Bristow-Latarjet Surgery: A Current Overview in Brazil / Cirurgia de Bristow-Latarjet: Um panorama atual do Brasil

Abstract Objective To provide a current overview of the Bristow-Latarjet surgery in Brazil. Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on an electronic questionnaire with 26 items, which was sent to active members of the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Ombro e Cotovelo, SBCOC, in Portuguese). The questionnaire addressed training, surgical technique, complications, and postoperative management. Results We sent the questionnaire to 845 specialists from April 20 to May 12, 2021, and 310 of them answered i in full. During their specialization, most specialists participated in up to ten Bristow-Latarjet procedures. The most frequent complication was graft fracture, while the most common technical difficulty was screw positioning. In total, 50.6% and 73.9% reported having experienced intraoperative and postoperative complications respectively; 57.1% declared performing subscapularis suture; 99.7% indicated postoperative immobilization; and 61.9% considered graft consolidation fundamental. Conclusion Most specialists participated in up to ten Bristow-Latarjet procedures during the specialization, but 13.5% of them graduated without participating in the surgery. The most frequent complication was graft fracture. The most common technical difficulty was screw positioning. Most participants prefer postoperative immobilization since they believe graft consolidation is essential to resume the practiced of sports. The highest complication rate occurred with specialists who have obtained their titles 11 to 15 years ago. In Brazil, the Southeast region is the largest producer of specialists and has the highest concentration of these professionals.

Resumo Objetivo Traçar um panorama atual da cirurgia de Bristow-Latarjet no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos Estudo transversal no qual um questionário eletrônico com 26 perguntas sobre aspectos de formação, técnica cirúrgica, complicações e manejo pós-cirúrgico foi enviado a membros ativos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Ombro e Cotovelo (SBCOC). Resultados Entre 20 de abril e 12 de maio de 2021, o questionário foi enviado a 845 especialistas, e obteve-se 310 respostas completas. Durante a especialização, a maior parte dos especialistas participou de até dez procedimentos de Bristow-Latarjet. A complicação mais frequente foi a fratura do enxerto, e a dificuldade técnica, o posicionamento dos parafusos. Ao todo, 50,6% já tiveram complicações no intraoperatório; 73,9% já tiveram complicações no pós-operatório; 57,1% fazem a sutura do subescapular; 99,7% indicam a imobilização no pós-operatório; e 61,9% consideram a consolidação do enxerto fundamental. Conclusão A maior parte dos especialistas participou de até dez procedimentos de Bristow-Latarjet durante a especialização, mas 13,5% se formaram sem ter participado de nenhuma cirurgia. A complicação mais frequente foi a fratura do enxerto. A dificuldade técnica mais frequente foi o posicionamento dos parafusos. Imobilização no pós-operatório é a preferência da maioria dos participantes, que consideram fundamental a consolidação do enxerto para o retorno ao esporte. O maior número de complicações ocorreu com especialistas que obtiveram o título de 11 a 15 anos atrás. A região Sudeste é a maior formadora de especialistas e onde está concentrada a maior parte deles.

Impact of asymptomatic genu recurvatum on patellar mobility in young males / Impacto do genu recurvatum assintomático na mobilidade patelar em jovens do sexo masculino

BACKGROUND: Genu recurvatum is one of the most commonly presented lower extremity postural malalignments in individuals. Though genu recurvatum and its impact on impaired knee proprioception, anterior cruciate injuries and posterior soft tissue dysfunctions are reported, its association with patellar mobility is scarcely reported and warrants exploration. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the medial and lateral patellar mobility differences in adult young males with genu recurvatum and normal knee alignment. METHODS: The ethical approval for this cross-sectional study protocol was obtained and the study was conducted in Research Department of Alva's College of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Moodubidire, DK, Karnataka, India. The study participants were recruited through an institutional-based musculoskeletal and sports clinic. The estimated sample size for this study was 174. A total of 87 young males with genu recurvatum and 87 young males with normal knee alignment fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled in two groups. Participants' knee joint was examined by an assessor and individuals with > 5° knee hyperextension were assigned to genu recurvatum group, and individuals with knee extension < 5° from neutral were assigned to the normal knee alignment group. Further, the patellar glide test was performed to examine the presence of patellar hypermobility in both groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in genu recurvatum and normal knee alignment group was 22.04 + 1.860 and 21.91 + 1.869, respectively. A significant higher proportion (86.2%) of participants with genu recurvatum identified with patellar hypermobility compared to normal knee alignment. Within the genu recurvatum subjects, 66.66& and 19.54% were observed to have medial and lateral patellar hypermobility. The odds for occurrence of patellar hypermobility in genu recurvatum was estimated to be 13.007 (95%, CI, 5.481 ­ 30.866), respectively. CONCLUSION: The study result suggests that medial patellar hypermobility is more common in individuals with genu recurvatum. Further study investigating on the mechanism contributing towards medial patellar mobility in genu recurvatum populations could validate the present study findings.

