Hiponatremia e hiperpotasemia persistente inducida por enoxaparina y revertida con hidrocortisona en paciente con metástasis lumbares / Low molecular weight heparin-induced hyperkalemia and hyponatremia: report of one case

Low molecular weight heparin-induced hyperkalemia is not an uncommon side effect. The development of hyponatremia is well described although it is less common. We report a 72-year-old woman with lumbar metastases who developed hyponatremia and hyperkalemia on the tenth day of hospitalization. Hyponatremia, with limited criteria for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, did not resolve with vigorous volume restriction. Hyperkalemia without an acid-base disorder or baseline renal failure, did not resolve after losartan was stopped. Enoxaparin-induced hypoaldosteronism was proposed and the drug was discontinued. After four days' persistence of the electrolyte disturbance, dexamethasone was changed to Hydrocortisone, and parameters normalized in 24 hours. The patient remained well until discharge and during outpatient control.

Bilateral fracture of the shoulders following epileptic seizures: a case report / Fratura bilateral de ombros após convulsões epilépticas: relato de caso

Convulsive seizures caused by hyponatremia occur when this condition is severe and develops quickly, resulting in a brain's adaptive inability to contain brain swelling. Seizures are rarely the cause of shoulder fractures. This is a case report of bilateral humerus fracture following a single epileptic seizure caused by drug hyponatremia, an unconventional event in medical practice. A 69-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency room after a single tonic-clonic seizure with spontaneously ceased sphincter relaxation, showing Glasgow 6. No falls or restraint were reported by observers. When alert, the patient reported pain and difficulty moving both arms. During examination, the movement was li- mited to the right and left. Anteroposterior radiographs revealed bilateral fracture at the neck of humerus. To complement inves- tigation for further lesions, a computed tomography confirmed bilateral fracture-dislocation with impaction of the humeral head with the glenoid. Atraumatic bilateral fracture-dislocation of the humerus after epileptic seizure is a very rare event. It is believed that some of these diagnoses have been neglected due to the difficulty of characterizing the patient's pain in a postictal state. The importance of a detailed physical examination shall be emphasized in risk groups such as the polymedicated elderly.

Convulsive seizures caused by hyponatremia occur when this condition is severe and develops quickly, resulting in a brain's adaptive inability to contain brain swelling. Seizures are rarely the cause of shoulder fractures. This is a case report of bilateral humerus fracture following a single epileptic seizure caused by drug hyponatremia, an unconventional event in medical practice. A 69-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency room after a single tonic-clonic seizure with spontaneously ceased sphincter relaxation, showing Glasgow 6. No falls or restraint were reported by observers. When alert, the patient reported pain and difficulty moving both arms. During examination, the movement was li- mited to the right and left. Anteroposterior radiographs revealed bilateral fracture at the neck of humerus. To complement inves- tigation for further lesions, a computed tomography confirmed bilateral fracture-dislocation with impaction of the humeral head with the glenoid. Atraumatic bilateral fracture-dislocation of the humerus after epileptic seizure is a very rare event. It is believed that some of these diagnoses have been neglected due to the difficulty of characterizing the patient's pain in a postictal state. The importance of a detailed physical examination shall be emphasized in risk groups such as the polymedicated elderly.

Hiponatremia grave secundaria a la exposición a veneno de Phyllomedusa Bicolor (Rana Kambó): caso clínico / Severe hyponatremia secondary to Phyllomedusa bicolor (Kambó frog) poisoning: report of one case

