Tratamentos e desfechos em indivíduos internados no hospital do Juquery: o cotidiano na era Vargas / Treatments and outcomes in people hospitalized at Juquery hospital: daily life in the Vargas era / Tratamientos y resultados en personas hospitalizadas en el hospital Juquery: la vida cotidiana en la era Vargas

Objetivo: analisar os tratamentos e desfechos nos internados no Hospital do Juquery no período de 1930 a 1945. Métodos: estudo quanti-qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, análise dos dados pelo referencial da análise documental. Coleta dos dados foi realizada no Acervo do Patrimônio Histórico-cultural do Complexo Hospitalar do Juquery, entre março e julho de 2022.Resultados: analisados 2.166 prontuários; 920 prontuários sem dados de tratamentos; 213 sem definição de tratamentos; principais tipos de tratamento 494 monoterapia e 235 politerapia; 2.005 prontuários sem dados dos efeitos dos tratamentos. Quanto ao resultado 106 inalterado/não melhorou, 21 melhorou, 18 piorou, 16 morte súbita. Houve 366 desfechos sem dados, 868 óbitos dos quais 496 não especificados, 263 saídas sem alta, 365 saídas com alta, evadidos 36 e 252 transferidos para outras instituições psiquiátricas. Conclusão: os tratamentos eram majoritariamente orgânicos e não produziram resultados efetivos; desfechos apontam para inadequação e ineficiência da assistência psiquiátrica e da internação.

Objective: to analyze the treatments and outcomes of patients admitted to the Juquery Hospital from 1930 to 1945. Methods: quanti-qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, data analysis by the reference of documentary analysis. Data collection was carried out in the Historical-Cultural Heritage Collection of the Juquery Hospital Complex, between March and July 2022. Results: 2,166 medical records were analyzed; 920 medical records without treatment data; 213 without definition of treatments; main types of treatment: 494 monotherapy and 235 polytherapy; 2,005 medical records without data on the effects of treatments. Regarding outcome: 106 unchanged/not improved, 21 improved, 18 worsened, 16 sudden death. There were 366 outcomes without data, 868 deaths of which 496 unspecified, 263 discharged, 365 discharged, 36 absconded and 252 transferred to other psychiatric institutions. Conclusion: treatments were mostly organic and did not produce effective results; outcomes point to inadequacy and inefficiency of psychiatric care and hospitalization.

Objetivos:analizar los tratamientos y resultados de los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital de Juquery de 1930 a 1945. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo-cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo, análisis de datos por la referencia del análisis documental. La recolección de datos se realizó en la Colección de Patrimonio Histórico-Cultural del Complejo Hospitalario Juquery, entre marzo y julio de 2022. Resultados: se analizaron 2.166 historias clínicas; 920 historias clínicas sin datos de tratamiento; 213 sin definición de tratamientos; principales tipos de tratamiento: 494 monoterapia y 235 politerapia; 2.005 historias clínicas sin datos sobre los efectos de los tratamientos. En cuanto al resultado: 106 sin cambios/no mejoría, 21 mejoría, 18 empeoramiento, 16 muerte súbita. Hubo 366 desenlaces sin datos, 868 fallecimientos de los cuales 496 sin especificar, 263 dados de alta, 365 dados de alta, 36 fugados y 252 trasladados a otras instituciones psiquiátricas. Conclusión: los tratamientos fueron en su mayoría orgánicos y no produjeron resultados eficaces; los resultados apuntan a la inadecuación e ineficacia de la atención psiquiátrica y la hospitalización.

Análisis de la demanda asistencial en la urgencia y unidad de hospitalización psiquiátrica en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19 / Analysis of the demand for care in a psychiatric emergency room and an acute inpatient unit in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo consiste en analizar el impacto del COVID-19 en la demanda asistencial de las urgencias y en los ingresos psiquiátricos durante el primer mes de la pandemia. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio transversal observacional retrospectivo en pacientes que acuden a urgencias psiquiátricas entre el 11 de marzo y el 11 de abril de 2019 y 2020 respectivamente. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en el estudio. Se realizaron las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado o Test exacto de Fisher para el contraste de hipótesis de variables categóricas y la prueba U Mann-Whitney para el contraste de variables cuantitativas. El nivel de significación estadística se estableció en p<0.05. Los análisis se realizaron con IBM SPSS Statistics. RESULTADOS: Se observa un descenso significativo de la media de pacientes atendidos al día en urgencias entre ambos periodos, siendo esta de 5,91 (±2,53) en 2019 y de 2,41 (±1,81) en 2020 (p<0.001). Se ha visto una disminución significativa de la ocupación media de camas en la UHB, ocupándose un 91,84% (±7,72) de camas en 2019 y un 58,85% (±13,81) en 2020 (p<0,001). En cuanto a la proporción de ingresos de los pacientes que acuden a urgencias, se ha visto un aumento significativo en el año 2020 respecto al año anterior. CONCLUSIONES: La demanda en la urgencia de pacientes psiquiátricos y la ocupación media de camas se ha reducido durante el primer mes tras la declaración de la pandemia. El miedo al contagio puede actuar como modulador de la demanda psiquiátrica.