INTRODUÇÃO: Genu recurvatum é um dos desalinhamento posturais dos membros inferiores mais comumente apresentado em indivíduos. Embora o genu recurvatum e seu impacto na propriocepção prejudicada do joelho, lesões cruzadas anteriores e disfunções dos tecidos moles posteriores sejam relatados, sua associação com a mobilidade patelar é pouco relatada e merece exploração. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as diferenças de mobilidade patelar medial e lateral em homens adultos do sexo masculino com genu recurvatum e alinhamento normal do joelho. MÉTODOS: O protocolo do estudo foi explicado e a aprovação ética para o protocolo do estudo foi obtida e o estudo foi conduzido no Departamento de Pesquisa do Alva's College of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Moodubidire, DK, Karnataka, India. Os participantes do estudo foram recrutados por meio de clínica musculoesquelética e esportiva de base institucional. O tamanho estimado da amostra para este estudo foi de 174. Um total de 87 jovens do sexo masculino com genu recurvatum e 87 jovens do sexo masculino com alinhamento normal do joelho foram incluídos em dois grupos. A articulação do joelho dos participantes foi examinada por um avaliador e os indivíduos com hiperextensão do joelho > 5° foram designados para o grupo Genu recurvatum, e os indivíduos com extensão do joelho < 5° do neutro foram designados para o grupo de alinhamento normal do joelho. Além disso, o teste de deslizamento patelar foi realizado para examinar a presença de hipermobilidade patelar. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes do grupo genu recurvatum e alinhamento normal do joelho foi 22,04 + e 21,91 + 1,869, respectivamente. Uma proporção significativamente maior (86,2%) de participantes com genu recurvatum identificados com hipermobilidade patelar em comparação com indivíduos com alinhamento normal do joelho. Entre os indivíduos com genu recurvatum, observou-se que 66,66% e 19,54% apresentavam hipermobilidade patelar medial e lateral. Entre aqueles com alinhamento normal do joelho, 44,83% apresentaram hipermobilidade patelar. A razão de chances para ocorrência de hipermobilidade patelar no genu recurvatum foi estimada em 13,007 (95%, IC, 5,481 ­ 30,866), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O resultado do estudo sugere que a hipermobilidade patelar medial é mais comum em indivíduos com genu recurvatum. Um estudo mais aprofundado que investigue o mecanismo detalhado que contribui para a mobilidade patelar medial em populações de genu recurvatum poderia validar os resultados do presente estudo.

Posterior Atlantoaxial Screw Placement in a Portuguese Population: A Morphometric Analysis Based on Computed Tomography Scan Measurements / Colocação de parafusos atlantoaxiais posteriores em uma população portuguesa: Uma análise morfométrica baseada em medidas de tomografia computadorizada

Abstract Objective The present study aims to evaluate the screw length and trajectory angles for posterior atlantoaxial fixation in a Portuguese population, through the study of cervical computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods Cervical CT scans of 50 adults were measured according to predefined screw trajectories of C1-C2 transarticular (C1C2TA), C1 lateral mass (C1LM), C2 pedicle (C2P), C2 pars and C2 laminar (C2L) screws. For each of these trajectories, screw length and angles were measured and compared between males and females. Results For the C1C2TA screw trajectory, the mean length, medial, and cranial angles were 34.12 ± 3.19 mm, 6.24° ± 3.06, and 59.25° ± 5.68, respectively, and for the C1LM screw trajectory, they were 27.12 ± 2.15 mm, 15.82° ± 5.07, and 13.53° ± 4.80, respectively. The mean length, medial, and cranial angles for the C2P screw trajectory were 23.44 ± 2.49 mm, 27.40° ± 4.88, and 30.41° ± 7.27, respectively; and for the C2 pars screw trajectory, they were 16.84 ± 2.08 mm, 20.09° ± 6.83, and 47.53° ± 6,97. The mean length, lateral, and cranial angles for the C2L screw trajectory were 29.10 ± 2.48 mm, 49.80° ± 4.71, and 21.56° ± 7.76, respectively. There were no gender differences except for the lengths of the C1C2TA (p= 0,020) and C2L (p= 0,001) screws, which were greater in males than in females. Conclusion The present study provides anatomical references for the posterior atlantoaxial fixation in a Portuguese population. These detailed data are essential to aid spine surgeons to achieve safe and effective screw placement.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o comprimento e os ângulos de trajetória do parafuso para fixação atlantoaxial posterior em uma população portuguesa por meio do estudo de tomografia computadorizada (TC) cervical. Métodos Tomografias computadorizadas cervicais de 50 adultos foram analisadas quanto às trajetórias pré-definidas dos parafusos transarticulares C1-C2 (C1C2TA), na massa lateral de C1 (C1LM), no pedículo de C2 (C2P) e na pars de C2 e C2 laminar (C2L). O comprimento e os ângulos dos parafusos em cada uma destas trajetórias foram medidos e comparados entre homens e mulheres. Resultados O comprimento médio e ângulos medial e cranial da trajetória do parafuso C1C2TA foram de 34,12 ± 3,19 mm, 6,24° ± 3,06 e 59,25° ± 5,68, respectivamente; as medidas da trajetória do parafuso C1LM foram 27,12 ± 2,15 mm, 15,82° ± 5,07 e 13,53° ± 4,80. O comprimento médio e os ângulos medial e cranial da trajetória do parafuso C2P foram de 23,44 ± 2,49 mm, 27,40° ± 4,88 e 30,41° ± 7,27, respectivamente; as medidas da trajetória do parafuso da pars de C2 foram 16,84 ± 2,08 mm, 20,09° ± 6,83 e 47,53° ± 6,97. O comprimento médio e ângulos lateral e cranial da trajetória do parafuso C2L foram de 29,10 ± 2,48 mm, 49,80° ± 4,71 e 21,56° ± 7,76, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças entre os gêneros, à exceção do comprimento dos parafusos C1C2TA (p= 0,020) e C2L (p= 0,001), que foi maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino. Conclusão O presente estudo fornece referências anatômicas para a fixação atlantoaxial posterior em uma população portuguesa. Estes dados detalhados são essenciais para ajudar os cirurgiões de coluna a colocar os parafusos de maneira segura e eficaz.

