Brazilian protocol for sexually transmitted infections, 2020: pelvic inflammatory disease

Abstract Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a topic included in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an upper female genital tract acute infection due to canalicular spread of endogenous cervicovaginal microorganisms and especially the sexually transmitted microorganisms. Standing out among the etiological agents involved are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The main sequelae are chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis is the most important practical approach. Antibiotic treatment must start immediately after the clinical suspicion. Guidelines for health service managers and health professionals on diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, counseling, notification, handling sexual partners and special populations are described. Given the increased availability of the molecular biology techniques in Brazil, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening are recommended as a disease prevention strategy.

Effectiveness of syndromic management for male patients with urethral discharge symptoms in Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract: Background: Urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) is characterized by the presence of purulent or mucopurulent urethral discharge.The main etiological agents of this syndrome are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the syndromic management to resolve symptoms in male urethral discharge syndrome cases in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective cohort of male cases of urethral discharge syndrome observed at a clinic for sexually transmitted disease (STD) in 2013. Epidemiological and clinical data, as well as the results of urethral swabs, bacterioscopy, hybrid capture for C.trachomatis, wet-mount examination, and culture for N.gonorrhoeae, were obtained through medical chart reviews. Results: Of the 800 urethral discharge syndrome cases observed at the STD clinic, 785 (98.1%) presented only urethral discharge syndrome, 633 (79.1%) returned for follow-up, 579 (91.5%) were considered clinically cured on the first visit, 41(6.5 %) were considered cured on the second visit, and 13(2.0%) did not reach clinical cure after two appointments. Regarding the etiological diagnosis, 42.7% of the patients presented a microbiological diagnosis of N.gonorrhoeae, 39.3% of non-gonococcal and non-chlamydia urethritis, 10.7% of C.trachomatis and 7.3% of co-infection with chlamydia and gonococcus. The odds of being considered cured in the first visit were greater in those who were unmarried, with greater schooling, and with an etiological diagnosis of gonorrhea. The diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis reduced the chance of cure in the first visit. Study limitation: A study conducted at a single center of STD treatment. Conclusion: Syndromic management of male urethral discharge syndrome performed in accordance with the Brazilian Ministry of Health STD guidelines was effective in resolving symptoms in the studied population. More studies with microbiological outcomes are needed to ensure the maintenance of the syndromic management.

Clinical Features of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome in the Emergency Department

PURPOSE: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (FHCS) is a clinical entity characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule associated with genital tract infection. The aim of this study is to provide physicians with clinical suggestions for diagnostic approaches based on a series of patients who were diagnosed with FHCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with FHCS after presenting to the emergency department (ED). The symptoms, physical examinations, laboratory findings, radiological findings, and progress of the patients were reviewed. RESULTS: During the four-year study period, a total of 82 female patients received a final diagnosis of FHCS in the ED. Chlamydia trachomatis was identified as a pathogen in 89% of the patients. Their clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were described. Fifty-two patients (63.4%) were admitted to the hospital. All of the admitted patients improved after treatment combining antibiotic therapy with conservative care. CONCLUSION: FHCS should be considered as a differential diagnosis for female patients of childbearing age with right upper abdominal pain. Timely diagnosis using biphasic computed tomography (CT) with arterial and portal phases may help ensure adequate medical treatment as well as avoid invasive procedures.

Microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis.

PURPOSE: To study the microbial agents, chiefly Chlamydia trachomatis and other bacteria, in neonatal conjunctivitis. METHODS: Conjunctival specimens from 70 newborns with conjunctivitis were subjected to bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, monoclonal antibody based C. trachomatis antigen detection test and species-specific Chlamydia antibody detection in the sera of babies and their mothers, by micro-immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated from 35 (50%) babies; the majority (20, 57.14%) were Staphylococcus epidermidis. C. trachomatis antigen was detected in conjunctival smears of 17 (24%) babies, and 6 (35.29%) of them were positive for other bacteria. Six babies and their mothers tested positive for C. trachomatis Ig G antibodies. At follow-up after 14 weeks, 6 (35.29%) of the Chlamydia antigen-positive babies were found to have developed recurrent conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION: C. trachomatis is responsible for almost a quarter of all cases of neonatal conjunctivitis, with recurrences in 35% of cases. Bacteria could be isolated from 50% of the patients though the exact role of Staphylococcus epidermidis, isolated from 28.65% of the neonatal conjunctivitis cases, remains unclear.