INTRODUCTION: The aim is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the demand for emergency care and psychiatric admissions during the first month of the pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study. We reviewed the clinical records of all patients attending the psychiatric emergency room (ER) between March 11th and April 11th, of both 2019 and 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were included in the study. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were performed to compare categorical variables, while U Mann-Whitney U test was used for quantitative variables. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. RESULTS: The was a significant decrease in the number of patients attended in the ER. An average of 5.91 (±2.53) patients were treated per day in 2019 compared to 2.41 (±1.81) in 2020 (p<0.001). There was also a significant decrease in the occupancy rate at the inpatient psychiatric unit, with a 91.84% (±7.72) of beds occupied in 2019 and only 58.85% (±13.81) in 2020 (p<0.001). Regarding the percentage of patients admitted after assessment in the ER, there was a significant increase in 2020 compared to the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: The demand for care in the psychiatric emergency room and the average bed occupancy have decreased during the first month after the declaration of the pandemic. Fear of contagion may act as a modulator of psychiatric demand.

Child psychiatric hospitalizations in the Brazilian public health system: an exploratory study

Abstract Objective To describe the characteristics and rates of child psychiatric hospitalizations in the Brazilian public health system, as well as their variation according to the country's macro-regions. Methods This was a descriptive study focusing on year 2017, having as main source the Brazilian Ministry of Health's hospital information system. Child hospitalizations were considered to encompass those of individuals under 13 years of age whose main diagnosis was included in Chapter V of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10). Results The most prevalent diagnostic group was F10-F19, with 24.1% (21.8-26.3), followed by groups F30-39, F80-F89, F90-F99, F20-F29, with no statistical difference among them. Hospitalizations occurred more frequently in non-psychiatric hospitals, with 93.1% (91.7-94.4); most hospitalizations lasted for up to one week - 75.5% (73.2-77.8). The national hospitalization rate was 4.3 (4.1-4.5)/100,000, showing variations according to macro-regions. The highest rate was found in the South macro-region and the lowest in the Northeast, with values of 10.9 (9.9-12.0)/100,000 and 1.9 (1.6-2.2)/100,000, respectively. Intermediate values were found in the other macro-regions. Conclusion Some specificities of the characteristics of hospitalizations for psychiatric reasons in this age group could be attested, as well as important variations in their occurrence among the different macro-regions of the country.

Necesidades de atención en salud mental y uso de servicios en población mexicana con trastornos mentales graves / Mental health care needs and use of services in Mexican population with serious mental disorders

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las demandas de atención de los trastornos mentales graves (TMG) y factores asociados con la utilización de servicios en México. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal en dos fases: la primera con una base de datos nacional de servicios disponibles y su utilización; la segunda, una muestra de registros médicos de un hospital psiquiátrico. Resultados: La esquizofrenia es el TMG más prevalente; más de 50% de hospitalizados fueron hombres, con edad promedio 37 años. La utilización de servicios estuvo asociada con la edad (β=1.062; p=.000), ingreso familiar (β=1.000, p=.000) y no tener ocupación (β=3.407; p=.000). La población con esquizofrenia tiene cuatro veces más la probabilidad de requerir estar exenta de pago (β=4.158; p=.000). Conclusiones: La población con TMG es más vulnerable por la discapacidad funcional y social asociada; requiere de intervenciones específicas de salud acompañadas de una política de protección financiera adaptada a sus necesidades de atención.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the mental health care needs of the serious mental disorders (SMD) and factors associated with the use of services in Mexico. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in two phases, the first with a national database of available services and its utilization; the second, a sample of medical records of a psychiatric hospital. Results: Schizophrenia is the most prevalent MDS; more than 50% of those hospitalized were male, with an average age of 37 years. The use of services was associated with age (β=1.062, p=.000), family income (β=1.000, p=.000) and no laboral occupation (β=3.407, p=.000). The population with schizophrenia is four times more likely to require to be exempt from payment (β=4.158, p=.000). Conclusions: The population with SMD as schizophrenia is more vulnerable due to the associated functional and social disability and it requires specific heath interventions and a financial protection policy adapted to their mental health care needs.

Resources, objectives and guidelines in a Psychosocial Care Network structure / Recursos, objetivos y directrices en la estructura de una Red de Atención Psicosocial / Recursos, objetivos e diretrizes na estrutura de uma Rede de Atenção Psicossocial

