidade em leves a moderadas (triglicérides > 200-499 mg/dL) e graves (acima de 500 mg/dL) ou muito graves (> 885 mg/dL, ou > 1000 mg/dL). Quando a hipertrigliceridemia se associa à elevação do LDL-colesterol e/ou à redução do HDL-colesterol, existe risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, nas formas graves de hipertrigliceridemia, a pancreatite e as dores abdominais recorrentes são as principais complicações. Estudos prospectivos observacionais, de randomização mendeliana e de intervenção terapêutica mostram não apenas a associação entre marcadores lipídicos e risco de doença cardiovascular, mas podem também evidenciar moléculas que sejam alvos terapêuticos no tratamento de dislipidemias e na redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O tratamento das hipertrigliceridemias tem como objetivos a redução imediata do risco de pancreatite em pacientes com hipertrigliceridemias graves (> 1000 mg/dL) e redução do risco cardiovascular global nas formas leves a moderadas. Dieta restrita em gorduras e carboidratos simples, restrição de álcool, e o uso de fibratos isolados ou associados a ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ácido nicotínico são as principais opções terapêuticas. No entanto, as formas genéticas, que incluem as quilomicronemias familiares, são pouco responsivas à associação de fármacos, havendo necessidade de novas terapias para seu controle

Plasma concentrations of triglycerides are considered biomarkers of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants. Mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia may be secondary to other metabolic disorders, environmental factors, drugs, or polygenic factors. On the other hand, severe forms of hypertriglyceridemia are generally monogenic and the result of six defective genes. Hypertriglyceridemia can be exacerbated by non-genetic factors. It can be classified, according to severity, as mild to moderate (triglycerides >200-499 mg/dL), severe (> 500 mg/dL) or very severe (> 885 mg/dL, or > 1000 mg/dL). When hypertriglyceridemia is associated with LDL-cholesterol elevation and/or a reduction in HDL-cholesterol, there is an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, in severe forms of hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis and recurrent abdominal pain are the main complications. Prospective observational studies, Mendelian randomization studies and intervention studies have not only demonstrated the association between lipid markers and cardiovascular risk, but can also identify molecules as therapeutic targets in the treatment of dyslipidemias and reduction of pancreatitis and cardiovascular risk. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia has two main objectives: to immediately reduce the risk of pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (> 1000 mg/dL), and to reduce global cardiovascular risk in mild to moderate forms. A diet that is low in fat and simple carbohydrates, with alcohol intake, and the use of fibrates, either alone or combined with omega-3 fatty acids, and niacin are the best therapeutic options. However, severe genetic hypertriglyceridemia, including familial chylomicronemia, are less responsive to drug therapy, even in combination, and require new strategies for control of dyslipidemia

Cintura Hipertrigliceridêmica em Pacientes Hipertensos / Hypertriglyceridemic Waist in Hypertensive Patients

Fundamentos: O uso de diferentes critérios para a determinação da cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CHT) pode resultar em interpretações imprecisas, podendo comprometer o diagnóstico de pacientes com risco de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância no diagnóstico da CHT utilizando diferentes pontos de corte para classificação da circunferência da cintura, em pacientes hipertensos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 120 pacientes, de 30 a 74 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos em atendimento ambulatorial. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura e circunferência da cintura) e dos níveis séricos de triglicérides. A CHT foi definida pela presença simultânea da circunferência da cintura aumentada e hipertrigliceridemia. A concordância entre os diagnósticos de cintura hipertrigliceridêmica foi avaliada pelo índice Kappa. Resultados: A prevalência da CHT foi maior em adultos, para ambos os sexos pelos critérios do International Diabetes Federation (IDF) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) (28%), já pelo National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) foram identificados 22,7% de indivíduos. Identificou-se uma concordância quase perfeita (0,864) entre o diagnóstico da CHT pelos pontos de corte da IDF versus NCEP-ATP III, OMS versus NCEP-ATP III. Entre o IDF e OMS a concordância foi perfeita. Conclusão: A utilização dos pontos de corte da circunferência da cintura propostos pelo IDF e OMS, para caracterizar indivíduos com cintura hipertrigliceridêmica foi melhor do que a do NCEP-ATP III

