Cirugía laparoscópica en cáncer de colon / Laparoscopic surgery in colonic cancer

Resumen La primera colectomía laparoscópica se realizó hace casi 30 años. La adopción como estándar de tratamiento ha sido lenta, a pesar de compartir los beneficios de la cirugía con invasión mínima, como el menor dolor, estadía hospitalaria y recuperación precoz. Esto se explica por el temor generado por reportes iniciales que señalaban la aparición de implantes en los sitios de inserción de los trocares y las dudas sobre la seguridad oncológica. Distintos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados finalmente confirmaron su seguridad y eficacia en el tratamiento del cáncer de colon con resultados comparables a la cirugía abierta. La curva de aprendizaje prolongada, dada por la complejidad técnica, ha incentivado el aprendizaje supervisado por un entrenador experto en el contexto de programas de formación de subespecialidad. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión de los resultados a corto y largo plazo y algunas consideraciones generales y perspectivas futuras.

The first laparoscopic colectomy was performed almost 30 years ago, its expansion has been slow and it did not have the explosive development that laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy had, despite sharing its benefits such as lower pain, hospital stay and early recovery. This is explained, in part, by the initial fear of implants at trocar sites and the lack of oncological safety. Randomized clinical trials confirmed the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery with short-term and oncological results, comparable to open surgery. The slow learning curve, given by technical complexity, has encouraged learning supervised by an expert coach in the context of subspecialty training programs. Our aim is to review the short-term and oncological results, some general considerations and future perspectives.

Desarrollo de la resección colo-rectal mínimamente invasiva en un servicio de cirugía universitario / Development of Minimally Invasive Colo-Rectal Resection in a University Surgery Service / Desenvolvimento de ressecção colo-rretal minimamente invasiva em serviço de cirurgia universitária

Introducción: A pesar de que la evidencia actual respalda ampliamente el abordaje laparoscópico para las resecciones de colon y recto en función de su seguridad y resultados oncológicos, el desarrollo y adopción del mismo ha sido lento y aún hoy no es de rutina en la mayoría de los centros. Se presenta la experiencia inicial en la Clínica Quirúrgica 2 del Hospital Maciel. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que comprende 41 resecciones laparoscópicas en el período 2016-2018. Resultados: El tiempo operatorio medio fue de 3 h para las colectomías y 4 h para las resecciones de recto. El porcentaje de conversión fue de 10%, la falla de sutura del 12% y la mortalidad a 30 días del 13%. Discusión: El abordaje laparoscópico para la colectomía y resección de recto es seguro y con aceptables resultados oncológicos de acuerdo a nuestros resultados. La curva de aprendizaje se sustenta en el volumen anual de cirugías, la realización de otros procedimientos de laparoscopía avanzada y el entrenamiento en simuladores. Conclusiones: nuestra experiencia muestra resultados inmediatos similares a los reportados en la literatura nacional, aunque el tiempo seguimiento aún es insuficiente para analizar los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo.

Introduction: Although current evidence widely supports the laparoscopic approach for resections of the colon and rectum according to their safety and oncological results, the development and adoption of the same has been slow and even today is not routine in most centers. The initial experience is presented in the Surgical Clinic 2 of the Maciel Hospital. Methods: A retrospective study comprising 41 laparoscopic resections in the period 2016-2018. Results: The mean operative time was 3 hours for colectomies and 4 hours for rectal resections. The conversion rate was 10%, the suture failure was 12% and the 30-day mortality was 13%. Discussion: The laparoscopic approach for colectomy and rectal resection is safe and with acceptable oncological results according to our results. The learning curve is based on the annual volume of surgeries, the performance of other advanced laparoscopy procedures and training in simulators. Conclusions: our experience shows immediate results similar to those reported in the national literature, although the follow-up time is still in sufficient to analyze the long-termoncological results.

Introdução: Embora as evidências atuais apóiem amplamente a abordagem laparoscópica para ressecções do cólon e do reto de acordo com sua segurança e resultados ontológicos, o desenvolvimento e a adoção dos mesmos têm sido lentos e até hoje não é rotineiro na maioria dos casos os centros. A experiência inicial é apresentada na Clínica Cirúrgica 2 do Hospital Maciel. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com 41 ressecções laparoscópicas no período 2016-2018. Resultados: O tempo operatório médio foi de 3 horas para colectomias e 4 horas para ressecções retais. A taxa de conversão foi de 10%, a falha na sutura foi de 12% e a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 13%. Discussão: A abordagem laparoscópica para a colectomia e ressecção retal é segura e com resultados ontológicos aceitáveis de acordo com nossos resultados. A curva de aprendizado é baseada no volume anual de cirurgias, no desempenho de outros procedimentos avançados de laparoscopia e no treinamento em simuladores. Conclusões: nossa experiência mostra resultados imediatos semelhantes aos relatados na literatura nacional, embora o tempo de seguimento ainda seja insuficiente para analisar os resultados ontológicos em longo prazo.