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze a Psychosocial Care Network structure, based on the compromise of its resources and meeting objectives and guidelines recommended in Ordinance 3,088/2011. Method: an empirical, quantitative study with 123 primary care professionals, psychosocial and emergency care, who work at Western Network of the city of São Paulo. Questionnaires and statistical analysis were applied through the Exact Fisher's test with 5% significance considering p= <0.05. Results: there is compromise of physical resources in the absence of mental health beds in a general hospital (p=0.047); of technological resources in the lack of discussion forums (p=0.036); of human resources in number of teams (p=0.258); and of financial resources (p=0.159). Psychosocial care is the one that most meets the objectives and guidelines. Conclusion: there are insufficient physical, technological, human, and financial resources for the work articulated in the three care modalities that are heterogeneous in terms of meeting the objectives and guidelines.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la estructura de una Red de Atención Psicosocial a partir del compromiso de sus recursos y del cumplimiento de objetivos y directrices preconizados en la Ordenanza 3.088/2011. Método: estudio empírico, cuantitativo, con 123 profesionales de la atención básica, atención psicosocial y atención de emergencia, que actúan en la red Oeste del municipio de São Paulo. Aplicado cuestionarios y análisis estadístico por medio de la prueba de Fisher con significancia del 5% considerando p=<0,05. Resultados: hay comprometimiento de los recursos físicos, en ausencia de lechos de salud mental en el hospital general (p=0,047); tecnológicos en la escasez de foros de discusión (p=0,036); humanos, en número de equipos (p=0,258); y financieros (p=0,159). La atención psicosocial es la que más los cumple los objetivos y directrices. Conclusión: no hay recursos físicos, tecnológicos, humanos y financieros suficientes para el trabajo articulado en las tres modalidades de atención, y las mismas son heterogéneas en cuanto al cumplimiento de los objetivos y directrices.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a estrutura de uma Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, a partir do comprometimento de seus recursos e do cumprimento de objetivos e diretrizes preconizados na Portaria 3.088/2011. Método: estudo empírico, quantitativo, com 123 profissionais da atenção básica, atenção psicossocial e atenção de emergência, que atuam na Rede Oeste do município de São Paulo. Aplicados questionários e análise estatística por meio do teste de Fisher com significância de 5% considerando p= <0,05. Resultados: há comprometimento dos recursos físicos na falta leitos de saúde mental em hospital geral (p=0,047); tecnológicos, na escassez de fóruns de discussão (p=0,036); humanos, em número de equipes (p=0,258); e financeiros (p=0,159). A atenção psicossocial é a que mais os cumpre os objetivos e diretrizes. Conclusão: não há recursos físicos, tecnológicos, humanos e financeiros suficientes para o trabalho articulado nas três modalidades de atenção, e as mesmas são heterogêneas quanto ao cumprimento dos objetivos e diretrizes.

Caregiver burden and stress in psychiatric hospital admission / A sobrecarga do cuidador e o estresse na admissão de um hospital psiquiátrico / La sobrecarga del cuidador y el estrés en la admisión de un hospital psiquiátrico

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the relation between sociodemographics factors, stress and burden of care of family caregivers of patients at a psychiatric hospital admission. Method: quantitative study, with a cross-sectional correlation design. A total of 112 family caregivers participated, older than 18, in a Brazilian psychiatric hospital. A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to collect data, the Zarit Burden Interview and LIPP Adult Stress Symptom Inventory. Results: burden of care in family caregivers at a psychiatric hospital admission was significantly associated with stress (p=0.000). The psychological symptoms of stress predicted severe burden. Most caregivers presented a moderate or severe burden, with 52.7% in the resistance phase of stress; 66.1% presented psychological symptoms. Conclusion: results show the alarming situation of caregivers of patients from a psychiatric hospital, evidencing their own vulnerability to illness. Indeed, the during admission in a psychiatric hospital, not only patients need care, but also their caregivers.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos, estresse e sobrecarga de cuidado de cuidadores familiares na internação de pacientes em um hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudo quantitativo, com desenho de correlação transversal. Um total de 112 cuidadores familiares participaram do estudo, maiores de 18 anos, em um hospital psiquiátrico brasileiro. Um questionário sociodemográfico, o Zarit Burden Interview e o LIPP Adult Stress Symptom Inventory foram usados para a coleta de dados. Resultados: a carga de cuidado dos familiares cuidadores em internação no hospital psiquiátrico foi significativamente associada ao estresse (p=0,000). Os sintomas psicológicos do estresse previam uma sobrecarega. A maioria dos cuidadores apresentava sobrecarga moderada ou grave, com 52,7% na fase de resistência ao estresse, e 66,1% apresentavam sintomas psicológicos. Conclusión: os resultados mostram a situação alarmante dos cuidadores de pacientes na admissão ao hospital psiquiátrico, evidenciando sua própria vulnerabilidade à doença. De fato, a internação em um hospital psiquiátrico não requer cuidados apenas para o paciente, mas também para os cuidadores familiares.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre los factores sociodemográficos, el estrés y la carga de atención de los cuidadores familiares en el ingreso de pacientes en un hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudio cuantitativo, con diseño de correlación transversal. Participaron 112 cuidadores familiares, mayores de 18 años, en un hospital psiquiátrico brasileño. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Zarit Burden Interview y el LIPP Adult Stress Symptom Inventory. Resultados: la carga de atención de los cuidadores familiares en el ingreso al hospital psiquiátrico se asoció significativamente con el estrés (p=0,000). Los síntomas psicológicos del estrés predijeron una carga severa. La gran parte de los cuidadores presentaron una carga moderada o grave, con un 52,7% en la fase de resistencia del estrés, y el 66,1% presentó síntomas psicológicos. Conclusión: los resultados muestran la situación alarmante de los cuidadores de pacientes en el ingreso al hospital psiquiátrico, evidenciando su propia vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad. De hecho, el ingreso al hospital psiquiátrico no requiere cuidado solamente al paciente, sino también a los cuidadores familiares.