Multidirectional Instability in a Neglected Elbow Dislocation Managed with Circumferential Ligament Reconstruction. A Case Report / Instabilidade multidirecional em uma luxação negligenciada do cotovelo gerenciada com reconstrução do ligamento circunferencial. Um relato de caso

Abstract Neglected elbow dislocation is an uncommon condition and its treatment remains challenging. We present a case of a middle-aged woman presenting with neglected elbow dislocation and multi-direction instability in whom open reduction of the elbow joint and circumferential ligamentous reconstruction with a gracilis tendon graft was done. The functional outcome assessed with the Mayo elbow performance index was excellent. This circumferential technique is undoubtedly a viable technique and the indications can be extended to even manage a neglected dislocation. This procedure reduces the need or diminishes the duration of external fixation requirement and thereby encourages early mobilization.

Resumo A luxação negligenciada do cotovelo é uma condição incomum e seu tratamento permanece desafiador. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de meia-idade que apresentou luxação negligenciada do cotovelo e instabilidade multidirecional, na qual foi realizada redução aberta da articulação do cotovelo e reconstrução ligamentar circunferencial com enxerto de tendão gracilis. O resultado funcional avaliado com o índice de desempenho do cotovelo de Mayo foi excelente. Essa técnica circunferencial é, sem dúvida, uma técnica viável e as indicações podem ser estendidas para gerenciar até mesmo um deslocamento negligenciado. Este procedimento reduz a necessidade ou diminui a duração da exigência de fixação externa e, assim, incentiva a mobilização precoce.

Modified Latarjet splitting subscapularis muscle under arthroscopy: an anatomical study based on axillary nerve, glenoid, and subscapularis muscle / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To testify the spatial relationship between the subscapularis muscle splitting window and the axillary nerve in modified arthroscopic Latarjet procedure, which could provide anatomical basis for the modification of the subscapularis muscle splitting.@*METHODS@#A total of 29 adult cadaveric shoulder specimens were dissected layer by layer, and the axillary nerve was finally confirmed to walk on the front surface of the subscapularis muscle. Keeping the shoulder joint in a neutral position, the Kirschner wire was passed through the subscapularis muscle from back to front at the 4 : 00 position of the right glenoid circle (7 : 00 position of the left glenoid circle), and the anterior exit point (point A, the point of splitting subscapularis muscle during Latarjet procedure) was recorded. The vertical and horizontal distances between point A and the axillary nerve were measured respectively.@*RESULTS@#In the neutral position of the shoulder joint, the distance between the point A and the axillary nerve was 27.37 (19.80, 34.55) mm in the horizontal plane and 16.67 (12.85, 20.35) mm in the vertical plane.@*CONCLUSION@#In the neutral position of the shoulder joint, the possibility of axillary nerve injury will be relatively reduced when radiofrequency is taken from the 4 : 00 position of the right glenoid (7 : 00 position of the left glenoid circle), passing through the subscapularis muscle posteriorly and anteriorly and splitting outward.

Study on the evaluation of glenoid bone defects by MRI three-dimensional reconstruction / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the feasibility of MRI three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction model in quantifying glenoid bone defect by comparing with CT 3D reconstruction model measurement.@*METHODS@#Forty patients with shoulder anterior dislocation who met the selection criteria between December 2021 and December 2022 were admitted as study participants. There were 34 males and 6 females with an average age of 24.8 years (range, 19-32 years). The injury caused by sports injury in 29 cases and collision injury in 6 cases, and 5 cases had no obvious inducement. The time from injury to admission ranged from 4 to 72 months (mean, 28.5 months). CT and MRI were performed on the patients' shoulder joints, and a semi-automatic segmentation of the images was done with 3D slicer software to construct a glenoid model. The length of the glenoid bone defect was measured on the models by 2 physicians. The intra-group correlation coefficient ( ICC) was used to evaluate the consistency between the 2 physicians, and Bland-Altman plots were constructed to evaluate the consistency between the 2 methods.@*RESULTS@#The length of the glenoid bone defects measured on MRI 3D reconstruction model was (3.83±1.36) mm/4.00 (0.58, 6.13) mm for physician 1 and (3.91±1.20) mm/3.86 (1.39, 5.96) mm for physician 2. The length of the glenoid bone defects measured on CT 3D reconstruction model was (3.81±1.38) mm/3.80 (0.60, 6.02) mm for physician 1 and (3.99±1.19) mm/4.00 (1.68, 6.38) mm for physician 2. ICC and Bland-Altman plot analysis showed good consistency. The ICC between the 2 physicians based on MRI and CT 3D reconstruction model measurements were 0.73 [95% CI (0.54, 0.85)] and 0.80 [95% CI (0.65, 0.89)], respectively. The 95% CI of the difference between the two measurements of physicians 1 and 2 were (-0.46, 0.49) and (-0.68, 0.53), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The measurement of glenoid bone defect based on MRI 3D reconstruction model is consistent with that based on CT 3D reconstruction model. MRI can be used instead of CT to measure glenoid bone defects in clinic, and the soft tissue of shoulder joint can be observed comprehensively while reducing radiation.

