Infección nosocomial por Cronobacter sakazakii tras cirugía de tobillo en un paciente adulto inmunocompetente / Nosocomial Cronobacter sakazakii Infection after Ankle Surgery in an Immunocompetent Adult Patient

RESUMEN Cronobacter sakazakii es una bacteria Gram negativa que pertenece a un grupo emergente de patógenos oportunistas de la familia de los Enterococos, que causa infecciones nosocomiales. Afecta típicamente a los recién nacidos de bajo peso; puede causar graves infecciones como meningitis, sepsis o enterocolitis necrotizante, potencialmente mortales, aunque la gran mayoría de las infecciones se producen en pacientes ancianos, en los que son mucho más leves. Se reporta el primer caso confirmado de infección de herida quirúrgica en España causada por C. sakazakii en un adulto inmunocompetente(AU)

ABSTRACT Cronobacter sakazakii is a Gram negative bacterium that belongs to an emerging group of opportunistic pathogens of the Enterococci family, which causes nosocomial infections. It typically affects low birth weight newborns. It can cause serious infections such as meningitis, sepsis, or life-threatening necrotizing enterocolitis, although the vast majority of infections occur in elderly patients, where they are much milder. We report the first confirmed case of surgical wound infection in Spain, caused by C. sakazakii in an immunocompetent adult(AU)

A case of urinary tract infection caused by Raoultella planticola after a urodynamic study

Abstract Here we report the case of a patient who developed urinary tract infection after a urodynamic study. The causative agent was Raoultella planticola, a rare opportunistic pathogen that usually invades immunocompromised patients. While a urinary tract infection with R. planticola has been previously described, this is the first report in which an R. planticola infection developed after a urodynamic study. We postulate that the mechanism of infection was direct invasion of the urinary tract from contaminated urodynamic study equipment. Here, we discuss the role played by isotonic solutions in facilitating bacterial reproduction.

Estudio clínico y microbiológico de la infección urinaria asociada a catéter, en los servicios de medicina interna de un hospital universitario venezolano / Clinical and microbiological study of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in internal medicine services of a Venezuelan university hospital

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar las características clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a catéter (ITUAC) en pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela y establecer la distribución clonal de Enterobacteriaceae multirresistentes productoras de esta infección. Materiales y métodos Se estudiaron 73 pacientes adultos con cateterismo vesical, durante enero a julio de 2015. El procesamiento microbiológico de las muestras de orina se realizó por métodos convencionales y automatizados. Las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas fueron detectadas fenotípicamente. La tipificación clonal se determinó por la amplificación de secuencias repetitivas por PCR. Resultados El 53,4% de los pacientes eran varones, con una edad media de 50,6 años. El promedio de permanencia del catéter fue de 10,9 + 6,5 días/paciente. El 54,8% de los pacientes tuvo urocultivos positivos. Las levaduras fueron el principal agente etiológico (44,7%), seguido por las enterobacterias (29,8%). Las enterobacterias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii produjeron BLEE y carbapenemasas asociadas a otros marcadores de resistencia. Dos grupos clonales fueron identificados en cepas de E. coli y K. pneumoniae multirresistentes, los cuales circularon en la unidad de trauma shock de la emergencia de adulto. Conclusiones Los hallazgos de este estudio permiten evidenciar la necesidad de adoptar estrictos criterios que justifiquen el uso del catéter vesical y la duración del mismo, así como el implementar programas para prevenir y controlar la diseminación de clonas bacterianas multirresistentes en pacientes con ITUAC en los servicios de medicina interna del HULA.