Psychosocial risks related to the nurse in the psychiatric hospital and management strategies / Riesgos psicosociales relacionados al enfermero en un hospital psiquiátrico y estrategias de gestión / Riscos psicossociais relacionados ao enfermeiro no hospital psiquiátrico e estratégias de gerenciamento

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the presence of psychosocial risks related to the work of the nurse in a psychiatric hospital and the strategies for managing these risks. Methods: Qualitative, in which 25 nurses from a psychiatric hospital participated using semi-structured interviews from November 2014 to January 2015. Data analysis was performed using the thematic method. Results: The results showed psychosocial risks related to the work of psychiatric nurses, such as: insufficient academic training; lack of preparation and maintenance of equipment; poor relationship with colleagues; shortage of human resources and lack of capacity building; conflict between the demands of the home and work, as well as strategies for managing psychosocial risks such as family, cinema, music, reading, among others. Final considerations: This study should provoke the reflection of managers and future nurses regarding the working conditions in a psychiatric hospital and possible psychosocial risks to which they are exposed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de riesgos psicosociales relacionados al trabajo del enfermero en un hospital psiquiátrico y las estrategias de gestión de esos riesgos. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, del cual participaron 25 enfermeros de un hospital psiquiátrico, en el que se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en el período de noviembre de 2014 a enero de 2015. Se realizó el análisis de datos mediante el método temático. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron la existencia de problemas psicosociales relacionados al trabajo de los enfermeros psiquiátricos, como: la insuficiente formación académica; la falta de preparación y mantenimiento de equipos; la escasa relación con los compañeros de trabajo; la escasez de recursos humanos y falta de capacitación; y el conflicto entre las exigencias del hogar y del trabajo, así como las estrategias de gestión de los riesgos psicosociales como recurrir a la familia, cine, música, lectura, entre otros. Consideraciones finales: Este estudio permite provocar la reflexión de los gestores y futuros enfermeros sobre las condiciones laborales en el hospital psiquiátrico y los posibles riesgos psicosociales a los que están expuestos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a presença de riscos psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho do enfermeiro em um hospital psiquiátrico e as estratégias de gerenciamento desses riscos. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada no período de novembro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, da qual participaram 25 enfermeiros de um hospital psiquiátrico, que responderam a entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo método temático. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram problemas psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho dos enfermeiros psiquiátricos, como formação acadêmica insuficiente; falta de preparo e manutenção de equipamentos; pobre relacionamento com colegas; escassez de recursos humanos e falta de capacitação; e conflito entre exigências do lar, do trabalho e estratégias de gerenciamento dos riscos psicossociais, como recorrer à família, ao cinema, à música, à leitura etc. Considerações finais: Este estudo deve provocar a reflexão dos gestores e futuros enfermeiros quanto às condições de trabalho em hospital psiquiátrico e aos riscos psicossociais a que podem estar expostos.

Implementación, resultados iniciales y sostenibilidad de la reforma de servicios de salud mental en el Perú, 2013-2018 / Implementation, initial results, and sustainability of the mental health services reform in Peru, 2013-2018

RESUMEN Se analiza la implementación, resultados iniciales y sostenibilidad de innovaciones en la prestación, financiamiento y gestión de servicios de salud mental en el Perú, realizadas en el periodo 2013-2018. Aplicando nuevos mecanismos de financiamiento y estrategias de gestión pública se implementaron 104 Centros de Salud Mental Comunitarios y ocho Hogares Protegidos que muestran ser más eficientes que los hospitales psiquiátricos. El conjunto de los 29 centros creados entre 2015 y 2017, produjeron en el 2018 un número equivalente en atenciones (244 mil vs. 246 mil) y atendidos (46 mil vs. 48 mil) que el conjunto de los tres hospitales psiquiátricos, pero con el 11% de financiamiento y el 43% de psiquiatras. Se está cambiando la forma de atender la salud mental en el Perú involucrando a ciudadanos y comunidades en el cuidado continuo y creando mejores condiciones para el ejercicio de los derechos en salud mental. La reforma en salud mental comunitaria ha ganado amplio respaldo de sectores políticos, internacionales, académicos y medios de comunicación. Se concluye que la reforma de los servicios de salud mental de base comunitaria en el Perú es viable y sostenible. Está en condiciones para escalar a todo el sector salud en todo el territorio nacional, sujeto al compromiso de las autoridades, el incremento progresivo de financiamiento público y las estrategias colaborativas nacionales e internacionales.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the implementation, initial results, and sustainability of innovations in the provision, financing, and management of mental health services in Peru, carried out during 2013-2018. By applying new financing mechanisms and public management strategies, 104 Community Mental Health Centers and eight Protected Homes were implemented, which prove to be more efficient than psychiatric hospitals. The set of 29 centers created between 2015 and 2017 produced in 2018 an equivalent number in consultations (244,000 vs. 246,000) and patients attended (46,000 vs. 48,000) than the set of three psychiatric hospitals, but with 11% of financing and 43% of psychiatrists. The way mental health care is being provided is changing in Peru by involving citizens and communities in ongoing care and creating better conditions for the exercise of mental health rights. Community mental health reform has gained broad support from political, international, and academic sectors, and from the media. We conclude that the reform of community-based mental health services in Peru is viable and sustainable. It is in a position to scale up the entire health sector throughout the country, subject to the commitment of the authorities, the progressive increase in public financing, and national and international collaborative strategies.

