Uso do celular antes de dormir: um fator com maior risco para sonolência excessiva em adolescentes de escolas militares / Cell phone use before bedtime: a risk factor for excessive sleepiness in adolescents from military schools

OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) e os fatores associados em adolescentes de escolas militares. MÉTODOS: Participaram 466 adolescentes do ensino médio (15 a 17 anos) de ambos os sexos (230 homens). Os participantes foram entrevistados sobre as características sociodemográficas e sobre a duração de sono (semana e final de semana), adotando-se valores < 8 horas de sono como tempo insuficiente de sono. A SDE foi avaliada com a escala de sonolência de Epworth, na qual os adolescentes que obtivessem escores ≥ 10 apresentavam SDE. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de SDE foi de 34,1%. A média de horas de sono foi de 6,9 h (±1,85) em dias da semana e de 8,5 h (±1,96) nos fins de semana. Identificou-se que 60% dos adolescentes apresentaram baixa duração do sono semanal (p = 0,05). Observaram-se, no modelo final de regressão, maiores riscos de SDE nos indivíduos com baixa duração de sono (OR: 1,55; IC de 95%: 1,04-2,31) e que utilizavam o celular antes de dormir (OR: 4,30; IC de 95%: 2,00-9,23). CONCLUSÃO: A SDE foi fortemente associada ao uso de celular antes de dormir. Outros fatores associados são sono insuficiente e estudar em tempo integral. Medidas educacionais, administrativas e de saúde são necessárias para melhorar o sono em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and associated factors in adolescents attending military schools. METHODS: 466 high school students (15-17 years old) of both sexes (230 men) participated. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic characteristics and sleep duration (week and weekend), adopting values < 8 hours of sleep as insufficient sleep time. EDS was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale; where students with scores ≥ 10 had EDS. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of EDS was 34.1%. The mean for sleep hours was 6.9 h (±1,85) on weekdays and 8.5 h (±1.96) on weekends. It was identified that 60% of the adolescents presented short weekly sleep duration (p = 0.05). In the final regression model, higher EDS risks were observed in those subjects that had a short sleep duration (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.04-2.31) and those that used the cell phone before bedtime (OR: 4.30; 95% CI: 2.00-9.23). CONCLUSION: EDS was strongly associated with cell phone use before bedtime. Other associated factors are insufficient sleep and studying full-time. Educational, administrative and health measures are needed to improve sleep in adolescents.

SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic diary: from rumors to the first case. Early reports of molecular tests from the military research and diagnostic institute of Rio de Janeiro

Corona virus disease (COVID-19) presents a serious threat to global health. A historical timeline of early molecular diagnostics from government alert (January 22) (D) was presented. After in silico analysis, Brazilian Army Institute of Biology (IBEx-RJ) tested samples in house using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (fast mode) based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. First cases from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, IBEx, and diagnosis team were reported in D36, D44, D66, and D74 respectively. Therefore, after 1300 tests, we recommend N1/N2 primer sets (CDC) for preliminary and Charité protocol confirmation in case of positive results. Moreover, every professional should be tested before starting work, in addition to weekly tests for everyone involved.

Food Defense: avaliação de vulnerabilidades em empresas fornecedoras de alimentos em uma organização militar escolar do Exército Brasileiro / Food Defense: evaluation of vulnerabilities in food supply companies in a military school organization of the Brazilian Army

Elevou-se, em escala global, a preocupação contra ações deliberadas que visem atingir a cadeia produtiva de alimentos, incluindo em ambientes militares. Neste contexto, surgiu o conceito de Food Defense (Defesa Alimentar), que determina medidas preventivas, de redução às vulnerabilidades à ataques intencionais de natureza química, física, biológica ou radiológica. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho buscou identificar, através de questionário remetido eletronicamente a empresas fornecedoras de alimentos de uma Organização Militar do Exército Brasileiro, as medidas de Food Defense adotadas. Os resultados demonstraram que apesar da conformidade na maioria dos quesitos investigados, notou-se grande vulnerabilidade dos estabelecimentos em relação ao acesso de colaboradores e visitantes, e vigilância de áreas relevantes para a atividade.