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine services of the Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela and to establish the clonal distribution of multi-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that produce this infection. Materials and Methods Seventy-three adult patients with bladder catheterization were studied between January and July 2015. The microbiological processing of the urine samples was performed using conventional and automatized methods. Extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase were detected phenotypically. Clonal classification was determined using repetitive element sequence-based PCR. Results A total of 53.4% of the patients were male, and the average age was 50.6 years. The average time the catheter remained in the patient was 10.9 ± 6.5 days and 54.8% of patients had positive urine cultures. Yeasts were the main etiological agent (44.7%), followed by enterobacteria (29.8%). Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii produced ESBL and carbapenemase associated with other resistance markers. Two clonal groups were identified in multi-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that circulated in the shock trauma unit in the adult emergency department. Conclusions The findings in this study show the need to adopt strict criteria justifying the use of bladder catheterization and its duration, as well as the implementation of programs to prevent and control the spread of multi-resistant bacterial clones in patients with CA-UTI in the HULA Internal Medicine department.

Osteomielitis por Yokenella regensburgei después de una craneotomía en una paciente inmunocompetente / Osteomyelitis due to Yokenella regensburgei following craniotomy in an immunocompetent patient

Yokenella regensburgei es un bacilo Gram negativo de la familia Enterobacteriaceae, que puede encontrarse en agua de pozos, alimentos y en el tubo digestivo de insectos y reptiles. Aunque se ha aislado de muestras provenientes de seres humanos, pocas veces se ha reportado como causante de infección y, en tales casos, especialmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Se presenta aquí el primer caso de osteomielitis secundaria a una infección por Y. regensburgei en una paciente inmunocompetente después de un procedimiento quirúrgico.

The gram-negative bacillus Yokenella regensburgei (of the Enterobacteriaceae family) can be found in groundwater and foodstuffs, as well as the digestive tracts of insects and reptiles. Although it has been isolated from humans since its original description, it has rarely been reported as a cause of infection, and then, only in immunosuppressed patients. We report the first case of post-surgical secondary osteomyelitis due to Y. regensburgei in an immunocompetent woman who had undergone a craniotomy.

Abundant immunohistochemical expression of dopamine D2 receptor and p53 protein in meningiomas: follow-up, relation to gender, age, tumor grade, and recurrence

Meningiomas are common, usually benign tumors, with a high postoperative recurrence rate. However, the genesis and development of these tumors remain controversial. We aimed to investigate the presence and implications of a mutated p53 protein and dopamine D2 receptor in a representative series of meningiomas and to correlate these findings with age, gender, tumor grade, and recurrence. Tumor tissue samples of 157 patients diagnosed with meningioma (37 males and 120 females, mean age 53.6±14.3 years) who underwent surgical resection between 2003 and 2012 at our institution were immunohistochemically evaluated for the presence of p53 protein and dopamine D2 receptor and were followed-up to analyze tumor recurrence or regrowth. Tumors were classified as grades I (n=141, 89.8%), II (n=13, 8.3%), or grade III (n=3, 1.9%). Dopamine D2 receptor and p53 protein expression were positive in 93.6% and 49.7% of the cases, respectively. Neither of the markers showed significant expression differences among different tumor grades or recurrence or regrowth statuses. Our findings highlight the potential role of p53 protein in meningioma development and/or progression. The high positivity of dopamine D2 receptor observed in this study warrants further investigation of the therapeutic potential of dopamine agonists in the evolution of meningiomas.

Hematoma intraparenquimatoso hepático post- colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica sobreinfectado por Citrobacter freundii y Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE / [Intraparenchymal hepatic haematoma after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreotography overinfected by Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE].

This case report describes a 37-year-old woman who develops an intraparenchymal hepatic haematoma after an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with papillotomy and stone extraction. The procedure requires the passage of a guidewire. The patient develops acute abdominal pain 72 hours later and a magnetic resonance shows a hematoma of 124 x 93 mm. She remains under observation. Twenty one days later she complains of upper right abdominal pain and fever. Consequently, a percutaneous drainage is performed isolating Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE. The patient has a good evolution.