Phyllomedusa bicolor or Kambo is a frog that lives in the Amazon rainforest. It can release through its skin a substance used in healing rituals that are common among South-American tribes, as well as in urban people of America and Europe. We report a 41-year-old female patient who, during a healing ritual consumed ayahuasca (a drink obtained from the mixture of Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis and Mimosa hostilis) and 12 hours later received the poison of Kambo Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) on superficial right shoulder skin burns. The ritual included a minimum of six-liter water intake over a few hours period. She evolved with clouding of sensorium, motor agitation, frequent vomiting, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She presented lethargic to the emergency room, with a weak pupillary light reflex, generalized stiffness, moving all four limbs. Laboratory showed severe hyponatremia (120 mEq/L) and a creatine kinase level of 8,479 UI/L, that increased 107,216 IU/L within few days. An admission CT Brain scan was normal. The toxicological screening did not identify the presence of other substances. During hospitalization the patient developed severe psychomotor agitation controlled by a dexmedetomidine infusion, hyponatremia, low plasma osmolality (248 mOsm/kg), and disproportionately high urinary osmolality (448 mOsm/kg), suggestive of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome (SIADH). With correction of hyponatremia, the patient gradually recovered consciousness. Rhabdomyolysis was assumed to be secondary to seizure and managed by volume and bicarbonate infusions with a positive response.

The effect of NaCl 0.9% and NaCl 0.45% on sodium, chloride, and acid-base balance in a PICU population / Efeito do NaCl a 0,9% e do NaCl a 0,45% sobre o sódio, cloreto e equilíbrio ácido-base em uma população de UTIP

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of two intravenous maintenance fluids on plasma sodium (Na), and acid-base balance in pediatric intensive care patients during the first 24 h of hospitalization. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study was performed, which allocated 233 patients to groups: (A) NaCl 0.9% or (B) NaCl 0.45%. Patients were aged 1 day to 18 years, had normal electrolyte concentrations, and suffered an acute insult (medical/surgical). Main outcome measured: change in plasma sodium. Parametric tests: t-tests, ANOVA, X 2 statistical significance level was set at a = 0.05. RESULTS: Group A (n = 130): serum Na increased by 2.91 (±3.9) mmol/L at 24 h (p < 0.01); 2% patients had Na higher than 150 mmol/L. Mean urinary Na: 106.6 (±56.8) mmol/L. No change in pH at 0 and 24 h. Group B (n = 103): serum Na did not display statistically significant changes. Fifteen percent of the patients had Na < 135 mmol/L at 24 h. The two fluids had different effects on respiratory and post-operative situations. CONCLUSIONS: The use of saline 0.9% was associated with a lower incidence of electrolyte disturbances.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito de dois fluidos de manutenção intravenosos sobre o sódio (Na) plasmático e o equilíbrio ácido-base em pacientes de terapia intensiva pediátrica durante as primeiras 24 horas de internação. MÉTODOS: Foi feito um estudo controlado randomizado prospectivo. Alocamos aleatoriamente 233 pacientes para os grupos: (A) NaCl a 0,9% e (B) NaCl a 0,45%. Os pacientes com um dia a 18 anos apresentavam concentrações normais de eletrólitos e sofriam de insulto agudo (médico/cirúrgico). Principal resultado: variação no sódio plasmático. Testes paramétricos: teste t, Anova, qui-quadrado. O nível de relevância estatística foi estabelecido em a = 0,05. RESULTADOS: Grupo A (n = 130): o Na sérico aumentou 2,91 (± 3,9) mmol L-1 em 24 h (p < 0,01); 2% dos pacientes apresentaram Na acima de 150 mmol L-1. Concentração média de Na na urina: 106,6 (± 56,8) mmol L-1. Sem alteração no pH em 0 e 24 horas. Grupo B (n = 103): o Na sérico não apresentou alterações estatisticamente significativas; 15% dos pacientes apresentaram Na < 135 mmol L-1 em 24 h. Os dois fluidos tiveram efeitos diferentes sobre as situações respiratória e pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de solução fisiológica a 0,9% foi associado à menor incidência de distúrbios eletrolíticos.