Experiences of Blood Bank Performance in Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital / 대한수혈학회지

Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital (BAACH) is one of the US military General Hospitals in Korea that have blood services. The author of this paper is a civilian employee who has been working in the blood bank for 37 years. Through this experience, a difference between BAACH and the Korean Medical Center has been observed. First, BAACH performs a blood culture for the sterility test upon the receipt of platelets from the Korean Red Cross, and measures the pH at the end of allowable storage. Second, some military facilities use the Frozen Blood Program as the storage/thawing system of Deglycerolized Red Blood Cells (DRBC) and the use of DRBC. Third, most military facilities have a continuous training education program for those working in the blood bank provided by the Armed Service Blood Program.

Caracterização nutricional dos almoços servidos pela unidade produtora de refeição de uma escola militar no município de Belém, PA / Nutritional characterization of lunches served by the meal-producing unit of a military school in the municipality of Belém, PA

A busca por uma alimentação saudável é antiga, mas só no século XX surgiu o primeiro conselho para estudar as recomendações nutricionais. A partir deste contexto o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar nutricionalmente, de acordo com as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde ­ OMS (2003) e do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador ­ PAT (2006), os almoços servidos na UPR (Unidade de Produtora de Refeição) de uma escola militar na cidade de Belém-PA. Os cardápios foram analisados, em três semanas, escolhidas de forma aleatória, entre julho e agosto de 2010, e registrados em planilhas padronizadas. Para proceder às análises do valor nutricional dos cardápios utilizou-se o software Nutrilife versão 4.7 (2008), sendo os resultados comparados com as recomendações preconizadas pela OMS (2003) para os macronutrientes. O valor energético, as fibras, o sódio e o NDpCal % foram analisados conforme a preconização do PAT (2006). As análises estatísticas descritivas (média e desvio-padrão) dos resultados foram obtidas a partir do programa Microsoft Excel (versão 2003). Observou-se que em todas as semanas os cardápios se adequaram somente quanto às calorias (855,1 a 932,4 Kcal). Com relação aos macronutrientes, os cardápios apresentaram reduzida quantidade de carboidratos (49,0 a 51,3 %) e altos teores de proteínas (20,2 a 21,5%) e lipídios (27,2 a 50,2 %). As análises mostraram alto teor de fibras (11,8 a 18,0 g) e sódio (1198,2 a 2183,4 mg), e NDpCal % (10,3 a 12,6 %) acima do recomendado. Conclui-se, portanto, que os cardápios analisados estavam desequilibrados, pois demonstraram ser hipoglicídicos, hiperprotéicos, hiperlipídicos, hipersódicos e com NDpCal % acima do recomendado. A inadequação das quantidades per capita servidas sugere a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção nutricional em curto e médio prazo.

The way to take a health food is older, but only in the 20th century was born the first council to study the nutritional recommendations. From that context this research aimed characterized, according recommendations of World Health Organization- WHO (2003) and the Worker's Food Program ­ WFP (2006), nutritionally the lunches offer on EPU (Eating Production Unit)of the military school in the BelémPA. The menus was analyzed in three weeks, and was choice aleatory way, between July and August, 2010, and recorded on standard worksheets. To make the analysis of the nutritional value of menus used the Nutrilife software version 4.7 (2008), and the results compared with the guidelines recommended by the WHO (2003) for macronutrients. Energy, fiber, sodium and NDpCal % were analyzed according to the recommendations of PAT (2006). The statistical analysis (average and standard deviation) of results were obtained using Microsoft Excel (version 2003) for Windows. It was observed that in these weeks the menus are suited only as calories (855.1 to 932.4 kcal). With regard to macronutrients, the menus showed a reduce amount of carbohydrates (49.0 to 51.3%) and high content protein (20.2 to 21.5%) and lipids (27.2 to 50.2%). The analysis showed high fiber content (11.8 to 18.0 g) and sodium (1198.2 to 2183.4 mg), and NDpCal % (10.3 to 12.6 %) more than recommended. It can be concluded that the menus analyzed were unbalanced because they turn back as being hypoglycemic, hyperprotein, hyperlipids, hypersodium and NDpCal % more than recommended. The inadequacy of per capita quantities served suggests strategies nutritional intervention in a short time.