Mid-term effectiveness of arthroscopic Bankart repair in treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the mid-term effectiveness of arthroscopic Bankart repair for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 107 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation who met the inclusion criteria between January 2017 and June 2021 was retrospectively analyzed, and all patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair. There were 88 males and 19 females. The age of the primary dislocation ranged from 13 to 48 years (mean, 23.3 years). The number of preoperative dislocations was 2-160 times (median, 7 times). The duration of preoperative instability was 0.2-240.0 months (median, 36.0 months). The mean age at operation was 28.2 years (range, 16-61 years). There were 43 cases of left shoulder and 64 cases of right shoulder. The proportion of glenoid defects in 63 patients was 1.7%-16.1% (mean, 8.1%). MRI showed that none of the patients had rotator cuff tears or shoulder stiffness. The CT three-dimensional reconstruction was performed at 1 day after operation to evaluate the distribution of implanted anchors and the occurrence of glenoid split fracture and whether there were nails pullout at the implant site. The postoperative complications were observed, and the pain and function of the shoulder were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Rowe score, Constant-Murley score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. The recurrence of instability, the results of apprehension test, the number of patients who returned to preoperative sports level, and the satisfaction rate of patients were recorded.@*RESULTS@#All patients were successfully operated and were followed up 20-73 months (mean, 41.5 months). All incisions healed by first intention. The CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 1 day after operation showed that the anchors were located at the 2 : 00-5 : 30 positions of the glenoid, and there was no glenoid split fracture or nails pullout at the implant site. At last follow-up, VAS score was significantly lower than that before operation, and Rowe score, Constant-Murley score, and ASES score were significantly higher than those before operation ( P<0.05). Seven patients (6.5%) had recurrence of anterior shoulder dislocation at 23-55 months (mean, 39.9 months) after operation, including 6 cases of dislocation and 1 case of subluxation. At last follow-up, 51 patients (47.7%) returned to preoperative sports level, and 11 patients (10.3%) had a positive apprehension test. The patients' satisfaction rate was 90.7% (97/107). Among the 10 patients who were not satisfied with the surgical effectiveness, 7 patients had postoperative recurrence of instability, and 3 patients felt that they did not return to preoperative sports level.@*CONCLUSION@#Arthroscopic Bankart repair has good mid-term effectiveness in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations, minimal or no glenohumeral bone defects and low sports need.

Clinical application of Fastpass Scorpion suture passer for arthroscopic Bankart repair / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effectiveness and advantages of using Fastpass Scorpion suture passer to stitch the inferior capsulolabral complex in arthroscopic Bankart repair compared with traditional arthroscopic suture shuttle.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 41 patients with Bankart lesion, who met the selection criteria and were admitted between August 2019 and October 2021, was retrospectively analyzed. Under arthroscopy, the inferior capsulolabral complex was stitched with Fastpass Scorpion suture passer in 27 patients (FS group) and with arthroscopic suture shuttle in 14 patients (ASS group). There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05) in gender, age, injured side, frequency of shoulder dislocation, time from first dislocation to operation, and preoperative Rowe score of shoulder. Taking successful suture and pull-tightening as the criteria for completion of repair, the number of patients that were repaired at 5∶00 to 6∶00 (<6:00) and 6∶00 to 7∶00 positions of the glenoid in the two groups was compared. The operation time, and the difference of Rowe shoulder score betwee pre- and post-operation, the occurrence of shoulder joint dislocation, the results of apprehension test, and the constituent ratio of recovery to the pre-injury movement level between the two groups at 1 year after operation.@*RESULTS@#Both groups completed the repair at 5∶00 to 6∶00 (<6∶00), and the constituent ratio of patients completed at 6∶00 to 7∶00 was significantly greater in the FS group than in the ASS group ( P<0.05). The operation time was significantly shorter in the FS group than in the ASS group ( P<0.05). All incisions in the two groups healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-36 months (mean, 19.1 months). No anchor displacement or neurovascular injury occurred during follow-up. Rowe score of shoulder in the two groups significantly improved at 1 year after operation than preoperative scores ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the difference of Rowe shoulder score between pre- and post-operation between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 1 year after operation, no re-dislocation occurred, and there was no significant difference in the apprehension test and the constituent ratio of recovery to the pre-injury movement level between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with the arthroscopic suture shuttle, using Fastpass Scorpion suture passer to stitch the inferior capsulolabral complex in arthroscopic Bankart repair is more convenient, saves operation time, and has good effectiveness.

