Advances in surgical strategies for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament involving the C 2 segment / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the application of surgical strategies for the treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) involving the C 2 segment.@*METHODS@#The literature about the surgery for cervical OPLL involving C 2 segment was reviewed, and the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of surgery were summarized.@*RESULTS@#For cervical OPLL involving the C 2 segments, laminectomy is suitable for patients with OPLL involving multiple segments, often combined with screw fixation, and has the advantages of adequate decompression and restoration of cervical curvature, with the disadvantages of loss of cervical fixed segmental mobility. Canal-expansive laminoplasty is suitable for patients with positive K-line and has the advantages of simple operation and preservation of cervical segmental mobility, and the disadvantages include progression of ossification, axial symptoms, and fracture of the portal axis. Dome-like laminoplasty is suitable for patients without kyphosis/cervical instability and with negative R-line, and can reduce the occurrence of axial symptoms, with the disadvantage of limited decompression. The Shelter technique is suitable for patients with single/double segments and canal encroachment >50% and allows for direct decompression, but is technically demanding and involves risk of dural tear and nerve injury. Double-dome laminoplasty is suitable for patients without kyphosis/cervical instability. Its advantages are the reduction of damage to the cervical semispinal muscles and attachment points and maintenance of cervical curvature, but there is progress in postoperative ossification.@*CONCLUSION@#OPLL involving the C 2 segment is a complex subtype of cervical OPLL, which is mainly treated through posterior surgery. However, the degree of spinal cord floatation is limited, and with the progress of ossification, the long-term effectiveness is poor. More research is needed to address the etiology of OPLL and to establish a systematic treatment strategy for cervical OPLL involving the C 2 segment.

A case-control study:the clinical efficacy of total laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and single open-door laminoplasty for cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical effects of total laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and single open-door laminoplasty in the treatment of cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 75 patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation treated from December 2014 to April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 65 males and 10 females, aged from 33 to 83 years old with an average of (60.1±11.4) years. According to surgical method, the patients were divided into observation group (36 cases) and control group (39 cases). The observation group was treated with C3-C6 single open-door laminoplasty. In the control group, the C3-C6 whole lamina was opened by "uncovering", and the lateral mass screw was fixed and fused. The general conditions including operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay and complications such as axial pain, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, postoperative C5 nerve palsy were recorded. Visual analogue scale(VAS), Nurick pain scale, Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) scores and American Spinal Injury Association(AISA) injury scale were used to evaluate the improvement of clinical symptoms and related functional recovery 12 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#There were no statistically significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay between two groups(P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in JOA, VAS, ASIA and Nurick scores of the all patients between 12 months after surgery and before surgery (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between groups. There was significant difference in the incidence of C5 nerve root palsy and axial pain between two groups(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the complications of cerebrospinal fluid leakage between two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Total laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and single open-door laminoplasty in treating cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation can obtain satisfactory results in restoring nerve function, alleviating pain and improving daily behavior, but single open-door laminoplasty has the advantages of less trauma and low incidence of complications.

Minimally invasive laminar lift and posterior cervical laminoplasty via the intermuscular approach: a canine model study

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a minimally invasive surgical procedure for laminar lift and posterior cervical laminoplasty via the intermuscular approach using a canine model. Methods: Six Alaskan dogs were used for developing the surgical approach. The bilateral laminae of C3-7 were cut with an ultrasonic osteotome and fixed with bilateral plates to maintain the lamina lifting and reshape a wider spinal canal. The important structures, such as ligaments, supraspinous ligaments, interspinous ligaments, and ligamentum flavum were preserved. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by preoperative and postoperative imaging results and neck mobility. Results: The surgical procedures were all successfully performed in the 6 animals. All the dogs survived well within 1 year of postoperative follow-up. The postoperative neck mobility was as good as the preoperative one. Computed tomography results showed that the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal was successfully enlarged and maintained well. Conclusions: The minimally invasive surgical procedure for laminar lift and posterior cervical laminoplasty via the intermuscular approach was feasible in a canine model, which might be applied in clinical practice.

