Caracterização do perfil lipídico de peixes e produtos derivados de pescado / Characterization of the lipid profile of fish and derivative products of fish

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil lipídico de alguns peixes e derivados de pescado por meio de amostras de produtos comprados em estabelecimentos comerciais. Foram realizadas a extração dos lipídeos, esterificação e análise cromatográfica para a determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos. Houve diferença em relação à composição dos ácidos graxos (C14:0; C16:1; C18:3ω3; C22:0; C20:5ω3 (EPA) e C22:6ω3 (DHA)) e na relação ω6/ω3. Os produtos derivados de pescado possuem relação ω6/ω3 maiores que os peixes, devendo-se ao processo de beneficiamento a que foram submetidos. O ácido graxo eicosapentaenóico (EPA) apresentou maiores concentrações na sardinha, diferentemente do ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) que está mais presente no atum, evidenciando que ambos os pescados são boas fontes para obtenção destes ácidos graxos ω3.

Lipophilic metabolite profiling of maize and sorghum seeds and seedlings, and their pest spotted stem borer larvae: A standardized GC-MS based approach.

In order to better understand the biochemical interactions and to identify new biomarkers for plant resistance against insects, we proposed a suitable lipophilic profiling method for insects and their host plants. The critical components of GC-MS based analysis are: sample amount, extraction, derivatization, temperature gradient, run time, and identification of peaks. For lipophilic metabolite profiling of maize and sorghum, and their insect pest, spotted stem borer larvae, we recommend 100 mg sample weight for seeds and insect samples (whole insect body), and 200 mg for seedlings. Maize and sorghum seeds required less time for fat extraction in comparison to their seedlings and the pest fed on these seedlings. GC-MS was standardized for better separation and intensity of peaks using different temperature gradients in the range of 180-300 C. A total of 48 lipophilic compounds encompassing various classes based on their functional groups such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons, sterols and terpenoids, vitamin derivative, etc. were separated in the seedlings (30), seeds (14), and the pest (26) in the retention time range of 3.22 to 29.41 min. This method could be useful to study nutritional aspects of different field crops in relation to various stresses apart from the analysis of lipophilic compounds for better understanding of insect-plant interactions.

Teores de proteínas e lipídeos de Chlorella sp. cultivada em concentrado de dessalinização residual / Protein and lipid contents from Chlorella sp. Cultivated in residual concentrated desalination

A dessalinização é um método de obtenção de água potável limitado pelos problemas ambientais, causados pelo resíduo gerado em seu processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o cultivo de Chlorella sp., em meio de cultura a base de concentrado de dessalinização, e determinar os teores de proteínas e lipídeos ao longo dos ciclos de cultivo. Os cultivos foram desenvolvidos em fotobiorreatores cônicos invertidos (4L) e mantidos durante 28 dias resultando em quatro ciclos de cultivo. Para cada ciclo de cultivo, os valores de biomassa (peso seco, g L-1) resultaram em 1º ciclo, 1,55; 2º ciclo, 0,96; 3º ciclo, 0,62, e 4º ciclo em 0,42. Os teores de proteínas e lipídeos variaram entre 45,2 a 48,8% e 8,5 a 11,4%, respectivamente. O primeiro ciclo de cultivo apresentou a maior produtividade em biomassa (PB = 200 mg L-1 dia-1) e produtividade lipídica (PL = 19,6 mg L-1 dia-1), bem como o maior teor de proteínas (48,8%). O maior teor de lipídeos (11,4%) foi obtido no segundo ciclo de cultivo. Foi observado, nos quatro ciclos de cultivo, que a produtividade em biomassa está diretamente correlacionada com a produtividade lipídica, indicando que quanto maior a PB maior será a PL. Os resultados da cultura de Chlorella sp. demonstraram que é possível utilizar o concentrado de dessalinização residual como meio de cultura alternativo e obter biomassa ao longo de quatro ciclos de cultivo, sem comprometer os teores de proteínas e lipídeos na célula microalgal.

Desalination process is a method of obtaining potable drinking water which is limited by environmental problems caused by the waste generated in the process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultivation of Chlorella sp. in a culture medium based on residual concentrated desalination and determines the protein and lipid contents along the cultivation cycles. The cultures were developed in a reverse conical photobioreactors (4L) during 28 days resulting in four cultivation cycles. For each cultivation cycle, the value of biomass (dry weight g L-1) resulted: 1st cycle, 1.55 g; 2nd cycle, 0.96; 3rd cycle, 0.62 and 4th cycle, 0.42. The protein and lipid levels ranged from 45.2 to 48.8% and 8.5 to 11.4%, respectively. The first cultivation cycle showed the highest biomass productivity (PB = 200 mg L-1 dia-1) and lipid productivity (PL = 19.6 mg L-1 dia-1), as well as the highest protein content (48.8%). The highest lipid content (11.4%) was observed on second cultivation cycle. It was observed during the four cultivation cycles that the biomass productivity is directly correlated to lipid productivity, indicating that higher PB higher will be PL. The results from this study showed that it is possible to growth Chlorella sp. in a culture medium based on residual concentrated desalination for biomass production along the four cultivation cycles and also, without compromise the protein and lipid contents into the microalgal cell.