Background: The adoption of different criteria to determine the occurrence of the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW) can result in inaccurate interpretations, compromising the diagnosis of patients at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic agreement of HTW using different cut-off points for waist circumference in hypertensive patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 120 patients of both sexes, aged 30 to 74 years and receiving care on an outpatient basis. We assessed the participants' anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist circumference) and determined their serum triglycerides levels. The diagnosis of HTW was defined by concurrent increased waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia. The agreement among the diagnoses of HTW was assessed with the kappa index. Results: In adults of both sexes, the HTW had a higher prevalence (28%) when determined by the criteria defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) than by those defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III, 22.7%). We identified an almost perfect agreement (0.864) between the diagnosis of HTW determined by the cut-off points of the IDF versus NCEP-ATP III and by the WHO versus NCEP-ATP III. The correlation was perfect between the diagnoses established by the IDF and WHO. Conclusion: The cut-off points for waist circumference proposed by the IDF and WHO was better than those by the NCEP-ATP III to characterize individuals with HTW

Fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica e risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos dislipidêmicos / Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and cardiometabolic risk in dyslipidemic subjects

Fundamentos: O uso do fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (FCH) tem sido sugerido como ferramenta de adoção simples e de baixo custo na identificação precoce do risco Cardiometabólico. Objetivo: Avaliar a possível associação entre o FCH e outros fatores de risco em pacientes dislipidêmicos atendidos no Programa de Atenção à Saúde Cardiovascular da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (PROCARDIO-UFV).Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, incluindo 171 indivíduos (102 mulheres e 69 homens) entre 28-57 anos. Dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de composição corporal, concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, colesterol total e frações e de triacilgliceróis e pressão arterial foram obtidos mediante dados dos prontuários do PROCARDIO-UFV. Resultados: A prevalência de FCH nos pacientes dislipidêmicos foi 37,6%, associada à ocorrência de obesidade abdominal em 85,3% e de hipertrigliceridemia em 46,2%. A ocorrência de obesidade pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p=0,001) e gordura corporal (p=0,003), bem como hiperglicemia (p=0,047) e a alteração da pressão arterial diastólica (p=0,040) foi maior naqueles indivíduos com FCH. Conclusões: Os achados do presente estudo indicam que o FCH pode ser um indicador precoce de risco cardiometabólico, comparado ao uso isolado de obesidade abdominal e/ou dislipidemias.

Background: Use of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HWP) has been suggested as a low-cost tool that is simple to adopt for early identification of cardiometabolic risk. Objective: To evaluate a possible association between the HWP and other risk factors in dyslipidemic patients seen under the Cardiovascular Healthcare Program at Universidade Federal de Viçosa (PROCARDIO – UFV).Methods: This cross-sectional observational study assessed 171 subjects (102 women and 69 men) between 28 and 57 years old. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and body composition data were obtained, as well as plasma glucose concentrations, triacylglycerols, cholesterol (total and fractions) and blood pressure data were obtained from the patient records of this Program.Results: The prevalence of HWP among dyslipidemic patients was 37.6%, associated with abdominal obesity at 85.3% and hypertriglyceridemia at 46.2%. The occurrence of obesity by BMI (p=0.001), body fat (p=0.003), hyperglycemia (p=0.047) and changes in diastolic blood pressure (p=0.040) was higher in subjects with HWP.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that HWP may be an early indicator of cardiometabolic risk, compared to the stand-alone use of abdominal obesity and/or dyslipidemias.

Brazilian Portuguese version of the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS-R-BR): semantic adaptation and validity / Versão em português brasileiro da Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS-R-BR): adaptação semântica e validade

This study describes the adaptation of a revised Brazilian version of the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS-R-BR), which focuses on executive, mnemonic, and attention functions. Evidence of content-based and external validity is also reported. The cross-cultural adaptation was conducted in five phases: 1) translations and back translations; 2) item analysis by authors; 3) classification by experts; 4) revisions and reformulations by authors; 5) pilot study with a sample of patients with mild and moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data were analyzed descriptively, and the PCRS-R-BR scores of groups with mild vs. moderate/severe TBI were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Patients and their relatives were divided into groups and compared using repeated-measures analysis. The results of the PCRS-R-BR questionnaire for relatives and discrepancy scores of patients with moderate/severe TBI revealed significantly more impairment than that found in the group of patients with mild TBI. There were significant differences between item and total scores of both groups of patients and relatives. Results indicated a high level of item content agreement between experts. This study found initial evidence of PCRS-R-BR content-based and external validity when the questionnaire was applied to patients with mild and moderate/severe TBI and their relatives.

