Leonardo Da Vinci, investigador anatomista, a 500 años de su muerte (1452-1519) / Leonardo Da Vinci, anatomist researcher, 500 years after his death (1452-1519)

Leonardo Da Vinci fue autor de ilustraciones científicas. Se lo considera un pionero en el estudio de la anatomía humana en el siglo XV. Sus dibujos elevan la disección al nivel de una obra de arte. (AU)

Leonardo was author of scientific illustrates. He was a Pioneer in anatomy human study in the XV century. His drawing elevated the dissection to a level of art work. (AU)

Historia de la seguridad del paciente. Hitos principales, desde los albores de la civilización hasta los primeros retos globales y el estudio IBEAS / History of patient's Safety. From the dawn of civilization to the WHO Global Patient Safety Challenges and IBEAS study

Se realiza una breve historia de la seguridad del paciente en la atención médica, desde los albores de las civilizaciones hasta los primeros retos Globales de la OMS y el Estudio IBEAS. (AU)

A brief history of patient safety is made in the medical attention, from the dawn of civilizations up to the first Global challenges of the WHO and the IBEAS Study. (AU)

Cultural Morphology of Eating Disorders / 의사학

No abstract available.

A Study of Treatise on Medicine by King Sejo / 의사학

This paper explores historical backgrounds and contents of Treatise on Medicine written by King Sejo (r.1455-1468) including his views on traditional medicine and pharmacy in the early Chosen period. The Treatise declared by King Sejo in 1463 has been considered as an important and unique manual of medicine because it was the exclusive example written by the king of Chosen. It was the King Sejo's era when the medical milieu in both social and medical aspects was highly encouraged thanks to the previous achievements by King Sejong the Great (r.1418-1450). King Sejo, in particular, who was much interested in practical learning called 'Miscellaneous Studies' emphasized on court medicine. His writing can be understood in such historical frame. Another reason why he wrote the Treatise can be said that he felt necessary for establishing the medical ethic codes for inefficient court medicine-officials. In personal background, he tried to find available remedies since he had been suffered from some chronic diseases. The contents of the Treatise can be broadly fallen to the clinical and ethical aspects, In the former one, the Treatise focuses on treatment without hesitation through the sharp and exact diagnosis by medical doctors. In the latter one, eight categories of medical doctors are discussed according to their moral degrees, sim'eui, sik'eui, yak'eui, hon'eui, kwang'eui, mang'eui, sa'eui, and sal'eui. Finally, musim'ji-eui was supplemented. Among them, sal'eui, medicine-official laking both medical ability and ethical attitude, was classified as the lowest degree, sim'eui, medicine-official sincerely making his all efforts for patients, was thought to be a paragon of medical morality. In conclusion, the Treatise on Medicine by King Sejo played an important role as a manual for the principle of medical practice and for the instruction to enhance ethical attitude among medicine-officials.

A Study on the true nature of 'Chinese Jinseng' / 의사학

Studies Generally, it is believed that the ancient 'Chinese jinseng' did exist due to the fact that it is clearly recorded in the Chinese historical and medicine-related sources. Although it is hard to deny that such 'ginseng' did exist in ancient China, the re-examination of its true nature is also necessary. In other words, certain refutation can be made against the claim that ancient 'Chinese jinseng' was in fact 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', since the Chinese jinseng accounts do not tell that it is such. For example, when looking into its shape based on descriptions, the 'Chinese jinseng' has black seed hairy stem, and violet flower, 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', on the other hand, has opal seed, no-hair stem, and light-green flower. In terms of cultivation centre, most of mainland China is unsuitable for jinseng production with the exception of the Shangdang area of Shanxi province, which solely had the reputation of being the production centre of ancient 'Chinese jinseng'. However, when looking into the Chinese sources for jinseng-producing areas they show that Hepei and Liaoning province and Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze river) areas also have had some jinseng-related history. Regardless of such instance, these regions did not cultivate 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. As shown above, ancient 'Chinese jinseng' was far from being identical, in respect to its shape or production areas, to 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. Hence, this study came to the conclusion that there is indeed very high skepticism about whether the true nature of 'jinseng' in ancient China was in fact 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. On the contrary, there is higher possibility that the ancient 'Chinese jinseng' is totally different plant from 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', which is actually Codonopsis pilosula. When examining the shape and production areas of Codonopsis pilosula, it is closely matched with many parts of ancient 'Chinese jinseng' texts. In short, it is presumed that the 'Chinese jinseng' did indeed exist in ancient China but it was Codonopsis pilosula instead of 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'.