Evolução do perfil das internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2001-2013 / The evolution of the profile of psychiatric admissions via the Unified Health System in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2001-2013

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a evolução no perfil das internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em hospitais psiquiátricos do Estado de Minas Gerais entre 2001 e 2013. Os dados foram obtidos através do Departamento de Informática do SUS. A análise de tendência deu-se através de procedimentos de regressão, em que o ano foi variável independente e as variáveis dependentes foram as características dos pacientes (sexo, idade, diagnóstico) e das internações (localidade, natureza jurídica do hospital, tempo de permanência). Foram incluídas 202. 188 internações em 25 hospitais. Houve alterações significativas no perfil nosológico das internações psiquiátricas, com elevação da proporção das internações por transtornos ligados ao abuso de substâncias e redução por transtornos psicóticos. O estudo se insere no contexto da reforma da assistência à saúde mental em Minas Gerais, produzindo informações relevantes para subsidiar as políticas de saúde mental na direção à universalização, humanização e superação das desigualdades de acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the profile of psychiatric admissions via the Unified Health System in psychiatric hospitals of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2001 and 2013. Data were obtained from the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. The analyses of trends were conducted by regression procedures, in which the independent variable was the year, and the dependent variables were the patients (sex, age, diagnosis) and admission characteristics (city, hospital administrative status, length of internment). A total of 202,188 admissions to 25 hospitals were appraised. There were significant changes in the diagnostic profiles of psychiatric admissions during the period under scrutiny, notably an increase in the proportion of admissions for substance abuse-related disorders and a reduction for psychotic disorders. This study is in tune with the context of the reform of mental healthcare in Minas Gerais, providing relevant input to support the mental health policies towards universalization, humanization and the overcoming of inequalities in access to health services.

Profile and costs involved in long-term compulsory hospitalization of psychiatric patients

Objective: Involuntary hospitalization for acute psychiatry cases can be acceptable when there is potential harm. However, there are few reasons for a patient committed on these grounds to stay in an institution for a long period. The objective of the present study was to identify the profile and costs of compulsory hospitalizations over 20 days in a public psychiatric hospital in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo. Methods: Retrospective data were collected from the medical records of 1,064 patients admitted between July 2013 and June 2016 from an intensive mental healthcare unit in Santos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: Records were found of 527 patients who had been hospitalized for at least 21 days during the study period. Long-term hospitalization related to judicial mandates represented 5.9% of the total sample. These patients stayed in the hospital for an average period of 142 days, while patients hospitalized for any other reason stayed an average period of 35 days (p < 0.001). The cost of a long-term court-ordered hospitalization averaged US$ 21,311 per patient. Conclusion: Judicial mandate has been an important reason for the long-term hospitalization of chronic psychiatric patients in Santos, Brazil.

Predictors of length of stay in an acute psychiatric inpatient facility in a general hospital: a prospective study

Objective: There have been significant reductions in numbers of psychiatric beds and length of stay (LOS) worldwide, making LOS in psychiatric beds an interesting outcome. The objective of this study was to find factors measurable on admission that would predict LOS in the acute psychiatric setting. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. Results: Overall, 385 subjects were included. The median LOS was 25 days. In the final model, six variables explained 14.6% of the variation in LOS: not having own income, psychiatric admissions in the preceding 2 years, high Clinical Global Impression and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, diagnosis of schizophrenia, and history of attempted suicide. All variables were associated with longer LOS, apart from history of attempted suicide. Conclusions: Identifying patients who will need to stay longer in psychiatric beds remains a challenge. Improving knowledge about determinants of LOS could lead to improvements in the quality of care in hospital psychiatry.

Muerte en manicomio: Un estudio de caso exploratorio de historias clínicas de mujeres fallecidas en el Asilo de Lomas -actual Hospital Interzonal J. A Esteves- entre los años 1957 y 1971 / Death in the asylum: an exploratory case study of medical records of women who died on Asylum of Lomas-current Hospital Interzonal J. A Esteves-between the years 1957 and 1971