O presente artigo teve como objetivo apresentar a adaptação transcultural e evidências de validade externa e de conteúdo da versão brasileira revisada da Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS-R-BR), com foco nas funções executivas, mnemônicas e atencionais. A adaptação transcultural incluiu cinco fases: 1) tradução e retrotradução; 2) análise de itens por autores; 3) análise de especialistas; 4) revisões e reformulações dos autores; 5) estudo piloto em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) leve e moderado/grave. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e os pacientes com TCE leve e moderado/grave foram comparados nos escores da PCRS-R-BR pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Os pacientes e familiares foram comparados por grupo através da análise de medidas repetidas. Os pacientes com TCE moderado/grave tiveram maior prejuízo que os pacientes com TCE leve no formulário da PCRS-R-BR dos familiares e no escore de discrepância entre pacientes e familiares. Os resultados indicam bons e altos níveis de concordância entre especialistas frente aos componentes avaliados pelos itens. Esse estudo apresentou evidências iniciais de validade de conteúdo da PCRS-R-BR para pacientes com TCE leve e moderado/severo e seus familiares.

Relationship between platelet indices and lipidemias: a cross-sectional study at Karachi

To compare platelet indices among patients with low and high levels of cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2011to May 2012 at the departments of pathology, PNS Rahat and Baqai medical and dental university, Karachi. A total of 867 subjects presenting for estimation of fasting triglycerides and total cholesterol were selected after excluding patients receiving anti-platelet or lipid medication, pregnancy, acute in factious disorders. They were interviewed, examined and sampled for measurement of total cholesterol, triglycerides and platelet indices including total platelet count, mean platelet volume [MPV], platelet distribution width [PDW] and platecrit [PCT]. The results of platelet count and mean platelet volume were found to be significantly different among subjects with normal cholesterolemia [<5.2mmol/L], borderline raised cholesterol group [5.2-6.3 mmol/L] and hypercholesterolemia [>6.3 mmol/L]; however, post-hoc comparison did not show any significant difference between all groups. Using age as a variable and segregating total cholesterol results into 7 groups, starting from very low cholesterol values [<4.0 mmol/L] to highest [>6.5 mmol/L], in a univariate general linear model, higher mean platelet volume were observed at the extremes of cholesterolemia groups [p=0.039]. A similar trend was observed for platelet count after adjusting for age, where low levels of platelet levels were associated with hypocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia [p=0.021]. Higher MPV and low total platelet counts were associated with the observed extremes of cholesterol range. No significant differences were observed for platelet indices across various groups formulated based upon fasting triglycerides

La hipótesis de Pedersen no es suficiente: Otros nutrientes además de la glucosaexplicarían la macrosomía fetal enpacientes diabéticas gestacionales consobrepeso y buen control glicémico / Nutrients other than glucose might explain fetal overgrowth in gestationaldiabetic pregnancies

Since 1964, the hypothesis of Pedersen has been used to explain fetal macrosomia observed in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), by a mechanism involving maternal hyperglycemia - fetal hyperglycemia - fetal hyperinsulinemia. However,since the 1980-89 decade, it is known that pregnant women with pre-gestationaloverweight not suffering from GDM still have a higher frequency of fetal macrosomia. Furthermore, pregnant women with GDM, despite being subjected to optimalglycemic control, still show unacceptably high frequencies of fetal macrosomia, aphenomenon that is concentrated in pregnancies with overweight or obesity priorto pregnancy. If glucose is not the single nutrient responsible for fetal macrosomiain pregnant women with gestational diabetes that undergo strict glycemic control,other nutrients may cause excessive fetal growth in pre-pregnancy overweightmothers. In this review, we propose that triglycerides (TG) could be responsible forthis accelerated fetal growth. If this hypothesis is validated in animal models andclinical studies, then normal and pathological ranges of TG should be defined, andmonitoring of triglyceride levels during pregnancy should be advised as a possiblenew alternative, besides a good glycemic control, for the management of fetal macrosomia in GDM women with overweight prior to pregnancy.