Effectiveness of arthroscopic autologous iliac bone grafting with double-row elastic fixation for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with massive glenoid bone defect / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic autologous iliac bone grafting with double-row elastic fixation in treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation combined with massive glenoid bone defects.@*METHODS@#Between January 2018 and December 2021, 16 male patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation combined with massive glenoid bone defects were treated with arthroscopic autogenous iliac bone grafting and double-row elastic fixation. The patients were 14-29 years old at the time of the first dislocation, with an average age of 18.4 years. The causes of the first dislocation included falling injury in 5 cases and sports injury in 11 cases. The shoulders dislocated 4-15 times, with an average of 8.3 times. The patients were 17-37 years old at the time of admission, with an average age of 25.1 years. There were 5 left shoulders and 11 right shoulders. The preoperative instability severity index (ISIS) score of the shoulder joint was 5.8±2.1, and the Beighton score was 4.3±2.6. The University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Rowe score were used to evaluate shoulder function, and the degree of the glenoid bone defect repair was observed based on CT after operation.@*RESULTS@#All incisions healed by first intention, and no complication such as incision infection or neurovascular injury occurred. The patients were followed up 12 months. At 12 months after operation, UCLA score, Constant score, ASES score, and Rowe score all significantly improved when compared with the scores before operation ( P<0.05). CT imaging showed the degree of glenoid bone defect was significantly smaller at immediate, 6 and 12 months after operation when compared with that before operation ( P<0.05), and the bone blocks healed with the scapula, and bone fusion had occurred at 12 months.@*CONCLUSION@#Arthroscopic autologous iliac bone grafting with double-row elastic fixation is a safe treatment for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation combined with massive glenoid bone defects, with good short-term effectiveness.

Research progress of bone graft resorption after Latarjet procedure for treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress of bone graft resorption after Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, and provide a guide for further research on bone graft resorption.@*METHODS@#The relevant literature in recent years was extensively reviewed. The pathogenesis, classification, risk factors, clinical function impact, and management of bone graft resorption after Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation were summarized.@*RESULTS@#Bone graft resorption is the common complication after Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation. Stress shielding and poor blood supply may contribute to the occurrence of bone graft resorption. The absence of significant preoperative glenoid bone loss, open procedure, earlier graft healing may to be the risk factors for bone graft resorption. Various assessment methods and classification systems are used to evaluate the region and severity of bone graft resorption. Partial resorption may be considered as a natural glenoid remodeling process after the surgery, but severe and complete resorption is proved to be one of the reasons for failed procedures and there is no effective measure to prevent it, except for accepting revision surgery.@*CONCLUSION@#The pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical function impact of bone graft resorption after Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation has not been fully elucidated and there is a lack of effective management strategies, so further clinical and basic researches are needed.

Research progress in biomechanics of Bristow-Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder dislocation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress of the biomechanical study of the Bristow-Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder dislocation.@*METHODS@#The related biomechanical literature of Bristow-Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder dislocation was extensively reviewed and summarized.@*RESULTS@#The current literature suggests that when performing Bristow-Latarjet procedure, care should be taken to fix the bone block edge flush with the glenoid in the sagittal plane in the direction where the rupture of the joint capsule occurs. If traditional screw fixation is used, a double-cortical screw fixation should be applied, while details such as screw material have less influence on the biomechanical characteristics. Cortical button fixation is slightly inferior to screws in terms of biomechanical performance. The most frequent site of postoperative bone resorption is the proximal-medial part of the bone block, and the cause of bone resorption at this site may be related to the stress shielding caused by the screw.@*CONCLUSION@#There is no detailed standardized guidance for bone block fixation. The optimal clinical treatment plan for different degrees of injury, the factors influencing postoperative bone healing and remodeling, and the postoperative osteoarticular surface pressure still need to be further clarified by high-quality biomechanical studies.

Research progress of the diagnosis and treatment of anterior shoulder instability / 中国修复重建外科杂志

The shoulder joint is the most prone to dislocation in the whole body, and more than 95% of them are anterior dislocation. Improper treatment after the initial dislocation is easy to lead to recurrent anterior dislocation or anterior shoulder instability, and the outcomes following conservative treatment is poor. Anterior shoulder instability can damage the soft tissue structure and bone structure that maintain the stability of shoulder joint, among which bone structure is the most important factor affecting the stability of shoulder joint. Diagnosis should be combined with medical history, physical examination, and auxiliary examination. Currently, three-dimensional CT is the most commonly used auxiliary examination means. However, various bone defect measurement and preoperative evaluation methods based on three-dimensional CT and the glenoid track theory have their own advantages and disadvantages, and there is still a lack of gold standard. Currently, the mainstream treatment methods mainly include Bankart procedure, coracoid process transposition, glenoid reconstruction with free bone graft, Bankart combined with Remplissage procedure, and subscapular tendon binding tamponade, etc. Each of these procedures has its own advantages and disadvantages. For the diagnosis and treatment of anterior shoulder instability, there are still too many unknown, further research and exploration need to be studied.

