Cardiopatía isquémica. Consideraciones para la atención odontológica / Ischemic heart disease. Considerations for dental treatment

La cardiopatía isquémica es un padecimiento que se caracteriza por la falta de oxígeno del músculo cardiaco y es la principal causa de infarto de miocardio. Existen múltiples factores que predisponen al desarrollo de ésta como la obesidad, la hiperlipidemia, el sedenta- rismo, tabaquismo, diabetes e hipertensión. Dadas las características que configuran la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, existen diversas consideraciones que deben ser tomadas en cuenta toda vez que el estomatólogo brinde atención a un paciente con este padecimiento. El objetivo del presente artículo es conocer todo lo relacionado con la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, sus manifestaciones clínicas, su tratamiento médico y lo más importante, las consideraciones que deben tomarse en el consultorio dental cuando se atienda a un paciente que padezca esta condición (AU)

Ischemic heart disease is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle and is the main cause of myocardial infarction. There are multiple factors that predispose to the development of this, such as obesity, hiyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Given the characteristics that make up the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, there are various considerations that must be taken into account whenever the stomatologist provides care to a patient with this condition. The objective of this article is to know everything related to the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, its clinical manifestation, its medical treatment and most importantly, the considerations that must be taken in the dental office when caring for a patient with this condition (AU)

Tanshinone IIA ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Th17 cells differentiation

Purpose: Tanshinone IIA is a well-known lipophilic active constituent refined from traditional Chinese medicines, danshen. It has been previously demonstrated to possess various biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, promoting angiogenesis effect and so on. However, the mechanism of tanshinone IIA on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on MI/RI. Methods: MI/RI rat models were set up. Echocardiographic evaluation and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to analyze the cardiac function and morphology of MI/RI. Western blot was conducted for the detection of protein expression of pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1 in heart tissues. Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used for the detection of proinflammatory cytokines and Th17 cells differentiation. Results: We found that tanshinone IIA alleviated the myocardial damage of MI/RI, ameliorated the overall and local inflammatory reaction, and produced a cardioprotective effect by inhibiting of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Th17/Treg cells differentiation. Conclusions: Our results highlighted the cardio-protective effect of tanshinone IIA on MI/RI and uncovered its underlying mechanism related to the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and the modulation of Th17/Treg cells differentiation.

Naringin attenuates acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via miR126/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signaling pathway

Introduction: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the mechanisms contributing to the high mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction. Purpose: This study intended to study the role of naringin in cardiac I/R injury. Methods: AC16 cells (human cardiomyocyte cell line) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) treatment and/or naringin pretreatment. Then, the apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and Western blotting. The concentration of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. How naringin influenced microRNA expression was examined by microarrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to evaluate the interaction between miR-126 and GSK-3ß. The GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signaling pathway was examined by Western blotting. Finally, rat myocardial I/R model was created to examine the effects of naringin in vivo. Results: Naringin pretreatment significantly decreased the cytokine release and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes exposed to OGD/R. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that naringin upregulated miR-126 expression considerably. Also, it was found that miR-126 can bind GSK-3ß and downregulate its expression, suggesting that naringin could decrease GSK-3ß activity. Next, we discovered that naringin increased ß-catenin activity in cardiomyocytes treated with OGD/R by inhibiting GSK-3ß expression. Our animal experiments showed that naringin pre-treatment or miR-126 agomir alleviated myocardial I/R. Conclusions: Naringin preconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury via regulating miR-126/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signaling pathway, and this chemical can be used to treat acute myocardial infarction.