Dislipidemia em crianças e adolescentes / Dyslipidemia in childrem and adolescents

A aterosclerose é um processo que se inicia na infância e se intensifica na vida adulta, dependendo da carga de fatores genéticos e da interação com fatores ambientais. A estria gordurosa é a alteração inicial, presente no endotélio após o nascimento. Por aparecer tão precoce e sem correlação com fatores de risco determinantes da placa de ateroma, a estria gordurosa é considerada uma lesão benigna, universal. A transformação da estria gordurosa em placa fibrosa (lesão aterosclerótica) ocorrerá dependendo do tempo de exposição aos fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis e levará anos para formar a placa aterosclerótica. A importância da avaliação desses fatores, na primeira infância, é fundamental para que seja estabelecido o diagnóstico de alterações como as dislipidemias, na tentativa de instituir um tratamento precoce que evite a progressão da estria gordura em placa fibrosa. Essas ações de prevenção na infância, resultarão em redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Atherosclerosis is a process that begins in childhood and is intensified in adulthood depending on the genetic and environmental interactions factors. The initial fatty streak is presente in the endothelium after birth without correlation with risk factors involved in atherogenesis, and is considered a benign and universal lesion. The transformation of the fatty streak to fibrous plaque (atherosclerotic lesions) occur depending on the time of exposure to risk factors modifiable and non-modifiable, and it will take years to form fibrous plaque. The importance of recognizing the risk factors early in childhood, is importante to institute early treatment to prevent the progression of fatty streak to fibrous plaque. These preventive measures in childhood result in reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

El déficit de vitamina D se asocia a factores de riesgo en personas sin antecedentes cardiovasculares / [Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population].

Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the association of VitD deficiency (<50 mmol/l) and cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population, from July-November 2012, in a private center at Buenos Aires province. 333 people were included, aged 41.6±12.4 years (58.6

with systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg and 6

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >90 mmHg. VitD deficiency was observed in 29.1

women, p=0.3), more frequent with obesity (OR 1.85, IC95:1.05-3.25, p=0.02), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)150 mg/dl (OR 1.77, IC95:1.02-3.06, p=0.03). A trend towards VitD deficiency and SBP>140 mmHg (OR 1.88, IC95:0.93-3.77, p=0.07) or DBP>90 mmHg (OR 1.39, IC95:0.5-3.65, p=0.5) was observed. Lineal correlation between VitD and HDL-C (p<0.001) or triglycerides (p<0.001) was observed. Multiple logistic regression showed that VitD deficiency association with low HDL-C was independent of age, female sex, obesity and physical activity. Association of VitD deficiency with hypetriglyceridemia was independent of age, female sex and obesity. This study shows an association between VitD deficiency and cardiovascular risk factors like obesity, low HDL <50 mg/dl and hypertriglyceridemia. A trend toward higher SBP was also observed. Experimental studies are granted in order to establish a cause-effect relationship.

Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels are associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid young women

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The existence of an association between thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) levels and metabolic derangement in euthyroid subjects is controversial. We examined the association between high normal TSH levels and metabolic syndrome in healthy young women. METHODS: The study recruited 2,760 young female volunteers (age, 18 to 39 years) with TSH levels in the normal range (0.3 to 4.5 mU/L). We defined metabolic syndrome using the 2007 International Diabetes Federation criteria. Using a TSH level of 2.5 mU/L as an upper reference limit, as recommended by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry, we divided the subjects into high-(n = 453) and low-TSH groups (n = 2,307). RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the high-TSH group than in the low-TSH group (7.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.016). Central obesity (22.3% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.012) and hypertriglyceridemia (8.0% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.0007) were significantly more frequent in the high-TSH group than in the low-TSH group. Waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides were significantly associated with the TSH level after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI). Subjects in the high-TSH group had a 2-fold greater risk of metabolic syndrome than subjects in the low-TSH group after adjusting for age and BMI (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy young women with TSH levels > 2.5 mU/L should be assessed for the presence of metabolic syndrome, even if their TSH levels are in the normal range.