A new method of anterior talofibular ligament reconstruction: Arthroscopically artificial ligament reconstruction with tensional remnant-repair / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To investigate the clinical effects of arthroscopically artificial ligament reconstruction with tensional remnant-repair in patients who are obese, and/or with demand for highly intensive sports, and/or with poor-quality ligament remnants.@*METHODS@#A retrospective case series study was performed on patients treated by arthroscopically anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) reconstruction with tensional remnant repair technique from January 2019 to August 2021. General data, including demographics, surgical time, and postoperative adverse events, were recorded. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score (AOFAS), foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM), visual analog scale (VAS), and anterior talar translation were measured preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 2 years postoperatively. Ultrasonography examination was performed preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively to evaluate the ATFL. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0. F test was used to analyze the pre- and postoperative VAS, FAAM, and AOFAS scores. The significance was set at p < 0.05.@*RESULTS@#There were 20 males and 10 females among the patients with a mean age of (30.71 ± 5.81) years. The average surgical time was (40.21 ± 8.59) min. No adverse events were observed after surgery. At 2 years postoperatively, the anterior talar translation test showed grade 0 laxity in all patients. VAS score significantly decreased from preoperatively to 6 weeks, 3 months, and 2 years postoperatively (p < 0.001). Improvement of FAAM score and the AOFAS score from preoperatively to 6 weeks, 3 months, and 2 years postoperatively was statistically significant (p < 0.001). At 3 months postoperatively, most patients (23/30) could return to their pre-injured activities of daily living status. At 2 years postoperatively, all patients were able to return to their pre-injured activities of daily living status, and almost every patient (18/19) who expected highly intensive sports returned to sports with only 1 obese patient failing to achieve the goal. The ultrasonography examination at 2 years postoperatively showed that there was a linear band structure of soft tissue on the tension-rich fiber tape image from the fibular to the talar attachment sits of ATFL.@*CONCLUSION@#The novel arthroscopically artificial ligament reconstruction with tensional remnant-repair technique for ATFL achieved satisfactory clinical outcomes in the short and medium term after operation, and allowed early return to pre-injured activities, which could be a reliable option for patients with chronic lateral ankle instability.

Analysis of clinical efficacy and risk factors of relapse in young patients with cervical instability treated by manipulation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the clinical efficacy of different manipulation in the treatment of cervical instability in young people, and to analyze the risk factors of relapse of cervical instability in young people.@*METHODS@#From March 2021 to June 2022, the clinical data of 120 young patients with cervical instability were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different treatment methods, they were divided into rotation group (60 cases, 3 cases of loss) and tendon group (60 cases, 5 cases of loss). There were 25 males and 32 females in rotation-traction manipulation group;age ranged from 22 to 44 years old with a median of 28 years old;course of disease ranged from 0.17 to 120 months with amedian of 22 months. There were 22 males and 33 females in tendon-regulating manipulation group;age ranged from 21 to 42 years old with a median of 27 years old;course of disease ranged from 0.23 to 180 months with a median of 24 months. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks, once every other day for 7 times, and were followed up for 1 year. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated, and the visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI) were observed before and after treatment. One year after the course of treatment, patients with effective treatment were followed up to make statistics on recurrence. Patients with recurrence were included in the recurrence group, while those without recurrence were included in the non-recurrence group. Factors that may affect symptom recurrence were analyzed, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed.@*RESULTS@#The 13 patients who failed the treatment (4 cases in the rotation-traction manipulation group and 9 cases in the tendon-regulating manipulation group) were not followed up. All the 99 patients who were effective in treatment were followed up ranged from 303 to 406 days with a median of 359 days. No complications occurred in all patients. There were significant differences in VAS and NDI between the two groups after treatment and before treatment (P<0.05), and there were significant differences in VAS and NDI between the two groups after treatment (P<0.05). Ninety-nine patients achieved follow-up, 56 (56.57%) relapsed and 43 (43.43%) did not. Univariate correlation analysis showed that NDI index, the time spent at the desk every day, the time spent using electronic products every day and angular displacement of anterior flexion before treatment in the relapse group were significantly higher than those in the non-relapse group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the time spent at the desk every day [OR=2.447, 95%CI(1.255, 4.771)], the time spent using electronic products every day [OR=1.892, 95%CI(1.066, 3.358)] and the angular displacement of anterior flexion of the cervical before treatment [OR=1.246, 95%CI(1.045, 1.485) ]were the risk factors for relapse.@*CONCLUSION@#Both rotation-traction manipulation and tendon-regulating manipulation can effectively treat cervical instability in young people, and rotation-traction manipulation has more advantages than tendon-regulating manipulation in improving cervical pain and cervical dysfunction in patients. The time spent at the desk every day, the time spent using electronic products every day, and the increase of cervical flexion angle displacement will increase the risk of relapse in patients.

Knot-free anchor repair of anterior talofibular ligament under total ankle arthroscopy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of repairing anterior talofibular ligament with knot-free anchors under total ankle arthroscopy in treating chronic lateral ankle instability.@*METHODS@#From April 2018 to August 2021, 24 patients with chronic lateral ankle instability were treated with knot-free anchors under total ankle arthroscopy to repair anterior talofibular ligament, including 16 males and 8 females, aged from 22 to 42 years old with an average of(28.6±5.8) years old;the time from injury to opertaion ranged from 6 to 10 months with an average of(7.7±1.3) months. Preoperative and postoperative American Orhopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), talar tilt, anterior talar translation(ATT) were recorded and compared.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 10 to 12 months with an average of (10.2±1.14) months. Incision were healed at stageⅠ, and no infection, nerve injury and lateral ankle instability occurred. AOFAS score improved from(52.79±8.96) before opertaion to (93.00± 4.01) at 6 months after operation, 23 patients got excellent result and 1 good;VAS decreased from (5.50±0.98) before opertaion to (1.04±0.80) at 6 months after operation(P<0.05);talar tilt decreased from(9.16±2.09)° to (3.10±1.72)° at 3 months after operation(P<0.05);ATT decreased from(8.80±2.55) mm to (2.98±1.97) mm at 3 months after operation(P<0.05). Twenty-four patients drawer test and varus-valgus rotation wer negative.@*CONCLUSION@#Repairing anterior talofibular ligament with knot-free anchors under total ankle arthroscopy for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability has advantages of less trauma, less complications safe and reliable, and good recovery of ankle joint function.