Single dose (direct observed) azithromycin therapy for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in STD clinic attenders with genital discharge in Trinidad and Tobago

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and to assess the efficacy of a single one gram oral dose of azithromycin under direct observed therapy of genital discharge due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in STD clinic attenders in Trinidad and Tobago. All patients with genital discharge and their contacts were given one gram oral dose of azithromycin under direct supervision after collection of urethral and cervical swabs for N gonorrhoeae culture and smear and for C trachomatis antigen detection by ELISA. Clinical and microbiological evaluation was done on those who returned after 7-10 days for follow-up. Of the 735 patients who were enrolled in the study, 319 (43.4) had N gonorrhoeae and 100 (13.6) had C trachomatis. Only 151 (36) of the 419 patients with a pathogenic isolate returned for clinical and microbiological assessment. The remaining 268 (64) of the 419 patients were lost to follow-up. One hundred and forty-three patients (94.7) had total abatement of signs and symptoms after taking azithromycin. One patient (0.65), who had both N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis, improved clinically with the drug. Seven patients (six with N gonorrhoeae and one with C trachomatis) failed to respond clinically to azithromycin. Microbiological eradication was achieved in 115 (100) patients who had single infection with N gonorrhoeae and in 23 patients (96) with C trachomatis infection. Of 12 patients with combined infections, N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis were eradicated in 10 and 12 patients, respectively, after initial treatment. In two patients with combined infection, N gonorrhoeae continued to be isolated after treatment with azithromycin. A single one gram oral dose of azithromycin under direct supervision is useful in the treatment of uncomplicated genital infection with N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis in STD clinic attenders in Trinidad.

Síndrome coronario agudo asociado a neumonía por chlamydia pneumoniae, en dos casos / Acute coronary events associated to chlamydia pneumoniae infection: report of 2 cases

Epidemiological and clinical studies attribute to Chlamidia pneumoniae infections a pathogenetic role in atherosclerotic vascular lesions. We report two patients in whom this infection was followed by acute coronary events. A 51 years old male presented with a right lower lobe pneumonia and a positive immunofluorescence serology for Chlamidia pneumoniae, with a IgM titer of 1/64. On the second day of evolution, he experienced an acute myocardial infarction. A coronary arteriography demonstrated a 80 percent obstruction of anterior coronary artery and an angioplasty was performed. A 84 years old male was admitted with a right lower lobe pneumonia and a positive serology for Chlamidia pneumoniae, with an IgM titer of 1/32. On the fourth day of evolution, he developed unstable angina with electrocardiographic changes. A coronary arteriography demonstrated a three vessel disease. In both cases, a tight chronological association was observed between Chlamidia pneumoniae infection and acute coronary events

Esparfloxacino e as fluorquinolonas: uma revisäo de sua classificaçäo, atividade antibacteriana, mecanismo de açäo, características farmacocinéticas, tolerabilidade e perspectivas farmacêuticas / Sparfloxacin and the fluoroquinolones: a review of classification, antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, tolerability and pharmaceutical perspectives

Foi realizada uma revisäo na literatura sobre as quinolonas, classe antibacteriana que possui amplo espectro de açäo, enfocando, principalmente, o esparfloxacino, fluorquinolona de terceira geraçäo que possui potente atividade contra bactérias Gram-positivas, como Streptococcus pneumoniae e Staphylococcus aureus inclusive cepas metilina resistentes (MRSA), bactérias Gram-negativas, anaeróbios, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma spp, Chlamydia spp e Mycobacterium spp.