Comparative performance of lab tests and blood testing device to monitor glucose, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in type 2 diabetic patients / Desempenho comparativo de testes de laboratório e de dispositivos de teste de sangue para monitorar glicose, colesterol total e triglicérides em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2

The performance of lab tests (LT) and blood testing devices (BTD) to monitor glycemia vs. glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c) were compared. In addition, the performance of blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol measured by LT and BDT were compared. All parameters were measured based on the same blood samples from overnight fasted type 2 diabetic patients (T2DP). Linear regression analysis was used for all comparisons. The results showed that A1c correlated better with LT-glucose (r = 0.58) than BTD-glucose (r = 0.42). Moreover, LT vs. BTD showed r values of 0.90, 0.82 and 0.92 for glucose, TC and triacylglycerol, respectively. It was concluded that the performance of LT-glucose was better than BDT-glucose. Moreover, since triacylycerol and TC measured by BTD correlated better with LT compared to BDT-glucose vs. LT-glucose, the inclusion of BTD-TC and BTD-triacylglycerol for detecting and monitoring hyperlipidemia in T2DP should be considered.

Comparou-se a performance de avaliação da glicemia através de dosagens laboratoriais (DL) ou dispositivo para teste de sangue capilar (DTSC) vs. hemoglobina glicada A1c (A1c). Comparou-se ainda a performance de avaliação da glicemia, colesterol total (CT) e triacilglicerol (DL vs. DTSC). Avaliou-se estes parametros a partir das mesmas amostras de sangue coletadas em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 (PDT2) em jejum noturno, sendo as comparações realizadas através de análise de regressão linear. A A1c correlacionou-se melhor com a glicemia-DL (r = 0,58) em relação a glicemia-DTSC (r = 0,42). Comparou-se DL vs. DTSC obtendo se r = 0,90, 0,82 e 0,92 para glicemia, CT e triacilglicerol, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que houve melhor performance da glicose-DL em relação a glicose-DTSC. Além disso, considerando que o triacilglicerol e TC avaliado através de DTSC correlaciona-se melhor com DL em comparação a DTSC-glicose vs. DL-glicose, a inclusão de DTSC-TC e DTSC-triacilglicerol visando detectar e monitorar hyperlipidemia in PDT2 deve ser considerada.

Prevalence of dyslipidemias in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 / Prevalencia de las dislipidemias en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of lipid abnormalities found in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANut 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information was obtained from 4 040 subjects aged 20 to 69 years, studied after a 9- to 12-hour fast. RESULTS: Median lipid concentrations were: cholesterol 198.5 mg/dl, triglycerides 139.6 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol 39.0 mg/dl, non-HDL-cholesterol 159.5 mg/dl and LDL-cholesterol 131.5 mg/dl. The most frequent abnormality was HDL-cholesterol below 40 mg/dl with a prevalence of 60.5 percent (95 percentCI 58.2-62.8 percent). Hypercholesterolemia (> 200 mg/dl) had a frequency of abnormality of 43.6 percent (95 percentCI 41.4-46.0 percent). Only 8.6 percent of the hypercholesterolemic subjects knew their diagnosis. Hypertriglyceridemia (> 150 mg/dl) was observed in 31.5 percent (IC 95 percent 29.3-33.9 percent) of the population. CONLUSIONS: The ENSANUT 2006 data confirm that the prevalence of hypoalphalipoproteinemia and other forms of dyslipidemia in Mexican adults is very high.

OBJETIVO: Presentar la prevalencia de las dislipidemias observada en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 4040 individuos con edad entre 20 y 69 años estudiados bajo un ayuno de 9 a 12 horas. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones medias de los lípidos sanguíneos fueron colesterol 198.5 mg/dl, triglicéridos 139.6 mg/dl, colesterol HDL 39.0 mg/dl, colesterol noHDL 159.5 mg/dl y colesterol LDL 131.5 mg/dl. La anormalidad más común fue la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (colesterol HDL< 40 mg/dl); su prevalencia fue 60.5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 58.2-62.8 por ciento). La hipercolesterolemia (colesterol > 200 mg/dl) fue la segunda anormalidad en frecuencia, con 43.6 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 41.4-46.0 por ciento). Sólo el 8.6 por ciento de los casos conocía su diagnóstico. La hipertrigliceridemia (> 150 mg/dl) fue observada en 31.5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 29.3-33.9 por ciento) de la población en estudio. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos de la ENSANUT 2006 confirman que la prevalencia de hipoalfalipoproteinemia y otras formas de dislipidemia es muy alta en los adultos mexicanos.