Cultivos cuantitativos de catéteres por la técnica de Brun Buisson / Quantitative cultures from catheters, using the Brun Buisson technique

The objective of this collaborative work carried out in the Fundación Favaloro and the Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, was to determine optimal conditions for incubation (time and atmosphere) of quantitative cultures of catheters processed according to the technique of vortex agitation (Brun Buisson method). From 689 processed catheters, 551 yielded negative cultures. From the 138 positive cultures, 125 yielded monomicrobial cultures and 13 polimicrobial cultures (total number of microorganisms was 151). In the last situation each micoorganism was considered on an individual basis. A total of 58 episodes of catheter related bacteremias occurred, being 52 monomicrobial and 6 polimicrobial (total number of microorganisms was 64). When colony counts were compared in aerobic and in 5-10 CO2 atmospheres, a very good correlation was obtained (p = 0.27; r2 = 0.9268). No advantage was observed by incubating plates for more than 48 hours. Colony counts performed at the second versus the third day, and at the second day versus the seventh, gave very good correlation (p = 0.10 and r2 = 0.9996; p = 0.31 and r2 = 0.9995, respectively).

Comparative study of bacterial infection prevalence between cirrhotic patients with and without upper gastrointestional bleeding

Bacterial infection is a frequent complication in patients with chronic liver disease, mainly during the advanced stages. There is evidence that the main factors that contribute to a predisposition to infection in cirrhotic patients are related to hepatic failure with consequent immunodeficiency. Invasive procedures (diagnostic or therapeutic) can predispose to baceterial infections, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is considered a potentially important risk factor. A group of cirrhotic patients (child B and C Pugh groups) were evaluated retrospectively by chart reviews regarding the prevalence of bacterial infection during hospitalization to determine whether UGB was a risk factor. An infection was considered present if a specific organ system was identified or if fever (>38§C) persisted for more than 24 hours with associated leukocytosis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was based on classical criteria. Eighty-nine patients were evaluated. Fourty-six patients presented with UGB, and 43 patients had no UGB (control). There were infections recorded in 25/46 (54 percent) patients with UGB, and 15/43 (35 percent) in those without UGB (p=0.065). The ratio of the number of infections/admitted patients, was significantly larger in the group with UGB (0.78 ñ 0.89 vs. 0.39 ñ 0.62; p=0.028) since patients had more than one infection. In the UGB group compared to non UGB group, ascites was more frequent (67 percent vs. 42 percent; p=0.027); they were more likely to have undergone endoscopic procedures (p<0.001) and the mean ñ SD for platelets count was smaller (96,114 ñ 57,563 vs. 145,674 ñ 104,083; p=0.007). The results show that UGB is an important contribution to bacterial infection among Child B and C cirrhotic patients.

Infecçäo do trato urinário / Urinary tract infection

A infecçäo do trato urinário (ITU) é uma das razöes mais comuns para a procura de cuidados médicos pelos pacientes atendidos em ambulatório. Aproximadamente 20 porcento das mulheres desenvolvem, pelo menos, um episódio de ITU durante suas vidas. O agente etiológico mais frequente responsável pelo desenvolvimento da infecçäo das bactérias entéricas gram-negativas do grupo das Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli causa cerca de 90 porcento das ITUs. Staphylococcus saprophiticus é a segunda causa mais comum, especialmente em mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas. Este artigo revisa a classificaçäo, diagnóstico, fisiopatologia, aspectos históricos e epidemiológicos das infecçöes do trato urinário e alguns fatores de risco associados com o desenvolvimento destas.(au)

Gay bowel syndrome

El síndrome de infección intestinal en el homosexual se refiere a las diferentes condiciones infecciosas, traumáticas o neoplásicas que ocurren en pacientes homosexuales. Las prácticas sexuales de esta población explican la alta incidencia de condiciones gastrointestinales encontradas. El sistema gastrointestinal, el más afectado, afecta dos tercios de los pacientes con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Además de las enfermedades venereas clásicas estos pacientes pueden presentar una serie de patógenos oportunistas que previamente se desconocia podían causar patología en los humanos. Estos pacientes presentan un enigma tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como terapéutico