Esta tesis busca promover una mirada crítica acerca de los procesos de internación y muerte en los espacios manicomiales y sobre las tensiones en la implementación de las políticas públicas en salud mental. Consiste en un estudio de casos que tiene el objetivo de describir y caracterizar las particularidades que adquieren los recorridos de internación de las mujeres fallecidas en el período 1957-1971 en el Asilo de Lomas, actual Hospital Interzonal J. A. Esteves. La selección de dicho período obedece a que en esos quince años falleció la mitad de las personas fallecidas allí en todo el siglo (2088). El análisis se realizó a partir de historias clínicas (HC) y entrevistas a informantes clave. Asimismo se efectuó un relevamiento bibliográfico y se construyó una base de datos con 372 HC a partir de la cual se elaboró un perfil socioepidemiológico de las mujeres fallecidas. Se reconstruyeron ocho recorridos de internación y se los puso en relación con la historia del hospital, las discusiones en salud mental, las políticas en salud mental y el contexto económico político de la época en nuestro país. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de la corriente de pensamiento de la Medicina Social Latinoamericana que estudia los procesos salud-enfermedad atención (PSEA) desde una articulación jerarquizada entre los niveles singular, institucional y económico político (Stolkiner, 1994; Castellanos, 1990). Como resultado se destaca la cantidad de registros de procedimientos clínicos que sugieren condiciones de higiene y cuidado clínico deficientes. Estos descuidos fueron analizados desde las categorías conceptuales de manicomio (Basaglia, 1972), estigma (Goffman, 2001) nuda vida (Agamben, 2013), lo cruel y tercero de apelación (Ulloa, 1995). Entre las reflexiones finales se prefigura la relación entre fallecimientos en manicomios y procesos de ajuste económico, crisis institucional, condiciones de trabajo y modificaciones en los recorridos de internación. (AU)

Hospitalization due to drug use did not change after a decade of the psychiatric reform / Hospitalizações por uso de drogas não se alteram com uma década de reforma psiquiátrica

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the psychiatric hospitalization rates due to use of psychoactive substances and average time of hospitalization suffered any changes after the first decade of effective implementation of the psychiatric reform in Brazil. METHODS This article examines the evolution of hospitalizations due to disorders arising from the use of alcohol or other substances in the state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from 2000 to 2012. This is an ecological, time-series study, which uses data from admissions obtained by the Informatics Service of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Hospitalization rates by 100,000 inhabitants and average time of occupancy of beds were estimated. Coefficients of variation of these rates were estimated by Poisson Regression. RESULTS The total and male hospitalization rates did not vary (p = 0.056 and p = 0.244, respectively). We observed an increase of 3.0% for the female sex (p = 0.049). We did not observe any significant variation for occupancy time of beds. CONCLUSIONS The deployment of services triggered by the Brazilian psychiatric reform was not accompanied by a reduction of hospitalization rates or mean occupancy time of hospitalized patients during this first decade of implementation of the reform.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar se as taxas de internações psiquiátricas por uso de substâncias psicoativas e o tempo médio de hospitalização se modificaram após a primeira década de efetiva implementação da reforma psiquiátrica no Brasil. MÉTODOS Este artigo analisa a evolução das hospitalizações devido a transtornos decorrentes do uso de álcool ou outras substâncias no estado de Santa Catarina, de 2000 a 2012. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, de série temporal, com dados de internações obtidas do Serviço de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram estimadas taxas de hospitalização por 100 mil habitantes e tempo médio de ocupação dos leitos. Foram estimados coeficientes de variação dessas taxas por Regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS As taxas de internação total e para o sexo masculino não variaram (p = 0,244 e p = 0,056, respectivamente). Houve incremento de 3,0% para o sexo feminino (p = 0,049). Não se observou variação significativa para tempo de ocupação dos leitos. CONCLUSÕES A implantação de serviços desencadeada pela reforma psiquiátrica brasileira não foi acompanhada de redução das taxas de hospitalização ou tempo médio de permanência de quem foi hospitalizado ao longo dessa primeira década de implantação da reforma.

Profile and pattern of crack consumption among inpatients in a Brazilian psychiatric hospital / Perfil e padrão de consumo de crack em pacientes internados em um hospital psiquiátrico brasileiro

Introduction: Crack cocaine use is associated with polydrug abuse, and inpatients dependent on crack exhibit profiles of serious consumption patterns. Use of alcohol and tobacco and other drugs is a risk factor for experimentation of additional drugs, including crack cocaine.Objectives:The present study describes the characteristics and crack consumption patterns among inpatients in treatment during 2011 and 2012 at the Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (Porto Alegre, Brazil). An additional objective was to identify the sequence of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to crack use.Methods: The participants were 53 male inpatients addicted to crack with a mean age of 27.5±7.3 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire; the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Mini Mental State Examination were all administered to participants. Inclusion criteria were crack cocaine dependency (based on the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10]) and being abstinent for 7 days. Patients with cognitive difficulties who were unable to understand and/or respond to the questionnaires were excluded from the sample.Results: The participants were young male adults with low educational level and low incomes and were polydrug users. The majority had made more than one attempt to quit. Use of legal drugs in early adolescence, prior to crack use, was identified.Conclusions: The profiles of the inpatients addicted to crack treated at this hospital indicate a serious usage pattern among those who seek specialized support. Crack use is frequent and is associated with use of other drugs and with difficulty sustaining abstinence. The pattern of progression from alcohol and tobacco use to crack cocaine dependency demands the attention of those responsible for prevention policies.

