Endocarditis por Lactococcus garvieae en un paciente sometido a hemodialisis crónica. Primer caso reportado en Chile y revisión de la literatura / Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis in a patient undergoing chronic hemodialysis. First case report in Chile and review of the literature

Resumen Los casos reportados de infección por Lactococcus garvieae son escasos y sólo uno asociado a hemodiálisis. Comunicamos el caso de endocarditis infecciosa de curso fatal por L. garvieae en un paciente con una enfermedad renal crónica sometido a hemodiálisis y portador de diverticulosis colónica no complicada. Se realiza una revisión de los casos publicados y se discuten los actuales desafíos diagnósticos y terapéuticos de este patógeno, capaz de producir infecciones graves y potencialmente fatales en pacientes susceptibles. Este sería el segundo caso de infección asociada a hemodiálisis y el primero reportado en Chile.

Reports of Lactococcus garvieae infections in humans are scarce, and only one of them in a patient under-going hemodialysis. We report the first case of Lactococcus garvieae infection in Chile, presenting as an infective endocarditis, ultimately fatal, in a patient with uncomplicated colonic diverticulosis and end stage renal failure undergoing chronic hemodialysis. We review the published cases and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with this new, increasingly diagnosed pathogen, capable of producing serious infections in susceptible patients.

Survey of canine tick-borne diseases in Lábrea, Brazilian Amazon: ‘accidental’ findings of Dirofilaria immitis infection / Pesquisa de agentes transmitidos por carrapatos em cães de Lábrea, Amazonas: achados “acidentais” de Dirofilaria immitis

Blood samples were collected from 99 domestic dogs from the urban and rural areas of the Lábrea municipality, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Canine serum samples were tested by immunofluorescence assay against Rickettsia spp., which revealed that only 3.0% (1/33) and 7.6% (5/66) of the dogs from urban and rural areas, respectively, reacted positively to at least one Rickettsia species. DNA was extracted from canine blood and tested by a battery of PCR assays targeting protozoa of the genera Babesia and Hepatozoon, and bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia and family Anaplasmataceae. All samples were negative in the PCR assays targeting the genera Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia. For Anaplasmataceae, 3% (1/33) and 39.4% (26/66) of the urban and rural dogs, respectively, yielded amplicons that generated DNA sequences 100% identical to the corresponding sequence of Wolbachia endosymbiont of Dirofilaria immitis. Because of these results, all canine DNA samples were further tested in a PCR assay targeting filarial nematodes, which was positive for 18.2% (6/33) and 57.6% (38/66) urban and rural dogs, respectively. Filarial-PCR products generated DNA sequences 100% identical to D. immitis. While tick-borne infections were rare in Lábrea, D. immitis infection rates were among the highest reported in South America.

Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 99 cães domésticos de áreas urbana e rural do município de Lábrea, estado do Amazonas. Soros caninos foram testados pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta contra Rickettsia spp., resultando em apenas 3,0% (1/33) e 7,6% (5/66) de cães soropositivos nas áreas urbana e rural, respectivamente. DNA foi extraído do sangue canino e testado por diferentes protocolos da PCR para detecção de protozoários dos gêneros Babesia e Hepatozoon, e bactérias dos gêneros Rickettsia e Ehrlichia e da família Anaplasmataceae. Todas as amostras foram negativas nos protocolos de PCR para os gêneros Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia e Rickettsia. Para Anaplasmataceae, 3% (1/33) e 39,4% (26/66) dos cães de áreas urbana e rural, respectivamente, geraram sequências de DNA 100% idênticas ao endosimbionte Wolbachia de Dirofilaria immitis. Posteriormente, as amostras foram testadas pela PCR para nematódeos filarídeos, resultando em 18,2% (6/33) e 57,6% (38/66) de amostras positivas nas áreas urbana e rural, respectivamente. Os produtos geraram sequências de DNA 100% idênticas a D. immitis. Em contraste com várias outras regiões do Brasil, infecções transmitidas por carrapatos foram raras em Lábrea. Por outro lado, as frequências de infecção por D. immitis estiveram entre as mais altas relatadas na América do Sul.