Mortalidad y hospitalización en una consulta de anticoagulación y trombosis: Experiencia del Centro Cardiovascular Regional Ascardio / Mortality and hospitalization of an anticoagulation and thrombosis consult experience from the Centro Cardiovascular Regional Ascardio

El tratamiento anticoagulante oral con fármacos inhibidores de la vitamina K como la warfarina se viene utilizando desde hace décadas para la terapia y prevención de la enfermedad tromboembólica con efectos secundarios ampliamente conocidos, pero con una utilidad clínica bien contrastada. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la proporción de mortalidad y hospitalización de la consulta de anticoagulación y trombosis del Centro Cardiovascular Regional ASCARDIO en el año 2017 para lo cual se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó una muestra de 294 pacientes. La principal indicación de anticoagulación fue la fibrilación auricular (73%) seguida de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (13%) e isquemia miocárdica (9%). Se registró una mortalidad de 11,7% siendo la principal causa de muerte de origen cardíaco (58%). La edad promedio de los pacientes fallecidos fue de 65 años, siendo 53% del sexo femenino; para el momento de la muerte, el 65% de los pacientes estaba tomando warfarina. La hospitalización se observó en el 10% de la muestra siendo la principal causa de la misma la cardíaca (60%) seguida de causas hemorrágicas (18%); de los pacientes hospitalizados, la edad promedio fue de 66 años siendo 52% del sexo femenino; el 90% de los pacientes estaba tomando warfarina al momento de la hospitalización. El análisis de riesgo para mortalidad y hospitalización según causa y estatus de warfarina no mostró significancia estadística. No se evidenció relación de riesgo estadísticamente significativa entre muerte, hospitalización y estatus de la warfarina. Hubo mayor proporción de muertes (45%) y hospitalización (17%) en el grupo que ingresó con diagnóstico de isquemia miocárdica(AU)

Oral anticoagulant treatment with vitamin K inhibitor drugs such as warfarin has been used for decades for the therapy and prevention of thromboembolic disease with widely known side effects but with well-proven clinical utility. To determine the proportion of mortality and hospitalization of the anticoagulation and thrombosis clinic of the ASCARDIO Regional Cardiovascular Center in 2017 a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out that included a sample of 294 patients. The results show that the main indication for anticoagulation was atrial fibrillation (73%) followed by venous thromboembolic disease (13%) and myocardial ischemia (9%). An 11.7% mortality rate was observed. The mean age of the deceased was 65 years with a slight prevalence of the female sex (53%). The main cause of death was cardiac (58%) and 65% of the deceased patients were taking warfarin at the moment of death. A 10% hospitalization rate was observed with an average age of hospitalized patients of 66 years; 52% were females. The main cause of hospitalization was cardiac (60%) followed by hemorrhage (18%) and 90% of the patients were taking warfarin at the time of hospitalization. The risk analysis for mortality and hospitalization according to cause and status of warfarin did not show statistical significance. There was a higher proportion of deaths (45%) and hospitalization (17%) in the group admitted with a diagnosis of myocardial ischemia(AU)

Network pharmacology study of Tibetan medicine Corydalis Herba against acute myocardial ischemia / 中国中药杂志

In this study, the compound search was completed through SciFinder and CNKI databases, and the drug-like properties were screened in FAFdrugs4 and SEA Search Server databases. In addition, based on the target sets related to acute myocardial ischemia(AMI) searched in disease target databases such as OMIM database, GeneCards database and DrugBank, a network diagram of chemical component-target-pathway-disease was established via Cytoscape to predict the potential active components of Corydalis Herba, a traditional Tibetan herbal medicine which derived from the aerial parts of Corydalis hendersonii and C. mucronifera against AMI. A protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was constructed through the STRING database and the core targets in the network were predicted. And the enrichment analyses of core targets were completed by DAVID database and R software. Furthermore, a molecular docking method was used to verify the binding of the components with core targets using softwares such as Autodock Vina. The present results showed that there were 60 compounds related to AMI in Corydalis Herba, involving 73 potential targets. The GO functional enrichment analysis obtained 282 biological processes(BP), 49 cell components(CC) and 78 molecular functions(MF). KEGG was enriched into 85 pathways, including alcoholism pathway, endocrine resistance pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway and adrenergic signaling transduction pathway of myocardial cells. The results of network topology analysis showed that the key components of anti-AMI of Corydalis Herba might be tetrahydropalmatine, etrahydrocolumbamine, N-trans-feruloyloctopamine, N-cis-p-coumaroyloctopamine, N-trans-p-coumaroylnoradrenline and N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine, and their core targets might be CDH23, SCN4 B and NFASC. The results of molecular docking showed that the key components of Corydalis Herba had stable binding activity with the core targets. This study provides reference for further elucidation of the pharmacological effects of Corydalis Herba against AMI, subsequent clinical application, and development.