Does Abdominal Obesity Accelerate the Effect of Hypertriglyceridemia on Impaired Fasting Glucose?

PURPOSE: This study sought to determine whether abdominal obesity is a risk factor for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and hypertriglyceridemia and to verify whether moderate effect of abdominal obesity on the relationship between IFG and hypertriglyceridemia in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the analysis. The study population included 5,938 subjects aged 20 year old drawn from non-diabetic participants in a health examination survey. The subjects were classified according to the presence of abdominal obesity based on waist circumference, IFG based on their fasting blood glucose level, and hypertriglyceridemia on their fasting triglyceride. RESULTS: The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for the occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia were 2.91 in the abdominal obesity group as compared with the nonobesity group and 1.31 in subjects with IFG compared with the normoglycemia controls. Abdominal obesity was found to be positively moderated in the interaction between waist circumference and fasting blood sugar. CONCLUSION: The moderate effect between abdominal obesity and IFG contributes to the development of hypertriglyceridemia in Korea.

Hipertrigliceridemia grave na cetoacidose diabética: relato de caso / Severe hypertriglyceridemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: case report

OBJETIVOS: A cetoacidose diabética é uma entidade frequente nos serviços de emergência que requer tratamento rápido e eficaz. Algumas vezes pode estar associada ao aumento do nível de triglicérides, expondo o paciente ao risco de pancreatite. MÉTODOS: Foi relatado o caso de uma paciente de 38 anos com cetoacidose diabética associada à hipertrigliceridemia grave (triglicérides: 11.758 mg/dL). RESULTADOS: Paciente foi admitida em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, realizando-se hidratação e insulinoterapia endovenosa com resolução do quadro. Durante toda a internação, a paciente não apresentou elevação de amilase e lipase que pudessem sugerir pancreatite, e houve redução importante no nível de triglicérides. Não foram encontrados outros relatos de casos nacionais com esses valores de triglicérides. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que, em casos de cetoacidose diabética, deve-se pedir o perfil lipídico dos pacientes, incluindo a contagem de triglicérides, tendo em vista a prevalência não desprezível de complicações relacionadas à hipertrigliceridemia e à pancreatite.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a recurrent problem in the emergency room that requires prompt and effective treatment. Usually, it may be associated with an increase in triglyceride levels, exposing the patient to the risk of pancreatitis. METHODS: We report the case of a 38-year-old female patient with diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides: 11.758 mg/dL). RESULTS: The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Hydration and intravenous insulin were performed with success. During hospitalization, the levels of triglycerides decreased significantly and the levels of amylase and lipase remained at normal ranges, not suggesting pancreatitis. No other Brazilian cases with these levels of triglycerides were found. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, in diabetic ketoacidosis, lipid profile, including triglycerides, should be requested, due to a not negligible prevalence of complications such as hypertriglycerides and pancreatitis.

Perfil metabólico de riesgo cardiovascular y resistencia a la insulina según índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y cintura hipertrigliceridémica en pacientes adultos / Cardiovascular risk profile and insulin resistance according body mass index, waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemic waist in adult subjects

Background: Insulin plays a determinant role in the individual metabolic profile. Obesity, the most common cause of insulin resistance (IR), can be diagnosed by body mass index (BMI). Waist circumference (WC), specifically, measures accumulation of abdominal fat. The cardiovascular risk of an individual is strongly related to a combination of abdominal obesity with hypertiiglyceridemia or hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW). Aim To assess the metabolic profüe of cardovascular risk and RI according to BMI, WC and HTW in adult patients. Material and methods: Weight, height, BMI, blood pressure (BP), WC, HTW, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin were assessed and IR calculated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in 63 females aged 46±11 years and 12 males aged 4 7± 10 years. Results: Differences in weight, WC, BP, lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA, were observed as BMI increased. When patients were grouped according to WC, there were significant differences only in systolic pressure, triglycerides, insulin and HOMA. Individuals with HTW had a more adverse metabolic profüe than those without HTW or with only high WC. A multiple regression equation determined that body mass index, total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure were independent predictors of insulin resistance. Conclusions: Patients with HTW displayed an unfavorable cardiac risk profile (Rev Méd Chile 2009; 137:1179-86).