Hiponatremia inducida por el uso de dosis bajas de ciclofosfamida endovenosa en pacientes hospitalizados en el Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Noviembre 2012-Abril 2013 / Hyponatremia induced by the use of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients hospitalized in the Service of Rheumatology at the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, November 2012-April 2013

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de hiponatremia secundaria al uso de dosis bajas de Ciclofosfamida (CFA) EV (<20mg/kg). Además conocer la sintomatología asociada a la presencia de esta complicación. Métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo. Incluye pacientes hospitalizados en el Servicio de Reumatología, con indicación de pulso de CFA, administrado a una dosis de 500-1000mg/m2 ASC y/o dosis corregida de acuerdo a la función renal -No mayor a 20mg/kg-. Solución hidratante Cloruro de Sodio 9 por mil, un total de 1000cc EV en 6 horas. El dosaje de sodio sérico (Na) se realizara el día de su infusión y a las 12-24 horas posteriores. Resultados: De 29 pacientes, con un total de 35 infusiones de Ciclofosfamida. A una dosis entre 300 a 1200mg. Se excluyen dos (el primero por un valor previo de Na<135, y el segundo por no contar con Na postinfusión). 06 de ellos recibieron 02 pulsos de CFA. El 85 por ciento son mujeres, con una edad 41.14 (15-69) años. La principal indicación para recibir pulso de CFA, fue pacientes con diagnóstico de LES, la mayoría de ellos con compromiso Renal. El Na preinfusión fue 139.12 (135-142) mmol/L, el Na postinfusión fue 136.55 (123-142.8) mmol/L. Descenso promedio de Na: 2.57 mmol/L. Se presentan 08 (24.26 por ciento) episodios de hiponatremia posterior a la Infusión de CFA, la mayoría fueron leves (62.5 por ciento), pero aquellos con Hiponatremia moderada (3/8), fueron sintomáticos. Conclusión: La presencia de Hiponatremia es un evento relativamente frecuente, aunque la mayoría de veces es leve y asintomática.

Hiponatremia y terapia con inmunoglobulina endovenosa: a propósito de un paciente consíndrome de sobreposición / Hyponatremia and therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin: about a patient with overlap syndrome

El uso de inmunoglobulina endovenosa está cada vez más difundido, tanto para inmunodeficiencias como para enfermedades de orden autoinmune, infecciosas, así como de tipo neurológico. Si bien la infusión de ésta se asocia con algunos efectos adversos sintomáticos, también es cierto que varios pasan desapercibidos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con síndrome de sobreposición (polimiositis y esclerodermia), la que durante el procedimiento presenta una pseudohiponatremia asociada a una excelente respuesta clínica a este fármaco. Es importante recalcar que esta complicación sólo corresponde a un hallazgo y no tiene indicación de suspender la terapia.

The use of intravenous immunoglobulin is becoming increasingly widespread, for immunodeficiencies, autoimmune, infectious and neurological diseases. Although this infusion is associated with some symptomatic adverse effects, it is also true that many go unnoticed. A case of a patient with overlap syndrome (polymyositis and scleroderma) is reported, who presented with a pseudohiponatremia associated with excellent clinical response to this. It is important to emphasize that this complication only corresponds to a finding and it is not an indication to discontinue the therapy.

Severa hiponatremia induzida pela associação de fluoxetina, hidroclorotiazida e captopril em paciente jovem / Severe hyponatremia induced by the association of fluoxetine, hydrochlorothiazide and captopril in a young patient

Descrevemos um caso de hiponatremia grave, com um dos níveis séricos de sódio mais baixos da literatura, secundário ao uso de fluoxetina, captopril e hidroclorotiazida. Paciente do sexo feminino, 45 anos, portadora de hipertensão arterial , vinha assintomática em uso de hidroclorotiazida e captopril, quando, há um mês da internação. iniciou-se fluoxetina devido sintomas de depressão. Paciente foi internada por rebaixamento de nível de consciência, com tomografia computadorizada de crânio evidenciando edema cerebral...

We describe a case of severe hyponatremia, with some of the lowest levels of sodium in the literature, secondary to the use of fluoxetine, captropil and hydrochlorothiazide. A 45-year-old female patient suffering from arterial hypertension who was being treated with hydrochlorothiazide and captopril was asymptomatic until one month prior to hospitalization when treatment with fluoxetine was initiated due to depressive symptoms. The patient was hospitalized due to a lower level of consciousness. A CT scan of the skull revealed cerebral edema...