Endocardite por lactococcus garvieae: primeiro relato de caso da América Latina / Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis: first case report in Latin America / Endocarditis por lactococcus garvieae: primer relato de caso de América Latina

Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, é responsável por mastite em ruminantes e septicemia em peixes. Embora seja considerado oportunista e raramente causar infecções em humanos, sua incidência deve estar subestimada devido à dificuldade do diagnóstico. Há pouquíssimos relatos de osteomielite, abscesso hepático e peritonite, e apenas nove casos descritos na literatura mundial de endocardite. Relatamos o primeiro caso de endocardite por Lactococcus garvieae da América Latina em paciente portadora de prótese valvar metálica, com quadro de febre diária, calafrios, nodos de Osler e seis hemoculturas positivas para Lactococcus garvieae, que preenchiam os critérios de Duke para o diagnóstico de "endocardite infecciosa definitiva".

Lactococcus garvieae, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, is responsible for mastitis in rodents and sepsis in fish. Although deemed opportunistic and hardly ever causing infections in humans, its incidence is probably underestimated due to the difficulty in diagnosis. There are very few reports of osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and peritonitis, and only nine cases of endocarditis described in worldwide literature. We describe the first case of Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis in Latin America, in a female patient with metallic prosthetic heart valve who presented with daily fever, chills, Osler nodes and six positive blood cultures for Lactococcus garvieae, which met Duke's criteria for the diagnosis of "definitive infective endocarditis".

Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, es responsable por mastitis en rumiantes y septicemia en peces. Aunque sea considerado oportunista y raramente cause infecciones en humanos, su incidencia debe estar subestimada debido a la dificultad del diagnóstico. Hay poquísimos relatos de osteomielitis, absceso hepático y peritonitis, y apenas nueve casos descriptos en la literatura mundial de endocarditis. Relatamos el primer caso de endocarditis por Lactococcus garvieae de América Latina en paciente portadora de prótesis valvar metálica, con cuadro de fiebre diaria, escalofríos, nódulos de Osler y seis hemocultivos positivos para Lactococcus garvieae, que llenaban los criterios de Duke para el diagnóstico de "endocarditis infecciosa definitiva".

Isolation and characterization of lactococcus garvieae from diseased rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum] cultured in Iran

A total of 200 moribund rainbow trout with clinical signs of a hyperacute haemorrhagic septicemia were collected from rainbow trout farms in Fars, Kohkiloyeh-Boyer Ahmad and Charmohal-Bakhtiari provinces in the south and southwest of Iran during summer 2002 to winter 2008 for detection of Lactococcus garvieae, the causative agent of lactococcosis. Fish kidney samples were cultured aseptically onto brain heart infusion agar plates and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Using conventional biochemical tests, L. garvieae was detected from 32 fish [16% of total fish samples]. Additionally, isolates were confirmed as L. garvieae using a specific PCR assay based on 16S rDNA gene by producing a single band of 1107 bp. Partial analysis of 16S rDNA revealed 100% sequence similarity for all Iranian isolates and there was a close genetic relationship among these isolates and those previously reported from mullet in Taiwan [AF352166] and yellowtail in Japan [AB267897] based on GenBank data. Results of antibiogram tests on L. garvieae isolates showed a high susceptibility to erythromycin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and clarithromycin. In pathogenicity tests, immersion of fish in a bacterial suspension of 6x10[5] colony forming unit/ml of L. garvieae in challenge experiments showed 60% mortality during 14 days post-infection. Experimentally, infected fish showed typical blackening of skin haemorrhages, exophthalmia and wide haemorrhages on viscera. The present study provides useful molecular and biochemical information for L. garvieae isolates in Iran compared with those from different hosts and geographic locations

Lactococcus garvieae: isolamento ecaracterização fenotípica / Lactococcus garvieae: isolation and phenotypic characterization