Effect of total phenolic part of Rhus chinensis against myocardial ischemia in mice / 中国中药杂志

Rhus chinensis is an important resource plant. The aqueous extract of R. chinensis roots or stems was to produce Shuguantong Syrup, which is mainly used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris with definite curative effect. On this basis, the crude phenolic part of R. chinensis prepared by macroporous resin was evaluated for the cardio protective effect against myocardial ischemia in mice. The results showed that the phenolic part group with oral administration at the dosages of 190.8-381.6 mg·kg~(-1), compared with the model group, reduced the values of left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVEDs) and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDd), and increased the cardiac ejection fraction(EF) and left ventricular fractional shortening(FS) rate, which could effectively improve cardiac function and exert its anti-myocardial ischemia effect, and reduce the rising levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum. HE staining showed that the phenolic part group reduced the infiltration of myocardial inflammatory cells and alleviated the degree of myocardial fibrosis and collagen deposition. TUNEL staining showed that the blue-green fluorescence of the phenolic part group decreased successively, and the degree of myocardial cell apoptosis was reduced. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that it could reduce the number of positive cells for p53 protein expression and significantly improve myocardial cell damage. All above data suggested that the phenolic part group had an anti-mycardial ischemis effect. Related mechanism studies revealed that the crude phenolic part could regulate the expressions of the p53 gene(p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax), B lymphoma-2 gene(Bcl-2), and caspase-3 protein(caspase-3) in myocardial tissue, suggesting that it could reduce cardiac remodeling and myocardial ischemic damage, and improve cardiac function by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis.This research laid a foundation for the elucidation of the pharmacological ingredients R. chinensis.

Cardioprotective effect of taurine and ß-alanine against cardiac disease in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion-induced rats

BACKGROUND: The present study analyzed the synergistic protective effect of ß-alanine and taurine against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size, lipid peroxidation, and levels of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and the mRNA and protein expression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator 3 of transcription (STAT3) were determined. The molecular docking was carried out by using AutoDock 4.2.1. RESULTS: Combined treatment with ß-alanine and taurine reduced myocardial infarct size, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory marker, ROS levels, and apoptosis and increased Gpx, SOD activity, GSH, and catalase activity. Furthermore, combined treatment significantly reduced JAK2 and STAT3 mRNA and protein expression compared with the control. The small molecule was docked over the SH2 domain of a STAT3, and binding mode was determined to investigate the inhibitory potential of ß-alanine and taurine. ß-Alanine bound to SH2 domain with ΔG of -7.34 kcal/mol and KI of 1.91 µM. Taurine bound to SH2 domain with ΔG of -7.38 kcal/mol and KI of 1.95 µM. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that the combined supplementation of ß-alanine and taurine should be further investigated as an effective therapeutic approach in achieving cardioprotection in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.

Cardioprotective effects of pharmacological blockade of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether the attenuation of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload produced by pharmacological blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) protects the myocardium against injuries caused by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR). Methods CIR was induced in adult male Wistar rats (300-350 g) by occlusion of the left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min), followed by reperfusion (120 min). Rats were treated with different doses of MCU blocker ruthenium red (RuR), administered 5 min before ischemia or reperfusion. Results In untreated rats, the incidences of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and the lethality (LET) induced by CIR were 85%, 79% and 70%, respectively. In rats treated with RuR before ischemia, the incidences of VA, AVB and LET were significantly reduced to 62%, 25% and 25%, respectively. In rats treated with RuR after ischemia, the incidences of VA, AVB and LET were significantly reduced to 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively. Conclusion The significant reduction of the incidence of CIR-induced VA, AVB and LET produced by the treatment with RuR indicates that the attenuation of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload produced by pharmacological blockade of MCU can protect the myocardium against injuries caused by CIR.