Tuberculose do sistema nervoso central em crianças: 2. Tratamento e evoluçäo / Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: 2. Treatment and outcome

Sequelas neurológicas näo säo raras após o tratamento da tuberculose do sistema nervoso central (SNC), que é longo, trabalhoso e sujeito a complicações. Vários fatores säo implicados como determinantes de prognóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o tratamento e a evoluçäo de 52 crianças com tuberculose do SNC de um hospital pediátrico terciário. A maioria dos pacientes (41 ou 78,8 por cento) utilizou corticosteróides associados ao esquema tríplice. A ocorrência de hidrocefalia foi comum (28 de 41 testados), porém apenas 8 (15,4 por cento) necessitaram de derivaçäo liquórica. Hiponatremia ocorreu em um terço dos casos testados. Hepatotoxicidade ao esquema tríplice aconteceu em 32 casos (61,5 por cento), porém apenas 3 (9,4 por cento) necessitaram de substituiçäo destas drogas. Ocorreram 8 (15,4 por cento) óbitos e 24 (46,1 por cento) casos desenvolveram sequelas ao fim do tratamento. Houve tendência de pior prognóstico entre os pacientes que näo usaram corticosteróides e os que apresentavam doença avançada ao diagnóstico

Hiponatremia e hipokalemia graves, recientes, asociadas a hidroclorotiazida, enalaprila y citalopram: caso clínico / Severe and recent hyponatremia and hypokalemia associated to the use of hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril and cytalopram: clinical case

We report a 72 years old hypertensive female, treated with enalapril 10 mg/day and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day during three years. She presented a depressive disorder and cytalopram was prescribed in a dose of 10 mg/day. Two weeks before admission, a serum electrolyte analysis disclosed normal results and the cytalopram dose was increased to 20 mg/day. The patient was admitted with a hyponatremic encephalopathy with a plasma sodium of 100 mEq/L and a plasma potassium of 2.0 mEq/L. cytalopram, enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide were discontinued, hypertonic NaCl and KCl were administered. The patient had a favorable evolution with a remarkable improvement of her symptoms

Hiponatremia severa durante terapia con fluoxetina en un caso / Severe hyponatremia in a female treated with fluoxetine

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, used as antidepressants, may cause hyponatremia due to a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, specially in elders. Thirty cases with such complication have been reported in the last six years. We report a 76 years old female with a hypertensive cardiopathy and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation treated with amlodipine and sotalol. Five days after starting fluoxetine, the patient presented with a confusional state, gait instability and tremor. Laboratory assessment disclosed a plasma sodium of 115 meq/L. Fluoxetine was discontinued and fluids were restricted. The clinical condition of the patient improved and hyponatremia abated. Hyponatremia must be born in mind as a potential side effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors

O uso da carbamazepina no tratamento agudo da mania / Use of carbamazepine in acute treatment of mania

A carbamazepina (CBZ) é a droga de escolha na neuralgia do trigêmio e na epilepsia do lobo temporal. Seu uso em Psiquiatria iniciou-se no início dos anos 70 com relatos de pesquisadores japoneses descrevendo seus efeitos positivos no tratamento da PMD. Nosso objetivo é através de uma revisäo bibliográfica relatar o uso da CBZ na fase maníaca da doença afetiva, sua associaçäo com lítio, sua farmacodinâmica, administraçäo clínica e seus efeitos colaterais

Diuretic induced hyponatraemia in the elderly.

Diuretics are an important cause of symptomatic hyponatraemia in the elderly. The hyponatraemia is often associated with hypokalaemia which may play a role in the aetiology. Diuretic induced hyponatraemia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of elderly patients presenting with altered sensorium or seizures. This is especially important in those known to be hypertensives since diuretics are frequently used to treat hypertension in the elderly.

Hiponatremia induzida por captopril em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva: relato de dois casos / Captopril-induced hyponatremia in patients with congestive heart failure: report of two cases

Säo relatados dois casos de pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, que desenvolveram hiponatremia acentuada com o uso de captopril e sem a ocorrência de balanço hídrico positivo. Com a suspensäo da droga e manutençäo das medidas que vinham sendo empregadas, houve elevaçäo de sódio sérico. A troca do captopril por enalapril também provocou queda acentuada do sódio sérico, motivando a sua suspensäo