Surgical Treatment for Spasticity: Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy ­ Technique and Literature Review

Spasticity is amotor disorder that leads to a resistance to passive jointmovement. Cerebral palsy is the most important cause of spasticity and can be caused by several factors, including multiple gestations, alcoholism, infections, hemorrhages, drowning, and traumatic brain injuries, among others. There aremany scales that help tomeasure andmonitor the degree of impairment of these patients. The initial treatment should focus on the causal factor, such as tumors, inflammation, degenerative diseases, hydrocephalus, etc. Subsequently, the treatment of spastic musculature includes oral or intrathecal myorelaxants, spinal cord electrostimulation, neurotomies, Lissauer tract lesion, dentatotomy and selective dorsal rhizotomy. The latter is a safetechnique, possibleto beperformed inmost centers with neurosurgical support, and it is effective in the treatment of severe spasticity. In this article, the authors describe the surgical technique and conduct a review the literature.

Mielopatía cervical espondilótica; resultados clínicos post laminoplastia / Spondylotic cervical myelopathy; clinical results after laminoplasty / Mielopatia cervical espondilótica; resultados clínicos após laminoplastia

Introducción: Evaluar los resultados clínico en pacientes portadores de mielopatía cervical espondilótica intervenidos quirúrgicamente en nuestro servicio mediante laminoplastia open door. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes intervenidos por mielopatía cervical espondilótica mediante laminoplastia entre 2010 y 2017. De los 102 pacientes intervenidos perdimos 18 casos o los datos fueron insuficientes. De los 84 casos 58 son masculinos. La media de edad fue de 63 años de los cuales se valoró: asociación de polo lumbar, tiempo entre sintomatología y cirugía, balance sagital, mielomalacia y resultados clínicos mediante la escala de Nurick y el JOA modificado. Resultados: El área más frecuente de laminoplastia fue de C3-C6 (83%). El promedio del JOA preoperatorio fue de 12,1 y postoperatorio a los 6 meses de 14,8, obteniendo una tasa de recuperación mediante el método del Hirabayasi de 81%. El Nurick preoperatorio promedio fue de 2 y a los 6 meses de 1.1. Cuarenta y dos pacientes (50%) presentaban en la RMN hiperintensidad de señal medular en T2. La tasa de recuperación del JOA y Nurick fue significativamente mayor en pacientes intervenidos a menos de 12 meses de inicio de sintomatología. Notamos una alta incidencia de sufrimiento bipolar (48%). No hubo complicaciones mayores, 2 presentaron paresia transitoria de C5, 1 paciente presento seroma que requirió drenaje superficial y 4 presentaron dolor axial leve que no tenían previo a la cirugía. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia la laminoplastia open door es una técnica con muy buenos resultados clínicos y con baja incidencia de complicaciones para el tratamiento de la mielopatia cervical espondilótica. Notamos una asociación significativa entre la tasa de recuperación del JOA y el periodo entre sintomatología y cirugía. Por otro lado, no encontramos asociación significativa entre el resultado clínico y el número de espacios liberados así como la presencia de alteraciones de señal medular.

Background: To evaluate the clinical results in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy operated surgically in our service by means of "open door" laminoplasty. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent cervical spondylotic myelopathy by laminoplasty between 2010 and 2017. Of the 102 patients operated on, we lost 18 cases or the data were insufficient. Of the 84 cases, 56 male patients with an average age of 63 years were evaluated: association of the lumbar pole, time between symptomatology and surgery, sagittal balance, myelomalacia and clinical results using the Nurick scale and the modified JOA. Results: The most frequent area of laminoplasty was C3-C6 (70%). The preoperative JOA average was 10.6 and postoperative at 3 months of 14.5, obtaining a recovery rate using the Hirabayashi method of 61%. The preoperative Nurick averaged 3.08 and at 3 months of 1.2. 42 patients presented with MRI hyperintense signaling in T2. The recovery rate of JOA and Nurick was significantly higher in patients operated on less than 6 months after symptom onset. We note a high incidence of bipolar suffering (30%). There were no major complications, 2 presented transient paresis of C5, 1 patient presented seroma that required superficial drainage and 4 presented mild axial pain that they did not have prior to surgery. Conclusions: In our experience, open-door laminoplasty is a technique with very good clinical results and a low incidence of complications for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. We note a significant association between the rate of recovery of the JOA and the period between symptoms and surgery. On the other hand, we did not find a significant association between the clinical result and the number of spaces released as well as the presence of marrow signal alterations.