Pharmacological evaluation of Mongolian medicine Syringa pinnatifolia fraction I against acute myocardial ischemia in mice / 中国中药杂志

Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.( SP) is a representative Mongolian folk medicine with the effects of inhibiting Heyi related diseases,clearing heat and relieving pain. It has been used for the treatment of Heyi-induced heart tingling,heart palpitations,upset,insomnia and other symptoms. Total ethanol extract( T) and major fraction( M) of SP have been evaluated its anti-ischemic effects,and the mechanism was related to the regulation of cyclooxygenase( COX)-mediated inflammatory pathway and p53-mediated apoptosis pathway in our previous studies. This study reports the chemical fractionation on M by which to obtain subfractions( I and M_3),and the pharmacological evaluation of M,I,and M_3 against myocardial ischemia in mice. The result showed that I and M reduced the values of LVEDd and LVEDs,significantly increased EF and FS values,increased serum CK-MB and LDH levels in mice,and reduced in inflammatory cells infiltration and collagen deposition in the infarcted myocardial tissue,suggesting that M and I possess the same degree anti-myocardial is chemia equally whereas M_3 has no this effect. Related mechanism studies suggested that I can reduce the expression of COX-1,COX-2 and p53 protein in myocardial tissue in a dose-dependent manner. This study lays the foundation for further chemical segmentation and clarification of pharmacological substance groups,paving the way for the full use and benefits to be use of systematic biological methods to analyze the pharmacological basis of SP against myocardial ischemia.

¿Es realmente útil la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés para detectar isquemia y predecir eventos en pacientes con distinto perfil de riesgo cardiovascular? / Is stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance really useful to detect ischemia and predict events in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile?

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica de la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés (RMCE) en pacientes con distinto perfil de riesgo cardiovascular y la importancia del grado de hipoperfusión en la toma de decisiones clínicas. Método: Se analizaron los pacientes sometidos a RMCE con adenosina por sospecha de isquemia miocárdica. Se evaluó su precisión diagnóstica mediante los cocientes de probabilidad (CP) y su valor pronóstico mediante curvas de supervivencia y regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se estudió a 295 pacientes. El CP positivo fue 3.40 y el negativo 0.47. Se demostró una mayor utilidad de la resonancia en: pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica conocida (CP positivo 4.85); pacientes con dolor torácico atípico (CP positivo 8.56);pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular bajo o intermedio (CP positivo 3.87), y pacientes con hipoperfusión moderada o grave (CP positivo 8.63). Se registraron 60 eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Los pacientes con resultado negativo (p = 0.001) o hipoperfusión leve (p = 0.038) presentaron una supervivencia mayor. En el análisis multivariante, un resultado moderado o grave aumentó la probabilidad de sufrir eventos (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.2; IC 95% 1.26-3.92), sin diferencias entre resultado positivo leve y negativo (HR = 0.93; IC 95% 0.38-2.28). Conclusiones: La RMCE tuvo una mayor utilidad en pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular bajo o intermedio, con dolor torácico atípico, sin cardiopatía isquémica conocida y en aquellos con hipoperfusión moderada o grave. Además, el grado de hipoperfusión fue el principal factor para guiar las decisiones clínicas.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (stress CMR) in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile and to assess if the degree of hypoperfusion is important to guide clinical decisions. Method: We included patients submitted to adenosine stress CMR to rule out myocardial ischemia. We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy with likelihood ratio (LR) and its prognostic value with survival curves and a Cox regression model. Results: 295 patients were studied. The positive LR was 3.40 and the negative one 0.47. The maximal usefulness of the test was found in patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy (positive LR 4.85), patients with atypical chest pain (positive LR 8.56), patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk (positive LR 3.87) and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion (positive LR 8.63). Sixty cardiovascular major events were registered. The best survival prognosis was found in patients with a negative result (p = 0.001) or mild hypoperfusion (p = 0.038). In the multivariate analysis, a moderate or severe hypoperfusion increased cardiovascular event probability (HR = 2.2; IC 95% 1.26-3.92), with no differences between a mild positive and a negative result (HR = 0.93; IC 95% 0.38-2.28). Conclusions: Stress CMR was specially useful in patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk, patients with atypical chest pain, patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion. Hypoperfusion degree was the main issue factor to guide clinical decisions.