Trovafloxacina en ginecologia / Trovafloxacin in gynecology

La infección intraabdominal (IIABD) se define como la presencia de un proceso infeccioso en la cavidad peritoneal. Puede ser local o tener repercusión sistémica, generando disfunción orgánica múltiple. La mayoría de los estudios refieren una mortalidad del 30 por ciento en las IIABD severas. La peritonitis secundaria se produce por pérdida de la integridad del aparato gastrointestinal, que contamina con gérmenes la cavidad peritoneal. Son invariablemente infecciones polimicrobianas, predominando bacilos Gran negativos anaerobios facultativos y anaerobios. El pronóstico de la peritonitis depende de la lucha entre dos fuerzas: la inmunidad local y sistémica del huésped por un lado y el volumen, naturaleza e duración de la contaminación por el otro. Los microorganismos y sus productos estimulan las defensas celulares del huésped y activan numerosos mediadores inflamatorios que son responsable de la sepsis. El tratamiento antibiótico de las peritonitis secundarias debe actuar principalmente sobre Escherichia coli y Bacteroides fragilis. La administracion empírica adecuada y precoz de antibióticos contra estas bacterias está bien establecido. Es necesario considerar si la infección es localizada o generalizada y si se acompaña o no de disfunción orgánica. Debe también considerase en la elección del esquema antibiótico si la peritonitis es extra o intrahospitalaria. En las infecciones leves o moderadas adquiridas en la comunidad pueden utilizarse combinaciones como metronidazol-ceftriaxona, metronidazol-gentamicina o monodroga como ampicilina-sulbactam. En las peritonitis graves intrahospitalarias, el imipenem o la combinación piperacilina-tazobactam son efectivas. Las nuevas quinolonas como trovafloxacina o clinafloxacina, que tienen excelente actividad contra los gérmenes anaerobios y aerobios que producen las IIABD, podrían ser efectivas en su tratamiento. Son necesarios futuros ensayos clínicos para determinar su utilidad. Las peritonitis terciarias representan una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica con falla multiorgánica originada por activación descontrolada de la cascada inflamatoria. Es considerada una inflamación peritoneal y sistémica persistente. Los abtibióticos y las re-intervenciones quirúrgicas parecen tener poca utilidad en esta situación.

Etiología microbiana de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica leve y moderada (EIP) / Microbial ethiology of mild and moderate pelvic inflammatory disease

La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Pélvica (EIP) es una de las complicaciones más severas de las Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual (ETS) se puede deber entre otros eventos al ascenso de la microflora genital femenina o a la infección de gérmenes implicados en ETS como la Chlamydia trachomatis o Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Esto trae como consecuencia serias repercusiones desde el punto de vista gineco-obstétrico. Una de las principales limitaciones a la que se enfrenta el médico es el conocer su etiología. De tal manera que con el presente trabajo, se pretende establecer el tipo de microorganismos involucrados en esta patología a fin de que al identificarlos, mediante el cultivo de endocérvix, endometrio y líquido peritoneal; se otorgue a la paciente el tratamiento adecuado, oportuno y certero, logrando así una mayor eficacia terapéutica

La chlamydia trachomatis como causa de rinitis / Chlamydia trachomatis in the etiology of rhinitis

Durante el período de enero de 1992 a febrero de 1996 se estudiaron 454 citologías nasales y faríngeas en cuadros inflamatorios infecciosos. La Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) fue el agente etiólogico en 183 (67.80 por ciento) de los frotis de las fosas nasales, mientras que en 271 frotis faríngeos, representó el 8.11 por ciento (22 casos). De 124 pacientes con infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en las fosas nasales, en 15 (12.09 por ciento) se identificó Chlamydia en la faringe; en 18 pacientes (14.51 por ciento) se identificó conjuntivitis por CT y en 3 pacientes de los 4 en los que fue posible tomar muestras conjuntivales, nasales y fáringeas se encontró a la CT

Espectro clínico de las infecciones por chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres / Clinical spectrum of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women

Hoy en día es incierto el rol que tiene C. trachomatis como causa de efectos adversos durante el embarazo. Pero si está claramente establecido que es causa de EIP en mujer, uretritis y epididimitis en el hombre y conjuntivitis y neumonitis en los niños. La EIP aguda por C. trachomatis tiene un impacto enorme en la reproducción de la mujer: es causa de embarazo tubario e infertilidad por obstrucción tubaria. Por sus consecuencias y porque habitualmente la salpingitis por C. trachomatis es asintomática, es necesario desarrollar estrategias precisas para su control. Se recomienda la pesquisa regular de esta bacteria en la mujer menor de 35 años con factores de riesgo. Es necesario mantener registro de estas infecciones y tratar a la pareja y los contactos. De este modo se pueden prevenir las complicaciones más importantes secundarias a esta infección

Corrimento Vaginal na Infância: Como abordá-lo / Management of vulvovaginitis during childhood

As vulvovaginites, mais especificamente o corrimento vaginal, e uma doença comum na infância e freqüente causa de procura de atençäo médica pediátrica. Essa alta freqüência, deve-se principalmente a higiene precária dos genitais externos, o que coloca as vulvovaginites inespecíficas como a causa mais freqüente de vulvovaginites na infância. É muito importante que na abordagem da criança com corrimento vaginal, seja determinado se o mesmo é fisiológico ou patológico, evitando-se tratamentos desnecessários. Sabe-se ainda, que a maioria dos corrimentos vaginais cessam com uma adequada higiene dos genitais. Nos casos em que o agente etiológico da vulvovaginite é considerado um agente de Doenças Sexualmente transmissíveis e deve ser feita uma investigaçäo para determinar se houve estupro. O sucesso do tratamento, depende além do correto diagnóstico etiológico da patologia, do minucioso esclarecimento à família da importância e conseqüência do mesmo. Fez-se uma abordagem prática de como manusear o corrimento vaginal na infância, apontando suas principais características, seu diagnóstico e o tratamento