Introdução: O uso de crack continua associado ao abuso de múltiplas drogas, e o perfil do dependente de crack em tratamento tipo internação parece estar relacionado a um padrão grave de consumo. O consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas é um fator de risco para a experimentação de novas drogas, como o crack.Objetivos: Descrever características e padrão de consumo do crack em pacientes em tratamento tipo internação no Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (Porto Alegre, Brasil) nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Além disso, identificar a sequência de consumo de álcool e cigarro prévio ao crack.Método: Participaram do estudo 53 homens dependentes de crack, com média de idade de 27.5±7.3 anos. Os participantes responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, ao Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test e ao Mini Exame do Estado Mental. Os critérios de inclusão foram: dependência de cocaine (crack) baseada na 10ª edição da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) e estar há mais de 7 dias em abstinência. Pacientes que apresentavam prejuízos cognitivos ou dificuldades de compreensão para o entendimento dos questionários foram excluídos da amostra.Resultados: Os participantes eram adultos jovens, com baixa escolaridade e renda, poliusuários de drogas. A maioria dos participantes realizou mais de uma tentativa de parar o consumo. Uso de drogas lícitas no início da adolescência, antes da experimentação do crack, foi identificado.Conclusões: O perfil do dependente de crack tratado nesse hospital aponta para um grave padrão de consumo entre usuários que procuram assistência. O uso continua frequente, associado ao consumo de outras drogas e à dificuldade de manter-se em abstinência. O padrão de progressão do uso de álcool e tabaco para a dependência de crack requer atenção quanto a políticas de prevenção.

Clinical and demographic differences between voluntary and involuntary psychiatric admissions in a university hospital in Brazil / Diferenças clínicas e demográficas entre internações psiquiátricas voluntárias e involuntárias em um hospital universitário no Brasil / Las diferencias clínicas y demográficas entre los ingresos psiquiátricos involuntarios y voluntarios en un hospital universitario en Brasil

To assess the frequency of involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations from 2001 to 2008 and to determine associated clinical and socio-demographic characteristics, a retrospective cohort study was conducted. Adult admission data were collected from a university hospital in Brazil. Hospitalizations were classified as voluntary (VH) or involuntary (IH). Groups were compared using chi-square test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney test for continuous non-parametric variables. The relative risk of certain events was estimated by the odds ratio statistic. Of 2,289 admissions, 13.3% were IH. The proportion of IH increased from 2.5% to 21.2% during the eight year period. IH were more frequently associated with female gender, unmarried status, unemployment, and more than 9 years of schooling. Psychotic symptoms were more common among IH. There were no differences in age, duration of hospitalization, or rate of attendance at first appointment after hospital discharge. Understanding of the characteristics associated with IH is necessary to improve the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Uma coorte retrospectiva foi conduzida para avaliar a frequência de internações psiquiátricas involuntárias entre 2001 e 2008, e para determinar características clínicas e sociodemográficas associadas. Informações de internações de adultos foram coletadas de um hospital universitário no Brasil. As hospitalizações foram classificadas como voluntárias (HV) ou involuntárias (HI). Os grupos foram comparados pelo uso do teste qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e Mann-Whitney para variáveis contínuas não paramétricas. O risco relativo de certos eventos foi estimado por odds ratio. De 2.289 internações, 13,3% eram HI. A proporção de HI aumentou de 2,5% para 21,2% no período de oito anos. HI foram mais frequentemente associadas ao sexo feminino, estado civil solteiro, desemprego, e mais de 9 anos de escolaridade. Sintomas psicóticos foram mais comuns entre HI. Não houve diferenças na idade, tempo de internação e comparecimento na primeira consulta após a alta hospitalar. É necessário compreender características associadas com HI para melhorar o tratamento de transtornos psiquiátricos.

Un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo se realizó para evaluar la frecuencia de los ingresos psiquiátricos involuntarios entre 2001 y 2008, y para determinar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas asociadas. Las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas de un hospital universitario en Brasil fueron clasificadas como voluntarias (HV) o involuntarias (HI). Los grupos se compararon mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado para las variables categóricas y la prueba de Mann-Whitney para las variables continuas no paramétricas. El riesgo relativo de ciertos eventos se estimó por la odds ratio. De 2.289 hospitalizaciones, el 13,3% eran HI. La proporción de HI aumentó del 2,5% al 21,2% en ocho años. HI fueron más asociadas con el sexo femenino, estado civil soltero, desempleo, y más de 9 años de escolaridad. Los síntomas psicóticos fueron más comunes entre HI. No hubo diferencias en la edad, la duración de la estancia y la asistencia a la cita después del alta hospitalaria. Es necesario comprender las características asociadas con HI para mejorar el tratamiento de los trastornos psiquiátricos.

A custódia e o tratamento psiquiátrico no Brasil. Censo 2011 / The psychiatric treatment and custody in Brazil. Census 2011

Este livro apresenta o censo de uma população invisível - os loucos infratores habitantes dos 26 estabelecimentos de custódia e tratamento psiquiátrico no Brasil em 2011. São 3.989 homens e mulheres vivendo em regime de clausura para tratamento psiquiátrico compulsório por determinações judiciais: um contingente temido, pois são indivíduos tidos como perigosos para a vida social.