Diversity and distribution of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in a military area in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

This study reports the distribution, ecotopes and fauna diversity of sandflies captured in five training bases on a military reserve in Manaus, state of Amazonas (AM). A total of 10,762 specimens were collected, which were distributed among 58 species, with the highest number recorded at Base Instruction 1 (BI1). A higher rate of species richness was found at the Base Instruction Boina Rajada and low levels of diversity associated with a high abundance index with the clear dominance of Lutzomyia umbratilis, Lutzomyia ruii and Lutzomyia anduzei were found at BI1. The abundance of Lu. umbratilis raises the possibility of outbreaks of American cutaneous leishmaniasis by the main vector of the disease in AM.

Outbreak of acute norovirus gastroenteritis in a military facility in Singapore: a public health perspective

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Norovirus gastrointestinal disease (GID) outbreaks occur frequently in closed settings, with high attack rates. On October 16, 2008, a norovirus GID outbreak occurred at a Singapore military camp. This study describes the epidemiological investigations conducted to determine the cause of outbreak and the efficacy of the public health measures implemented.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Epidemiologic investigations included a case-control study of exposure to different food items and an environmental exposure survey. Stool samplings of patients and food handlers for common pathogens, and microbiologic testing of food and water samples were performed. Inspection of dining facilities and health screening of all food-handlers were also conducted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 156 GID cases were reported on October 15-31, 2008. 24 (15.4%) personnel were positive for norovirus. The predominant symptoms were diarrhoea (76.3%) and abdominal pain (69.2%). There was no clinical correlation between any food item and the affected personnel. Testing of food and water samples, dining facility inspections and health screening of food handlers showed satisfactory results. The environmental exposure survey indicated possible transmission due to environmental contamination by vomitus in common areas. Comprehensive environmental decontamination was performed with hypochlorite solution, and personal hygiene measures were enforced. The outbreak lasted 17 days, with a decline in cases post intervention.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Timely notification and prompt response can curtail disease transmission. Swift implementation of public health measures, such as emphasis on personal hygiene, isolation of affected cases and comprehensive disinfection of the environment, effectively stopped norovirus transmission and may be adapted for future GID outbreaks.</p>

Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined

Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

Clinical diagnostic analysis of 28 cases of malaria diagnosed in Pusan

BACKGROUND: Pusan is geographically far away from the indigenous area of malaria. It is the area where the tourists and foreigners travel through frequently because of the port. We investigated the situation in Pusan concerning malaria through the examination of malaria patients who contracted it recently. We found the ways to decrease erroneous diagnosis presuming malaria on the basis of these studies. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 28 confirmed cases of malaria with the chief complaint of repeated high fever, who were admitted and treated in the Pusan Adventist Hospital and Pusan Samsun Hospital from June 1997 to August 2000. RESULTS: 25 cases were indigenous and 3 patients were imported cases contracted overseas. Peripheral blood smears revealed Plasmodium vivax in all indigenous cases, whereas 2 were P. falciparum and 1 case was P. vivax in the imported cases. Yeonchon-goon(9 cases) was the most prevalent area in the indigenous cases. Africa and Southeast Asia(3 cases) were the contracted areas in the imported cases. 27 cases were men and 1 case was a woman among the 28 cases, and the incidence was high peak in 8-10 month. Most of the patients(72.1%) were in the their 20's, and most of all had worked in the military bases near the demilitarized zone(DMZ). Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were found more frequently by the laboratory findings. 23 of the cases(82%) were suspected to be malaria, before we confirmed it by peripheral blood smears. CONCLUSION: The number of patients with indigenous malaria from the other areas in Korea and patients with malaria from foreign countries will be expected to increase. Before we confirmed the malaria by peripheral blood smears, the cases suspected of malaria were 82.1%. This is a high diagnostic rate due to careful history taking and physical examination. The doctors decreased the rate of erroneous diagnosis of malaria and should be careful in the choice of the proper drugs.