Os microrganismos do genero Lactococcus apresentam caracteristicas fenotipicas semelhantes as do genero Enterococcus podendo ser erroneamente identificados como tal no laboratorio clinico. Durante um estudo epidemiologico visando a deteccao de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina, foram avaliadas 155 amostras, inicialmente suspeitas de pertencerem ao genero Enterococcus, isoladas da microbiota intestinal e de diversos materiais clinicos oriundos de pacientes atendidos em Instituicoes de Saude do Municipio de Niteroi, no periodo entre janeiro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006. Duas amostras, que apresentaram caracteristicas fisiologicas naototalmente compativeis com o genero Enterococcus, foram identificadas como Lactococcus garvieae atraves da utilizacao de testes adicionaiscomo a analise do perfil proteico total atraves de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sodio. Esta metodologia pode ser uma alternativa para identificar corretamente L. garvieae visto que e uma tecnica relativamente simples e demenor custo, quando comparada aos testes baseados na analise do DNA.

The members of the genus Lactococcus have phenotypic characteristics that resemble those of the genus Enterococcus and therefore can be erroneously identified in the clinical laboratory. During an epidemiological study aiming the detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, were evaluated 155 isolates, initially suspected of belonging to the genus Enterococcus, recovery from the intestinal microflora and different clinical materials obtained from patients at Health Institutions of Niteroi city, in the period between January 2005 and January 2006. Two isolates, which showed physiological characteristics not fully compatible with the genusEnterococcus, 2006. Two isolates, which showed physiological characteristics not fully compatible with the genus Enterococcus, were identified as Lactococcus garvieae by using additional physiological tests and analysis of total protein profiles by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. This is an alternative methodology to correctly identify L. garvieae provided it is relatively easy to perform and of lower cost when compared to DNA based tests.

Atividade antimicrobiana de bactérias ácido-lácticas isoladas de queijos de coalho artesanal e industrial frente a microrganismos indicadores / Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from artisanal and industrial

Quatro cepas de Lactobacillus spp. e duas cepas de Lactococcus spp. isoladas de queijos de coalho artesanal e industrial foram testadas quanto às suas atividades antimicrobianas. Observou-se atividade antagonista dessas bactérias ácido-lácticas frente a elas, a outras bactérias ácido-lácticas isoladas de queijo de coalho, aos patógenos isolados dos mesmos queijos e a cepas de patógenos de referência. Verificou-se diferença (P<0,05) entre as atividades antagonistas, exceto quando as próprias bactérias ácido-lácticas foram utilizadas como reveladoras. Lactobacillus spp. apresentaram as atividades antagonistas mais potentes.

Isolamento e caracterizaçäo de Lactococcus garvieae / Isolation and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae

Microorganismo do gênero Lactococcus devido à similaridade fisiológica com as bactérias do gênero Enterococcus, podem ser erroneamente identificados como estes últimos no laboratório clínico. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o primeiro relato das características laboratoriais de Lactococcus garvieae isolado a partir de espécime clínico na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS...

Microbiological quality of zabadi with special reference to the lactic acid bacteria

Fifty samples of zabadi were examined microbiologically. The average Standard Plate Count [SPC/ml] was 6.5 * 10[5], the lactobacilli was 2.9 * 10[7] cfu/ml, lactococci 2.3 * 10[7] cfuf/ml. coli forms 9.0 * 10[2] cfu/ml, and mould and yeast 1.2 * 10[3] cfu/ml. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were also present. Predominant Lactobacillus was Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus [54.2%]. All strains were subjected to further examination to evaluate their productivity as titratable acidity, pH changes, proteolytic activity, and production of acetaldehyde and diacetyl. Highest acidity was obtained by L.lactis var cremoris, L. Delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and L. casei. However, the lowest pH value belonged to L. casei. Diacety1 was produced in very small quantities. The average values of acetaldehyde produced by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgarics and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus, the predominant organisms in zabadi, were 7.40 and 2.90 ppm respectively