Introdução: Avaliar os resultados clínicos em pacientes com mielopatia espondilótica cervical operada cirurgicamente em nosso serviço por laminoplastia aberta. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de pacientes operados por mielopatia espondilótica cervical por laminoplastia entre 2010 e 2017. Dos 102 pacientes operados, perdemos 18 casos ou os dados foram insuficientes. Dos 84 casos, 58 são do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 63 anos, sendo avaliada: associação do pólo lombar, tempo entre sintomatologia e cirurgia, equilíbrio sagital, mielomalácia e resultados clínicos utilizando a escala de Nurick e o JOA modificado. Resultados: A área de laminoplastia mais frequente foi a C3-C6 (83%). O JOA médio pré-operatório foi de 12,1 e no pós-operatório aos 6 meses de 14,8, obtendo-se uma taxa de recuperação pelo método de Hirabayasi de 81%. O Nurick médio pré-operatório foi 2 e em 6 meses de 1.1. Quarenta e dois pacientes (50%) apresentavam sinalização hiperintensa da ressonância magnética em T2. A taxa de recuperação de JOA e Nurick foi significativamente maior em pacientes operados em menos de 12 meses após o início dos sintomas. Notamos uma alta incidência de sofrimento bipolar (48%). Não houve complicações maiores, 2 apresentaram paresia transitória de C5, 1 paciente apresentou seroma que necessitou de drenagem superficial e 4 apresentaram dor axial leve que não tiveram antes da cirurgia. Conclusões: Em nossa experiência, a laminoplastia por portas abertas é uma técnica com resultados clínicos muito bons e baixa incidência de complicações para o tratamento da mielopatia espondilótica cervical. Notamos uma associação significativa entre a taxa de recuperação do JOA e o período entre sintomas e cirurgia. Por outro lado, não encontramos associação significativa entre o resultado clínico e o número de espaços liberados, bem como a presença de alterações no sinal medular.

Modified Open-Door Laminoplasty Using a Ceramic Spacer and Suture Fixation for Cervical Myelopathy

PURPOSE: To introduce a new simple technique using suture anchors and ceramic spacers to stabilize the elevated laminae in open-door cervical laminoplasty. Although ceramic spacers were placed in the opened laminae and fixed with nylon threads in this series, it was occasionally difficult to fix the nylon threads to the lateral mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study 1: A preliminary study was conducted using a suture anchor system. Sixteen consecutive patients who underwent surgery for cervical myelopathy were prospectively examined. Study 2: The second study was performed prospectively to evaluate the feasibility of this new technique based on the result of the preliminary study. Clinical outcomes were examined in 45 consecutive patients [cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)] and 43 consecutive patients (OPLL). The Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system (JOA score), axial neck pain, and radiological findings were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) In one case, re-operation was necessary due to dislodgement of the ceramic spacer following rupture of the thread. 2) In all patients, postoperative CT scans showed that the anchors were securely inserted into the bone. In the CSM group, the average JOA score improved from 9.5 points preoperatively to 13.3 at follow-up (recovery 51%). In the OPLL group, the average JOA score improved from 10.1 (5-14) points preoperatively to 14.4 (11-16) at follow-up (recovery 62%). There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: The use of the suture anchor system made it unnecessary to create a hole in the lateral mass and enabled reliable and faster fixation of the HA spacers in open-door laminoplasty.