Cross-sectional study on ankle sprain and its related factors in physical education college / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore prevalence, risk factors and treatment of ankle sprain of young college student , in order to obtain accurate epidemiological data.@*METHODS@#From March 2019 to May 2019, 552 college students(1 104 sides of anke joints) from Xi'an Physical Education university were enrolled in study according to inclusion and excludion standard, including 309 males and 243 females aged from 16 to 24 years old with an average of (20.9±3.7) years old. Age, gender, and body mass indes(BMI) etc were recorded. Morbidity of acute and chronic ankle sprains of physical students, treatment after the first sprain (cold compress, cast or plaster bracing and medicine), visual analogue scale (VAS) during walking were assessed through ankle sprain questionnaire;Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT), Maryland foot score were applied to assess ankle function. Lateral ankle ligament injury was objectively assessed by musculoskeletal ultrasonography.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of acute ankle sprain(AAS) was 96.20% (531/552), and the incidence of AAS was 59.96% (622/1 104). The prevalence of chronic ankle joint instability(CAI) was 16.85% (93/552), and the incidence of CAI was 8.97% (99/1 104). In the four categories of sports, college student suffered from multiple sprains in performance majors group was 22.20% (14/63), including of aerobicsand dance performance. The incidence of AAS of ball sports was 8.60%(14/163). After the first sprain, most college students(94.4%) were received cold compression, about 60% of them went to hospital;however, only 44.7% students were received standard treatmens(cast or plaster), only 35.3% of them were received hard ankle orthosis. In 552 college students, 44 students were suffered from more than 4 times of ankle sprain, and the total incidence was 7.97% (44/552). Cumberland score was 26.6±2.4, Cumberland score of students sprained ankle joint more than 4 times was (29.2±1.1), suggested it was a risk factor for ankle joint instability. VAS of students sprained ankle joint more than 4 times was higher than that of less than 4 times(P<0.05), Maryland foot score was significantly lower than that of that of <4 times(P<0.05). Musculoskeletal ultrasonography measured the thickness of anterior tibiofibular ligament(ATFL) was (2.41±0.41) mm, and the thickness of calcaneofibular ligament(CFL) was (1.92±0.21) mm, and had no statistical difference(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Ninty-four percent college students had at least once ankle sprain, ankle sprains were more common in erobics and ball sports. After the first sprain, the proportion of cast or plaster treatment was less than 50%. Sprained ankle joint more than 4 times is a risk factor, and musculoskeletal ultrasonography showed thickening of both ATFL and CFL, while no statstical difference.

Advances in peripatellar osteotomy for treating recurrent patellar dislocation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the progress of research related to the surgical treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation by peripatellar osteotomy in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.@*METHODS@#The recent literature on peripatellar osteotomy for recurrent patellar dislocation at home and abroad was reviewed, and the bony structural abnormalities, imaging diagnosis, and treatment status were summarized.@*RESULTS@#Abnormalities in the bony anatomy of the lower limb and poor alignment lead to patellofemoral joint instability through the quadriceps pulling force line and play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent patellar dislocation. Identifying the source of the deformity and intervening with peripatellar osteotomy to restore the biomechanical structure of the patellofemoral joint can reduce the risk of soft tissue surgical failure, delay joint degeneration, and achieve the target of treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation, the factors causing patellofemoral joint instability should be comprehensively evaluated to guide the selection of surgery and personalized treatment.

Glenoid Bone Loss - A Retrospective Evaluation of Functional Outcomes after Bone Block Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability in High-demand Athletes / Falha óssea na glenoide - Uma avaliação retrospectiva dos desfechos funcionais após cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro em atletas de alta demanda

Abstract Objective This study assesses the relationship between the glenoid bone loss size and range of motion, functional outcomes, and complications in high-performance athletes undergoing bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. Methods This retrospective study evaluated postoperative outcomes in athletes submitted to bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. In 5 years, 41 shoulders underwent the procedure; 20 had bone losses up to 15%, and 21 shoulders presented bone losses ranging from 15% and 25%. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative complications, new dislocations, and the rate of return to sports. In addition, the quantitative criteria evaluated, i.e., ranges of motion and functional scores, showed no statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusion The size of the bone loss per se does not seem to affect functional outcomes and complications from these procedures, which are safe techniques for small and large bone losses.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a relação do tamanho do defeito ósseo da glenoide no arco de movimento, nos resultados funcionais e nas complicações em pacientes atletas de alta performance submetidos a cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro. Método Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram avaliados os resultados pós-operatórios de atletas submetidos a cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro. Em 5 anos foram 41 ombros operados, sendo 20 deles com até 15% de defeito ósseo e 21 com defeitos entre 15% e 25%. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa com relação a complicações pós-operatórias, novas luxações, e na taxa de retorno ao esporte. Os critérios quantitativos avaliados - arcos de movimento e escores funcionais - também não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão O tamanho do defeito ósseo por si só não parece afetar os resultados funcionais e as complicações desses procedimentos, sendo uma técnica segura tanto para defeitos pequenos, quanto para os maiores.