Patient adherence to ischemic heart disease treatment / Adesão do paciente ao tratamento da doença isquêmica do coração

Summary Introduction: The effectiveness of the treatment of chronic diseases depends on the participation of the patient, influenced by different sociocultural factors, which are not fully recognized by the treatment routine. Objective: To search for some of these factors that hinder or facilitate adherence to treatment and use of healthcare resources, approaching patients with ischemic heart disease. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using face-to-face interviews. We applied semi-structured questionnaires to 347 individuals and recorded 141 interviews for qualitative analysis. Descriptors were selected to identify eight categories of analyses. The quantitative data were submitted to descriptive analysis of frequency. Results: Only 2% had good medication adherence according to score on Morisky questionnaire. About 23% bought statins; the others obtained statin in the public health institution. Thirty-six speeches were selected and classified according to the following categories: knowledge about disease and medication, difficulty of acquisition, self management of treatment, difficulties of access to health services, side effect of statins, caregiver support, transportation to health services and concerns about the disease progression. However, it was noticed that about 1/3 of the care outside the research institution can be characterized as an attempt to bring rationalization to the health system. Conclusion: The improved adherence to chronic treatment of ischemic heart disease depends on the establishment of effective flows for referral and counter-referral from one care unit to another, relevant information and clarification of the questions for the patients and the attention of health professionals to the many social and cultural factors involved in treatment adherence. New research should be focused on educational groups by integrated multidisciplinary teams in order to share treatment decisions, thereby increasing the patient's commitment to his own health.

Resumo Introdução: A efetividade do tratamento das doenças crônicas depende da participação do paciente, influenciada por diferentes motivos socioculturais, pouco reconhecidos pela rotina assistencial. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de adesão ao tratamento e o uso dos recursos assistenciais de pacientes com doença isquêmica do coração. Método: Estudo transversal com entrevistas presenciais de 347 indivíduos submetidos a questionários semiestruturados, com 141 delas gravadas para análise qualitativa com identificação dos descritores distribuídos por oito categorias. Os dados quantitativos tiveram análise descritiva de frequência. Resultados: Somente 2% tiveram boa adesão medicamentosa; 23% compraram estatina, os demais obtiveram o medicamento em serviços públicos. Foram classificadas 36 falas com as categorias: conhecimento sobre a doença e o tratamento, dificuldade de aquisição do medicamento, gerenciamento pessoal do tratamento, acesso aos serviços de saúde, efeito colateral das estatinas, apoio do cuidador, transporte até o ambulatório, receios quanto à evolução da doença, efeito colateral das estatinas. Foi observado que 1/3 dos atendimentos fora da instituição podem ser caracterizados como tentativa de racionalização da rede. Conclusão: A melhora da adesão ao tratamento da doença isquêmica do coração depende do estabelecimento de fluxos efetivos para referência e contrarreferência entre unidades assistenciais; adequada informação e esclarecimento das dúvidas do paciente; atenção dos profissionais de saúde aos múltiplos fatores sociais e culturais envolvidos com a adesão. São necessários novos estudos sobre o papel da assistência farmacêutica, grupos educativos e integração da equipe multiprofissional no engajamento do paciente para compartilhar as decisões sobre o tratamento, e assim ampliar seu grau de comprometimento com a própria saúde.