The cuticular hydrocarbons of the Triatoma sordida species subcomplex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The cuticular hydrocarbons of the Triatoma sordida subcomplex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) were ana-lysed by gas chromatography and their structures identified by mass spectrometry. They comprised mostly n-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes with one-four methyl substitutions. n-alkanes consisted of a homologous series from C21-C33 and represented 33-45% of the hydrocarbon fraction; n-C29 was the major component. Methyl-branched alkanes showed alkyl chains from C24-C43. High molecular weight dimethyl and trimethylalkanes (from C35-C39) represented most of the methyl-branched fraction. A few tetramethylalkanes were also detected, comprising mostly even-numbered chains. Several components such as odd-numbered 3-methylalkanes, dimethylalkanes and trimethylalkanes of C37 and C39 showed patterns of variation that allowed the differentiation of the species and populations studied. Triatoma guasayana and Triatoma patagonica showed the most distinct hydrocarbon patterns within the subcomplex. The T. sordida populations from Brazil and Argentina showed significantly different hydrocarbon profiles that posed concerns regarding the homogeneity of the species. Triatoma garciabesi had a more complex hydrocarbon pattern, but it shared some similarity with T. sordida. The quantitative and qualitative variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons may help to elucidate the relationships between species and populations of this insect group.

Perfil lipíco neonatal vs. perfil lipídico placentario

El presente trabajo fue realizado en las salas de parto del Hospital de Caldas en Manizales y se determinó si al momento de realizar exámenes de laboratorio que tengan que ver con los lípidos de cordón umbilical, puede hacerse la punción del lado neonatal o del lado placentario indistintamente. Se tomaron muestras de sangre mediante punción (3 ml) para determinar el perfil lipídico en 56 nacimientos espóntaneos normales, tanto del lado placentario, como del lado neonataldel cordón umbilical para realizar la comparación utilizando una prueba t de student. La determinación del perfil lipídico se realizó mediante el método enzimático-colorimétrico. Encontramos diferencia altamente significativa (p<0.01) al analizar los niveles de triglicéridos de ambos lados y altamente significativa (p<0.01) al comparar Colesterol VLDL. Por tal motivo recomendamos para hacer la determinación del perfil lipídico al momento de nacer, tomar la muestra del lado neonatal después de pinzado el cordón umbilical

Aspiración pulmonar en niños: cuantificación de macrófagos alveolar cargados de lípidos / Pulmonary aspiration in children: quantification of lipid laden alveolar macrophages

The search for lipid laden macrophages in sputum could be a simple diagnosis method for pulmonary aspiration. To assess the usefulness of sputum lipid laden macrophages in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspiration, 16 children aged 0 to 4 years old, admitted with aspiration pneumonia were studied. The diagnosis was based on clinical grounds (vomiting or radiologically diagnosed swallowing abnormalities plus persistent pulmonary condensations) or radionucleide milk scanning. As controls, 6 children of 1 to 5 years old, admitted for elective tonsillectomy, were studied. Sputum was stained with Sudan III-Hematoxylin, 100 macrophages were read and each cell received a score from 0 to 4 according to the degree of ataining. Lipid laden macrophages of children with aspiration pneumonia had a mean score of 150ñ107 (8-323) compared with those of controls that had a score of 1.3ñ1.5 (0-4). The study of sputum lipid laden macrophages may be a useful diagnostic method for aspiration pneumonia

Apoproteínas A1 y B: valores de referencia para la población de manizales

Se determinaron los valores de refernecia de apoproteínas A1 (apo A1) y B (apo B) para la población de Manizales. Para tal efecto fue realizado un muestreo estratificado proporcional de conglomerados. Sobre un total de 186 pacientes se realizaron cuantificaciones de lípidos séricos y apo A1 y apo B, y se calcularon los promedios poblacionales mediante un análisis de distribución 2 paramétrica log-normal. Sobre los datos obtenidos se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación (r), significancia estadística de tales coeficientes y análisis de regresión de los valores de aoproteínas con los lípidos séricos, edad y sexo. Los resulatdos obtenidos muestran diferencias en los niveles de apoproteínas por grupos de edad observándose valores inferiores de apo A1 y B en el grupo de personas de 15 a 24 años. los valores de apo A1 se incrementan hasta los 44 años en los hombres y van disminuyendo paulatinamente; en las mujeres el incremento se presenta hasta los 59 años y disminuye ligeramente después de los 60 años. Respecto a los valores de apo B se observa el mismo comportamiento. Sin embargo, la correlación apo A1 y B con edad es muy baja. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los promedios de apo A 1 y B por grupos de edad y según el sexo. Realizadas las correlaciones con los diferentes lípidos séricos los valores más altos observados fueron A1 con C-HDL (0.38) y de apo B con colesterol total (0.45), con C-LDL (0.34). La significancia de estas correlaciones es de P<0.001. Los valores de referencia obtenidos en este estudio son significativamente inferiores a los reportados en la literatura. Tales variaciones refuerzan la importancia de determinar valores de referencia que sean aplicables a la población objeto de atención en salud, dada la influencia de factores étnicos, ambientales, geográficos y nutricionales en los diferentes grupos poblacionales