Application of modified overt aggression scales on risk behavior assessment of patients with mental illness / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the value of Modified Overt Aggression Scales (MOAS) in assessing risk behavior of patients with mental illness.@*METHODS@#Four hundred and ninety patients, who were from three mental health institutions (Refined Control Ward in Ankang Hospital, Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Relief Ward in De Kang Hospital) belong to public security, health and civil system respectively, were evaluated with MOAS.@*RESULTS@#Three hundred and thirteen patients did not have dangerous behavior, but 177 patients did (99 aggression, 78 violence). The descending order of risk behavior in patients with mental illness were Refined Control Ward in Ankang Hospital, Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Relief Ward in De Kang Hospital. Physical and total aggression scores were higher in Refined Control Ward in Ankang Hospital than that in other two hospitals (P < 0.05). Autoaggression score in Mental Health Center of West China Hospital was higher than that in other two hospitals (P < 0.05). Physical and total aggression scores in male were higher than that in female (P < 0.05). Autoaggression score in female was higher than that in male (P < 0.05). Score of every single item and total score were higher in violent and aggressive group than that in non dangerous behavior group (P < 0.05). Physical and total aggression scores in violent group were higher than that in aggressive group (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The proportion, type and degree of risk behaviors in three mental health institutions are different and the type of risk behavior has gender difference.

Caracterización de las hospitalizaciones realizadas en la Unidad de Trastornos de Personalidad de la Clínica Psiquiátrica de la Universidad de Chile entre los años 2006 y 2008 / Characterization of admissions (hospitalizations) made in the Personality Disorders Unit of the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Chile between 2006 and 2008

Introducción: Los Trastornos de Personalidad (TP) tienen una alta complejidad, impacto existencial, difícil vínculo terapéutico y cifras de prevalencia muy variables. La Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria de la Universidad de Chile (CPU) tiene desde 1997 la unidad multidisciplinaria para pacientes con TP Unidad de Trastornos de Personalidad (UTP). El objetivo de este trabajo es describir demográfica y psicopatológicamente a los pacientes con TP atendidos en la UTP. Método: Revisión de 174 fichas de pacientes atendidos en la UTP entre los años 2006 y 2008, con base de datos prediseñada y análisis estadístico de ella. Resultados: Existió una mayor proporción de pacientes de sexo femenino (3:1), solteros (48 por ciento), con hijos (56 por ciento), con estudios superiores (56 por ciento), trabajo estable (32 por ciento), con múltiples episodios previos (35 por ciento) y para la mayoría fue su primera hospitalización psiquiátrica (51,7 por ciento). El 71 por ciento de los pacientes tiene algún nivel de riesgo suicida. El diagnóstico de TP más frecuente fue el de Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad (48 por ciento). En Trastornos del Eje I un 30 por ciento presentó depresión, pero un 44 por ciento tenía varios trastornos. Conclusión: Los datos analizados son necesarios para la futura implementación y evaluación de intervenciones orientadas al mejor cuidado de los pacientes con TP de ésta y otras unidades especializadas en el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction: Personality Disorders (PD) have a high complexity, existential impact, difficult therapeutic bond and prevalence values vary widely. University Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Chile (UPC) has since 1997 a multidisciplinary unit for patients with DP Personality Disorders Unit (PDU). The objective of this paper is to describe demographic and psychopathological patients treated with DP in the PDU. Methods: Review of 174 records of patients treated in the PDU between years 2006 and 2008, with predesigned database and statistical analysis of it. Results: There was a higher proportion of female patients (3:1), single (48 percent) with children (56 percent), highly educated (56 percent), stable job (32 percent) with multiple prior episodes (35 percent) and for most it was their first psychiatric hospitalization (51.7 percent). 71 percent of patients have any level of suicidal risk. The most frequent of PD diagnosis was Borderline Personality Disorder (48 percent). In Axis I disorders 30 percent had depression, but 44 percent had multiple disorders. Conclusion: The analyzed data are needed for future implementation and evaluation of interventions to better care for patients with PD from this and other specialized units created to treat such patients.

Predictors of psychiatric readmissions in the short- and long-term: a population-based study in Taiwan

OBJECTIVES: To explore the risks and rates of readmission and their predictors 14 days, one year, and five years after discharge for the psychiatric population in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a prospective study based on claims from 44,237 first-time hospitalized psychiatric patients discharged in 2000, who were followed for up to five years after discharge. The cumulative incidence and incidence density of readmission were calculated for various follow-up periods after discharge, and Cox proportional hazard models were generated to identify the significant predictors for psychiatric readmission. RESULTS: The less than 14-day, one-year, and five-year cumulative incidences were estimated at 6.1 percent, 22.3 percent, and 37.8 percent, respectively. The corresponding figures for incidence density were 4.58, 1.04, and 0.69 per 1,000 person-days, respectively. Certain factors were significantly associated with increased risk of readmission irrespective of the length of follow-up, including male gender, length of hospital stay >15 days, economic poverty, a leading discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia/affective disorders, and residence in less-urbanized regions. Compared to children/adolescents, young adults (20-39 years) were significantly associated with increased risks of