Kushtha (skin disorders) in vedic and other religious literatures - A review.

In view of the description of Medical citations; Vedic literature, Buddhist literature, Jain literature, Mahabharat, Ramayan etc. have also got significant importance. Like other diseases, the description regarding Kushtha (different skin disorders) is also available in all these treatises. These are akin to the description available in Ayurveda. From the above, it is apparent that description of different diseases mentioned in Ayurveda are also available in religious literatures.

Diseases of Annavaha Srotas (gastroenterology): historical view point.

The diseases of the Annavaha Srotas (Gastro-Intestinal tract) seem to have been very frequent in ancient India as is evidenced by vivid descriptions on various gastro-intestinal tract diseases in a great length in the treatises of Caraka, Susruta, Vagbhata etc., and some Indian medical classics. The discussions of these diseases reveal a comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, pathology of these diseases and study of their treatment is not only edifying but throws much light on the evolution of our ancestral magnifying knowledge of these diseases, which is most identical of present modern Gastro-enterology.

History of dentistry: an overview.

Dentistry and Dental Surgery are practically synonymous. The trail of evolution of Dentistry from scratch in the antiquity to one of the most developed disciplines of modern medical sciences over the centuries is exciting, interesting and thoughtful. This short article will try to tell that tale.

Medicine and art: an historical overview.

Art is an exercise of human skill - sometimes figments of imagination to express the natural world in various forms-literal and visual. Medicine and art interact in the doctor's life and work. The science and art of healing takes many forms; so does the expressive and evocative process known as art. The details are presented here.

General medicine in Atharvaveda with special reference to Yaksma (consumption/tuberculosis).

The Atharvaveda (AV) is by all accounts a curious compendium of medicine in its various stages of evolution and contains the most primitive as well as some of the most highly developed stages of therapy. In AV the word Brahma was used in the sense of Physician. The name Atharvan is almost synonymous with Bhesaja or medicine. The AV represents the charm system of the Ayurveda of the Vedic age. The refrain of AV is that, charms and amulets are more efficacious than herbs and medicine. Kãyaçikitsa (general medicine) is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda, which has exhaustive mention in the AV and helps to establish the continuity of medical tradition in the Vedic period. Hence some scholars had mentioned Ayurveda as Upaveda or Upãnga of AV. AV mentions a large number of diseases both major and minor some where in clear terms and some where vaguely. The term used in AV for disease is Yaksma. Classification of the diseases based on a etiological factors is not found in AV. Thus this article depicts the views expressed in AV i.e. regarding causative factors, classification and number of medical disorders with special reference to Yakşma (Consumption).

A History and Philosophy of Bio-Medical Ethics Seen from a Dentist's Point of View / 의사학

When we think about ethics or morals, we tend to look at them from the viewpoint of here and now. Actual implications of then and there, however, could be different. That is why we should study history of bio-ethics along with philosophy involved in it. Bio-medical ethics is situated in spatial and cultural dimension as well as temporal and historical. Dentistry has been in a peculiar situation in that although it has evolved from the same root as medicine it has become separate discipline. Ethical implications of dentistry, however, share the historical and philosophical background with its mother discipline, i.e., medicine, surgery, barber-surgery and even smithery. This paper tries to grasp the main ideas of bio-medical ethics from the ancient Greek and China and picks up three of them as guiding principles, i.e., deontology and teleology from the west and self-cultivation from the east, It also tracks down the contents of modern biomedical ethics; from etiquette to ethics, from morals to contract (ethics of autonomy), and ethics of professional responsibility. Finally it reviews and analyzes two different traditions of dental professional regulation from the legal and ethical point of view (U.S. and Europe), and proposes a new direction for the construction of dental ethics in Korea.

Caesarean section: an historical riddle.

Etymologically, the word 'Caesar' originates from the Latin word 'Caedaere' meaning - 'to cut'. So cutting remains the core point, but little is known about the real origin of the history of Caesarean Section. There is evidence that, the ancient Hindus excelled in surgery and many operations were performed, including caesarean section. This operation was mentioned several times in the Mishnah of Rabbi Judah, the first large commentary on the Hebrew Bible. There are also several mythological anecdotes in Hindu, Buddhist and Greek mythologies. The myth of caesarean section did not even escape the keen eyes of William Skakespeare. The landmarks, treatises and the advancement in this operative procedure are presented in this article.