Repercusión de las infecciones respiratorias en el asma y procedimientos terapéuticos / Repercution of the breathing infections in asthma and terapeutic proceedings

Con el propósito de evaluar la importancia de las infecciones respiratorias en el asma se hace una revisión epidemiológica de las infecciones respiratorias virales que afectan más a los niños y de las bacterianas con un menor grado de afección. Se hace una revisión de las sinusitis que tienen mayor repercusión en los adultos; además, se revisa la implicación que puede tener Chlamydia pneumoniae en niños y adultos y la demostración de que ésta exacerba los cuadros de asma. Por otro lado, se presentan las aplicaciones terapéuticas para controlar la hiperreactividad bronquial relacionada con estas infecciones que provocan asma

Azithromycin in non-gonococcal urethritis.

The efficacy and safety of a single 1 g oral dose of azithromycin was evaluated in 100 male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Enrolled were men with > or = 5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL)/high power field (HPF) (x 1000 magnification) in a Gram-stained smear of urethral discharge with or without symptoms and signs of NGU. Of the 66 evaluable patients, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 18 cases (27.3%) and Ureaplasma urealyticum from 12 cases (18.2%). After treatment, signs and symptoms disappeared from 59 cases (89.4%). Forty-four cases (66.7%) showed reduced PMNL/HPF. C. trachomatis was eradicated in 18 cases (100%) and U. urealyticum in 12 cases (83.3%). One patient complained of mild dizziness, moderate nausea, and palpitations. Single 1 g oral dose of azithromycin appears to be effective and safe for treating chlamydial, non-chlamydial, and ureaplasmal NGU. In addition, its ease of use encourages patient compliance.

Azithromycin in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis and eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum in female lower genital tract.

From May 1995 to May 1996, thirty-six females with chlamydial cervicitis were enrolled at Bangrak Hospital's Venereal Disease Clinic in an open study to assess the efficacy and safety of a single, 1-gram oral dose of azithromycin. Thirty-five had positive C. trachomatis and one had a positive Gen-probe test. Twenty-two returned for their first and second follow-ups and 18 came back for their final follow-up (visit 4). Eradication rate was 100 per cent on all visits. Fourteen patients were excluded from the final analysis- three had dropped out from the beginning, ten had sexual intercourse without a condom and one had a positive Gen-probe test but negative C. trachomatis culture. U. urealyticum was isolated from the vaginal wall of 15 of the 36 cases and eradication rate was 0 per cent at visit 2 and visit 4. In conclusion, this study shows that a single, 1-gram oral dose of azithromycin is an effective and well-tolerated alternative therapy for chlamydial cervicitis.

Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic preparations in the treatment of chronic chlamydial conjunctivitis

Purpose This was a pilot study of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic preparations in the treatment of chronic chlamydial conjunctivitis. Methods 24 patients, who were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis as shown by direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining, participated. 4 the first 14 days, one drop of 0.3% ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution [CILOXAN Eye Drops] was instilled 6 times a day into each affected eye and 0.3 cm of ciprofloxacin ointment [0.3%] was used at bedtime. Treatment, which was continued over the next 14 days, consisted of one drop of the solution into each affected eye four times a day. Results 17 patients had a follow-up bacteriological test. 16 out of the 17 [94%] showed no sign of Chlamydia trachomatis on the direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining test with 15 [88%] being assessed as cured or improved clinically. Overall, 17 of the 24 participating patients [71%] were considered cured or improved. 6 of the 24 patients experienced adverse events, which were ocular in nature, non-serious, mild and usually resolved without treatment. Conclusion Topical ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis

Chlamydia in pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of the major public health problems in the world, both in the developing as well as developed countries. Genitourinary tract infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are most common sexually transmitted diseases. Fifty to seventy per cent of women suffering from chlamydial infection of the genital are symptom free and 25-30% of chlamydial urethritis is silent. Clinical presentation is varied. Laparoscopy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of Chlamydia associated pelvic infections. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Early diagnosis, prompt, accurate, aggressive and appropriate chemotherapy is essential to prevent its sequelae