Signo del fluido facetario e inestabilidad vertebral segmentaria / Facet fluid sign and segmental instability of the spine

Introducción: La enfermedad degenerativa de la columna lumbar es frecuente, pero aún existen dudas en relación con los criterios de inestabilidad. Objetivos: Analizar la relación del signo del fluido facetario lumbar como criterio de inestabilidad vertebral segmentaria. materiales y métodos: Pacientes con enfermedad lumbar crónica, que presentan hidrartrosis facetaria en la resonancia magnética y las radiografías de columna lumbar dinámicas. Se analizan la prevalencia del sexo, la edad, la sintomatología principal y el dolor a la extensión unilateral o bilateral. Resultados: Se evaluó a 139 pacientes (62% mujeres), con un promedio de edad de 50.8 años; el principal motivo de consulta fue lumbalgia (76%). El 65% refería dolor en extensión; el 35%, dolor unilateral y el 30%, dolor bilateral. El 14% tenía espondilolistesis de bajo grado en L4-L5 y el 7%, en L5-S1. La hidrartrosis era unilateral en el 20% y bilateral en el 80%; el nivel de hidrartrosis más frecuente era en L4-L5 (58%). El 6% tenía solo inestabilidad traslacionaly el 2%, mixta. Un 8% presentaba Modic I y un 5%, Modic II. Conclusiones: La presencia de fluido facetario no es un criterio de inestabilidad vertebral segmentaria, al margen del nivel y el segmento localizado, o la presentación facetaria lumbar unilateral o bilateral. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Degenerative lumbar spine disease is prevalent, however, the criteria for instability are still debated. Objectives:To analyze the presence of the lumbar facet fluid sign as a criterion for segmental instability of the spine. materials and meth-ods: Patients with chronic lumbar disease, who present facet hydrarthrosis on MRI and dynamic lumbar spine radiographs. The prevalence of sex, age, main symptomatology, and pain on unilateral or bilateral extension was investigated. Results: A total of 139 patients (62% women) were evaluated, with an average age of 50.8 years; the main reason for consultation was low back pain (76%). Sixty-five percent reported pain in extension, with 35% reporting unilateral pain and 30% reporting bilateral pain. Fourteen percent had low-grade spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 and 7% at L5-S1. Hydrarthrosis was unilateral in 20% and bilateral in 80%; the most frequent level of hydrarthrosis was L4-L5 (58%). Six percent had only translational instability and 2% had mixed instability. 8% and 5%, respectively, had Modic I and Modic II changes. Conclusions: The presence of facet fluid is not a criterion for segmental instability of the spine, regardless of the level and localized segment, or the unilateral or bilateral lumbar facet presentation. Level of Evidence: IV

Peroneus Longus Tendon Graft to Reconstruct the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee / Enxerto do tendão fibular longo na reconstrução do canto posterolateral do joelho

Abstract The posterolateral corner is critical to knee stability. Neglected injuries have a direct impact on the prognosis due to residual instability, chronic pain, deformities, and failure to repair other structures. Several techniques are used to reconstruct the posterolateral corner, often with autologous ischiotibial grafts or homologous grafts. An option little used for knee ligament reconstructions is the peroneus longus tendon graft. Although reported as a good alternative for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, we found no case using a peroneus longus tendon graft for posterolateral corner reconstruction. Here, we describe the case of a patient who underwent a non-anatomical reconstruction of the posterolateral corner using a peroneus longus tendon graft. The patient underwent surgical procedures for ligament reconstruction and correction of the deformity caused by a failed graft, but his knee remained unstable. During the preoperative planning, it was decided to reconstruct the posterolateral corner with an ipsilateral peroneus longus tendon graft. Studies have shown that the peroneus longus tendon graft does not increase ankle morbidity, and that its length and diameter favor ligament reconstruction. Thus, the present article highlights the importance of the proper diagnosis of ligament injuries in the acute phase, and describes a new technique for posterolateral corner reconstruction that must be included in the surgeon's body of knowledge, increasing the amount of technical options.

Resumo O canto posterolateral tem grande importância na estabilidade do joelho. Sua lesão pode ser negligenciada, o que tem um impacto direto no prognóstico e resulta em instabilidade residual, dor crônica, deformidades e falha do reparo de outras estruturas. Existem diversas técnicas de reconstrução do canto posterolateral e o uso de enxertos autólogos dos isquiotibiais ou homólogos são as mais comuns. Uma opção pouco utilizada para reconstruções ligamentares no joelho é o enxerto do tendão fibular longo. Apesar de descrito como boa opção na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior, não foi encontrado nenhum caso de uso do enxerto do tendão fibular longo na reconstrução do canto posterolateral. Neste artigo, descrevemos o caso de um paciente submetido a reconstrução não anatômica do canto posterolateral com uso do enxerto do tendão fibular longo. O paciente foi submetido a procedimentos cirúrgicos para reconstrução ligamentar e correção de deformidade ocasionada pela falha do enxerto, mas manteve instabilidade ligamentar. No planejamento pré-operatório, optou-se pela reconstrução do canto posterolateral com enxerto do tendão fibular longo ipsilateral. Estudos evidenciaram que o enxerto do tendão fibular longo não provoca aumento de morbidadeem relação aotornozelo abordado, bem comoseapresenta com comprimento e diâmetro favoráveis à reconstrução ligamentar. Dessa forma, este artigo aponta para a importânciadodiagnóstico correto das lesões ligamentaresnafase aguda,e para uma nova técnica na reconstrução do canto posterolateral, que deve fazer parte do arsenal de conhecimentos do cirurgião, pois aumenta as opções de técnicas.