Prevalencia de dislipidemias en una población de sujetos en apariencia sanos y su relación con la resistencia a la insulina / Dyslipidemia prevalence and its relationship with insulin resistance on a population of apparently healthy subjects

OBJETIVO: Conocer la prevalencia de las dislipidemias en una población de sujetos en apariencia sanos y su relación con la resistencia a la insulina (RI). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este es un estudio transversal que incluyó a 1 179 individuos, donadores voluntarios de 35 a 65 años. Se obtuvo el historial clínico y se realizaron examen físico, determinación del perfil de lípidos, glucemia y niveles de insulina en ayuno. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 44 ± 7 años; 836 (71 por ciento) correspondían al género masculino. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia fue de 57.3 por ciento, hipoalfalipoproteinemia de 52.4 por ciento e hipercolesterolemia de 48.7 por ciento. De los sujetos con obesidad (perímetro de cintura aumentado), 36.8 por ciento tenía hipertrigliceridemia/hipoalfalipoproteinemia, 35.2 por ciento dislipidemia mixta y 33.4 por ciento hipertrigliceridemia. La prevalencia de los patrones de dislipidemias fue mayor en sujetos con RI. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertrigliceridemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia, vinculadas con RI, son comunes en la población mexicana; empero, una considerable proporción de casos carece de diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate dyslipidemia prevalence and its association with insulin resistance in a cohort of apparently healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1 179 donors ages 35 to 65 years. The sample population was comprised of 71 percent men, with an average age of 44 ± 7. Clinical records, anthropometric data, lipid profile, fasting glycaemia, and insulin levels were obtained. RESULTS: Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 57.3 percent, C-HDL under normal limits was 52.4 percent, and hypercholesterolemia was 48.7 percent. In addition, 36.8 percent of the obese individuals (as measured by waist perimeter) had hypertriglyceridemia/hypoalphalipoproteinemia, 35.2 percent had mixed dyslipidemia, and 33.4 percent had hypertriglyceridemia. Patterns of dyslipidemia were higher in subjects diagnosed with insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance associated with hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia was common among our studied population. However, a significant proportion of cases of apparent healthy individuals continue to go undiagnosed.

Effects of cigarette smoking on serum lipids among priests in Bangkok.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of cigarette smoking on the level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride among priests in Bangkok area. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were evaluated in the process of health check-up among 401 priests in Bangkok and a questionnaire about cigarette smoking was given. RESULTS: From the 401 priests, 76.3% of priests were more than 40 years old. The mean age of priests was 53.68 +/- 15.01 years. The mean cholesterol among non-smokers, ex-smokers, current smokers and all respondents were 230.08 +/- 48.22, 223.58 +/-42.80, 230.08 +/- 48.22, and 226.65 +/- 46.58 respectively. The mean triglyceride among non-smokers, ex-smokers, current smokers and all respondents were 150.05 +/- 78.23, 148.47 +/- 69.80 180.01 +/- 111.99, and 154.87 +/- 83.71, respectively. In comparison among groups, there was no significantly statistical difference in cholesterol level (p = 0.22), but there was significantly statistical difference in triglyceride level (p.= 0.02). The means of triglyceride between non-smokers and current smokers, and between ex-smokers and current smokers were significantly statistical different (p = 0.026, 0.043, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that cigarette smoking increases serum triglyceride level in the priests but does not affect serum total cholesterol level. The priests who usually smoke should be checked for triglyceride for early intervention of coronary heart disease and other hypertriglyceridemia-induced diseases.

Variabilidade biológica na concentração de lipídeos séricos / Biological variation in concentration of serum lipids