Eficacia y seguridad de trimetazidina 35mg en pacientes adultos con cardiopatia isquemica refractaria y no tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica / Efficacy and safety of trimetazidine 35mg in adult patients with refractory ischemic heart disease and non-tributary to percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología sanitaria acerca de la eficacia y seguridad del medicamento Trimetazidina 35mg para el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y no tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Aspectos Generales: La angina pectoris estable es un síndrome clínico de dolor, presión o molestia temporal en el pecho pudiéndose extender a la mandíbula, hombro, espalda o brazo. Es la manifestación clínica más común de la cardiopatía isquémica, la cual es la principal causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos. Los factores pronósticos más importantes de la angina pectoris son la función sistólica ventricular y clase funcional además de co-morbilidades como la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad vascular periférica. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: El medicamento Trimetazidina (Vastarel®, Laboratorios Servier) es un anti-angínico, inhibidor parcial de la oxidación de ácidos grasos, con fórmula química Trimetazidina-1-(2,3,4 trimetoxi benzil)-piperazina dihidroclorido, que inhibe la enzima [3-Ketoacil-CoA tiolasa, la cual forma parte del proceso de oxidación de ácidos grasos en las células. METODOLOGIA: Estrategia de Busqueda: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio - antagonistas y beta bloqueadores en dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA), la EMA y la DIGEMID. Posteriormente se buscaron Guías de Práctica Clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), The National Guideline of Clearinghouse, y Health Systems Evidence. Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), que a su vez fue complementada con una búsqueda en www.clinicaltrials.gov, para identificar estudios primarios en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados aún. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda bibliográfica se encontró evidencia que sustenta la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio ­ antagonistas y beta bloqueadores a dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se encontró evidencia acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio - antagonistas y beta bloqueadores a dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se ha encontrado evidencia acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y que no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados evidencian que TMZ no ha demostrado ser superior a otros agentes anti-angínicos como monoterapia de primera línea. Sin embargo, se encontraron resultados de eficacia muy limitada para el tratamiento con TMZ como medicamento concomitante a otras terapias óptimas como beta-bloqueadores, calcio-antagonistas y nitratos en pacientes cuya condición clínica no haya sido controlada adecuadamente por los mismos o que sean intolerantes a ellas. Se encontró que la eficacia mínima de TMZ en terapia combinada, fue evaluada para desenlaces secundarios y no relevantes para la evaluación establecida en el presente Dictamen. No existen en la actualidad estudios que evalúen desenlaces duros y clínicamente importantes desde la perspectiva del paciente. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, no aprueba el uso de Trimetazidina MR 35mg BID para el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y que no son tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de su publicación.

Cardioprotection against experimental myocardial ischemic injury using cornin

Phosphorylated-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (Phospho-CREB) has an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. We isolated the iridoid glycoside cornin from the fruit of Verbena officinalis L, investigated its effects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo, and elucidated its potential mechanism in vitro. Effects of cornin on cell viability, as well as expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in hypoxic H9c2 cells in vitro, and myocardial I/R injury in vivo, were investigated. Cornin attenuated hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity significantly in H9c2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of H9c2 cells with cornin (10 µM) blocked the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in a hypoxic condition. Treatment of rats with cornin (30 mg/kg, iv) protected them from myocardial I/R injury as indicated by a decrease in infarct volume, improvement in hemodynamics, and reduction of severity of myocardial damage. Cornin treatment also attenuated the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in ischemic myocardial tissue. These data suggest that cornin exerts protective effects due to an increase in expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt.