The biology of aging (JARA): an ayurvedic approach.

Ayurveda considers Rasāyana as one of the foremost branches of Astānga Ayurveda and have rightly justifies its status by the place its given in the Ayurvedic treatises. The word Rasāyana should not be mistaken as a therapy exclusively related to old age. It can be applied from pediatrics to geriatrics. Suśruta defies Rasāyana as a measure, which prolongs and provides positive health, improves mental faculties and provides resistance and immunity against diseases. Caraka states that the means of obtaining optimum nourishment to the Dhātus are called Rasāyanas. This paper is dealt in two ways - components, which accelerate or trigger an early onset of aging and measures adopted to reverse them.

JWARA (fever)- a medico historical perspective.

"JWARA" is important and critical among all the diseases, because it affects each and every living being. Hence, it has been given first place in the classical texts of Ayurveda. Atharvaveda (AV) has also referred Jwara with the name Takman (son of God Varuna) and drugs like Kustha, Jangida and Anjana have been prescribed for its management. References with regard to Jwara are also found in other non-medical literature Viz., Mahābhārata, Purānas etc. Acārya Suśruta has mentioned that, man comes to this world with Jwara and departs with it. Jwara affects the whole body, the organs of senses and also the mind. According to mythology, Jwara was originated from the hot and destructive breath of Lord Siva, which was produced from his nostrils during the paroxysms of grief and rage on the death of his wife, Durga. It attacks all persons of all ages and in all conditions. Jwara is the king of all diseases, destroyer of all creatures and severe hence a physician should be practically cautious in treating it. All these medico-historical aspects of Jwara have been presented in this article.

Indu and Bhattanarahari: the commentators of ayurvedic classical treatises.

Indu who wrote a valuminous and comprehensive commentary entitled 'Saśilekha' on Astānga Samgraha. It is the only commentary available at present. Later writers vastly mentioned this commentary. He wrote a commentary with the same title on Astānga Hrdaya also.

Treatment of fevers in Camatkāra Cintāmaņi.

Utility of the various formulae of Camatkāra Cintāmaņi can not be minimised due to limited and easily available ingredients. Because the efficacy of the formulae in curing the various diseases has proved them very useful. Treatment of fevers cover near about 93 verses in Camatkāra Cintāmaņi. Therefore an attempt has been made to check the potency and usefulness of the formulae in treatment of fevers.

Glimpses of the history of insulin.

The discovery of the insulin which took place at Toronto, Canada in 1921-22 is one of the most important medical discoveries of the modern age. For this miracle, Prof. John James Macleod and Frederic Grant Banting were Jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for Physiology or Medicine. Frederick Sanger a British biochemist discovered the structure of insulin in 1958 and was awarded Nobel prize for chemistry. Diabetes mellitus is called Madhumeha in ancient Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Egyptians and Greeks knew about it. Greek physician Aretaeus of Capadocia first suggested the term "Diabetes" and described it. Though insulin was discovered about 80 years ago research interest in it still continues unabated. This paper also gives case details of the first patient on whom Insulin was first tried and chronology of research on pancreas and Insulin.

Oriental medicine as a heterogeneous ensemble / 의사학

No abstract available.

Alauddin Qarshi: a commentator of many classical treatises.

This article deals with the life and work of a commentator of six authentic works. He was a discoverer of pulmonary circulation of blood. He described it more or less accurately, almost three centuries before Harvey (1578-1657). The views of medical historians about this scholar have been given in this article.

The menace of free radicals its concept and management in Ayurveda.

This is a comprehensive review of menace of free radicals and its concept and management in Ayurveda. This article highlights the various exogenous and endogenous factors responsible for the production of free radicals with special reference to the formation of unriped and purified metabolites (ama) during the metabolic activities at different levels of digestion. The purpose of this paper is to review the management of free radicals which can be designed with reference to diet and digestion biorhythms, behaviour, emotions and sense. Ayurvedic concept of free radicals scavenger, revitalisation, role of clarified butter and pollution control thereby maintaining the optimal health status by involving minimum of sophisticated technology thus guiding the individual to lead a harmonious life in unison with nature.