A variação biológica é definida como a variação natural, de ocorrência fisiológica, independente das variáveis pré-analíticas. A resposta individual aos diferentes estímulos a que o organismo é submetido resulta numa amplitude de variação biológica que oscila entre os indivíduos. Esta amplitude de variação deve ser quantificada a fim de auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados laboratoriais. O objetivo deste projeto foi verificar a variabilidade biológica na determinação de lipídeos (colesterol total, HDL colesterol, LDL colesterol e triglicerídeos) em indivíduos saudáveis. Foram convidados a participar do projeto 10 indivíduos saudáveis que foram submetidos a 10 coletas de sangue consecutivas. Após as coletas, o soro foi analisado em equipamento automatizado Cobas Mira" Marca Roche utilizando kits comerciais. As variabilidades biológicas individuais e totais encontradas foram semelhantes às descritas previamente na literatura. As menores variabilidades foram as das determinações de colesterol total (6,3%) e HDL-c (4,9%), enquanto que os triglicerídeos apresentaram o maior índice (25%). O coeficiente de variação biológica dos analitos foi superior à mediana descrita na literatura em alguns indivíduos. Nova amostra deve ser analisada quando existir discrepância entre as interpretações clínicas ou biológicas das duas amostras.

Biological variability is defined as a natural variation, with physiological occurence, independent of pre-analytical factors. The individual answer to the different stimulations to which the organism is subjected to results in degrees of biological variation that are change between subjects. This degree of variation must be quantified to help the laboratory results interpretation. The objective of this project was verify the biological variability in lipids determinations (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) in healthy subjects. Ten healthy individuals participated in this projetct. The samples were collected by venopunction, ten times, in three consecutive weeks. The serum obtained was analysed in automatized equipment Cobas Mira" (Roche) using commercial kits. Both individual and total variability coefficients found were similar to the literature. Total cholesterol (6.3%) and HDL-cholesterol (4.9%) showed the lowest variabilities, whereas triglycerides presented the biggest index (25%). In some patients the variation coefficient for any analyte was superior than the range previously described in the literature. New sample analyses must be performed when there is some discrepancy in clinical or biological interpretation between results.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em estudo de base populacional, Vitória, ES - Brasil / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in population-based study, Vitória, ES - Brazil

Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é um transtorno representado pela agregação de fatores predisponentes para desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes. Apesar da importância da SM, há carência de dados sobre as características epidemiológicas desta condição na população brasileira. Determinamos a prevalência da SM por sexo, faixa etária e nível socioeconômico na população da cidade de Vitória, ES, Brasil, utilizando os critérios do NCEP/ATPIII. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, bioquímicos, antropométricos e hemodinâmicos em 1.663 indivíduos de amostra randômica da população (25-64 anos) de Vitória. A prevalência foi de 29,8 por cento (IC95 = 28-32 por cento), sem diferença entre sexos. De 25 a 34 anos, a prevalência foi 15,8 por cento, alcançando 48,3 por cento na faixa de 55 a 64 anos. Verificou-se aumento progressivo de prevalência em mulheres do maior para o menor nível socioeconômico. O parâmetro da SM mais freqüente em homens foi hipertensão, seguido de hipertrigliceridemia, baixo HDL-colesterol, hiperglicemia e obesidade abdominal. Nas mulheres, hipertensão em primeiro lugar, seguida do baixo HDL-colesterol, obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperglicemia. Conclui-se que a prevalência de SM é elevada, inclusive nos mais jovens, com grande contribuição da hipertensão para o seu diagnóstico. Controle dos fatores de risco deve ser promovido visando reduzir o impacto das doenças cardiovasculares na mortalidade geral.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder including several factors predisposing to development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Despite the importance of MS for the health system, the epidemiological characteristics of this condition in the Brazilian population are still scarce. The prevalence of MS as a function of gender, age and socioeconomic level was determined in a population-based study in Vitória, ES, Brazil, by using the NCEP-ATPIII diagnosis criteria. Socioeconomic, biochemical, anthropometric, and hemodynamic data were obtained in 1,663 individuals from a random sample of Vitória population (25-64 y). The estimated prevalence of MS was 29,8 percent (CI95 = 28-32 percent). No significant sex-related differences were observed. Prevalence increased from the youngest (26-34 y) to the oldest (55-64 y) group (15.8 percent and 48.3 percent, respectively). A progressive increase of MS frequency was observed in women from the higher to the lowest socioeconomic level. The most frequent trait of MS in males was high blood pressure, followed by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-c levels, hyperglycemia, and central obesity. In females, hypertension was also the most frequent factor, followed by low HDL-c levels, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Our data show that prevalence of MS is high in the studied population, even in the youngest group. Moreover, high blood pressure gives a significant contribution to the diagnosis of this syndrome in both sexes. The precocious control of risk factors is necessary to reduce the impact of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.