Intraoperative "Kounis syndrome" that improved electrocardiography changes and hemodynamic situation afteradministering nitroglycerine / Síndrome de Kounis intraoperatória com melhoria das alterações eletrocardiográficas e da situação hemodinâmica após a administração de nitroglicerina / Síndrome de Kounis intraoperatorio con mejoría de las alteraciones electrocardiográficas y de la situación hemodinámica después de la administración de nitroglicerina

A 58-year-old female without cardiovascular risk factors, was going to be operated to repair the rotator cuff. Induction and interscalene brachial plexus block were uneventful, but after her placement for surgery the patient started with severe bronchospasm, hypotension, cutaneous allergic reaction and ST elevation on the electrocardiogram. An anaphylactic shock was suspected and treated but until the perfusion of nitroglycerina was started no electrocardiographic changes resolved. After necessary diagnostic test the final diagnosis was variant I of Kounis syndrome due to cefazolin and rocuronium. Ephinephrine is the cornerstone of treatment for anaphylaxis but should we use it if the anaphylactic reaction is also accompanied by myocardial ischemia? The answer is that we should not use it because myocardial ischemia in this syndrome is caused by vasospasm, so it would be more useful drugs such as nitroglycerin. But what if we do not know if it is a Kounis syndrome or not? In this article we report our experience that maybe could help you in a similar situation.

Paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, sem fator de risco cardiovascular, submetida a cirurgia para reparação do manguito rotador. A indução do bloqueio do plexo braquial interescalênico foi feita sem intercorrência, mas, após seu posicionamento para a cirurgia, a paciente apresentou broncoespasmo grave, hipotensão, reação alérgica cutânea e elevação do segmento ST ao eletrocardiograma. Houve suspeita de choque anafilático que foi tratado, mas até que a perfusão de nitroglicerina fosse iniciada não houve resolução das alterações eletrocardiográficas. Após teste diagnóstico necessário, o diagnóstico final foi de variante tipo I da síndrome de Kounis por causa de cefazolina e rocurônio. Epinefrina é a base sólida do tratamento para anafilaxia, mas devemos usá-la se a reação anafilática também for acompanhada de isquemia miocárdica? A resposta é que não devemos usá-la, porque a isquemia miocárdica nessa síndrome é causada por vasoespasmo; portanto, drogas como a nitroglicerina seriam mais úteis. Porém, e quando não sabemos se é ou não uma síndrome de Kounis? Neste artigo relatamos nossa experiência que, talvez, possa ajudar em uma situação similar.

Paciente del sexo femenino, 58 años de edad, sin factor de riesgo cardiovascular, sometida a cirugía para la reparación del manguito rotador. La inducción del bloqueo del plexo braquial interescalénico fue realizada sin intercurrencias, pero después de su posicionamiento para la cirugía, la paciente presentó broncoespasmo grave, hipotensión, reacción alérgica cutánea y elevación del segmento ST al electrocardiograma. Hubo sospecha de choque anafiláctico que fue tratado, pero hasta que la perfusión de nitroglicerina se iniciase no hubo resolución de las alteraciones electrocardiográficas. Después del test diagnóstico necesario, el diagnóstico final fue de variante tipo i del síndrome de Kounis debido a la cefazolina y al rocuronio. La epinefrina es la base sólida del tratamiento para la anafilaxia, pero ¿debemos usarla si la reacción anafiláctica también viene seguida de isquemia miocárdica? La respuesta es que no debemos usarla porque la isquemia miocárdica en ese síndrome está causada por el vasoespasmo; por tanto, fármacos como la nitroglicerina serían más útiles. Sin embargo, ¿y cuando no sabemos si es o no un síndrome de Kounis? En este artículo, relatamos nuestra experiencia que, tal vez, pueda ayudarle a usted a hacer frente a una situación similar.

Idiopathic pulmonary artery aneursym.

Idopathic pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) is a rare lesion. Clinical experience with this condition is limited and current knowledge is mainly derived from autopsy findings. We report a patient who came to us with complaints of chest pain, breathlessness on exertion and pedal oedema and was diagnosed to have PAA.

Appropriate candidates for statin use in heart failure

No abstract available.