Survival and perioperative morbidity of totally laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: analysis from a single latin american centre / Comparação da sobrevida e morbidade perioperatória da gastrectomia totalmente laparoscópica vs. laparotômica para tratamento do câncer gástrico precoce em um centro latino-americano

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has numerous perioperative advantages, but the long-term survival of patients after this procedure has been less studied. Aim: To compare survival, oncologic and perioperative outcomes between completely laparoscopic vs. open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study was retrospective, and our main outcomes were the overall and disease-specific 5-year survival, lymph node count and R0 resection rate. Our secondary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Results: Were included 116 patients (59% men, age 68 years, comorbidities 73%, BMI 25) who underwent 50 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 66 open gastrectomies. The demographic characteristics, tumour location, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection and stage did not significantly differ between groups. The overall complication rate was similar in both groups (40% vs. 28%, p=ns), and complications graded at least Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0.03), respiratory (9% vs. 0%, p=0.03) and wound-abdominal wall complications (12% vs. 0%, p=0.009) were significantly lower after laparoscopic gastrectomy. The lymph node count (21 vs. 23 nodes; p=ns) and R0 resection rate (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) did not significantly differ between groups. The 5-year overall survival (84% vs. 87%, p=0.31) and disease-specific survival (93% vs. 98%, p=0.20) did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic and open gastrectomy groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support similar oncologic outcome and long-term survival for patients with early gastric cancer after laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy. In addition, the laparoscopic approach is associated with less severe morbidity and a lower occurrence of respiratory and wound-abdominal wall complications.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica tem numerosas vantagens perioperatórias, mas a sobrevivência em longo prazo após este procedimento tem sido menos estudada. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de sobrevivência, oncológica e perioperatória entre a gastrectomia completamente laparoscópica vs. aberta para câncer gástrico precoce. Método: Este estudo foi retrospectivo e os principais resultados foram a sobrevivência global e específica de cinco anos, contagem de linfonodos e taxa de ressecção R0. Resultado secundário foi a morbidade pós-operatória. Resultados: Foram incluídos 116 pacientes (59% homens, idade 68 anos, comorbidades 73%, IMC 25) que foram submetidos a 50 gastrectomias laparoscópicas e 66 gastrectomias abertas. As características demográficas, a localização do tumor, o tipo de operação, a extensão da dissecção dos linfonodos e do estágio não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A taxa geral de complicações foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (40% vs. 28%, p=ns) e complicações classificadas Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0,03), respiratórias (9% vs. 0%, p=0,03) e as da parede abdominal (12% vs. 0%, p=0,009) foram significativamente menores após a gastrectomia laparoscópica. A contagem de linfonodos (21 contra 23, p=ns) e a taxa de ressecção R0 (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A sobrevida global de cinco anos (84% vs. 87%, p=0,31) e a sobrevida específica (93% vs. 98%, p=0,20) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de gastrectomia laparoscópica e aberta. Conclusão: Estes resultados suportam resultados oncológicos similares e sobrevida em longo prazo para pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce após gastrectomia laparoscópica e gastrectomia aberta. Além disso, a abordagem laparoscópica está associada com morbidade menos grave e menor ocorrência de complicações respiratórias e da parede abdominal.

Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy in the Elderly - Results of a Single Center LRC only Series

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare outcome of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with ileal conduit in 22 elderly ( (≥75 years) versus 51 younger (<75 years) patients. patients. Materials and Methods: Analysis of prospectively gathered data of a single institution LRC only series was performed. Selection bias for LRC versus non-surgical treatments was assessed with data retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Results: Median age difference between LRC groups was 9.0 years. (77.0 versus 68.0 years). Both groups had similar surgical indications, body mass index and gender distribution. Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 3 versus 4 in ≥50% of younger and elderly patients. Median operative time (340 versus 341 min) and estimated blood loss (<500 versus >500mL) did not differ between groups. Median total hospital stay was 12.0 versus 14.0 days for younger and elderly patients. Grade I-II 90-d complication rate was higher for elderly patients (68 versus 43%, p=0.05). Grade III-V 90-d complication rate was equal for both groups (23 versus 29%, p=0.557). 90-d mortality rate was higher for elderly patients (14 versus 4%, p=0.157). Median follow-up was 40.0 months for younger and 57.0 months for elderly patients. Estimated overall and cancer-specific survival at 5years. was 46% versus 35% and 64% versus 64% for younger and elderly patients respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that LRC is feasible in elderly patients, where a non-surgical treatment is usually favoured.

Is resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of liver transplantation worthwile? A single center experience / Ressecção de carcinoma hepatocelular na era do transplante de fígado: vale a pena? Experiência de um único centro

ABSTRACT Background - Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a potentially curative therapeutic procedure that can be performed readily after its indication, without the need of a long waiting time and lower costs when compared to liver transplantation, being a good alternative in patients with preserved/good liver function. Objective - Evaluate long-term results of liver resection from a high volume single center for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a context of a long waiting list for liver transplant. Methods - One hundred and one patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, with a mean age of 63.1 years, and preserved liver function were submitted to liver resection. Clinical and pathological data were evaluated as prognostic factors. Mean follow-up was 39.3 months. Results - All patients had a single nodule and 57 (58.2%) patients were within the Milan criteria. The size of the nodule ranged from 1 to 24 cm in diameter. In 74 patients, liver resection was performed with the open approach and in 27 (26.7%) was done laparoscopically. Postoperative morbidity was 55.3% being 75.5% of the complications classified as Dindo-Clavien I and II and operative mortality was 6.9%. Five-year overall and disease free survival rates were 49.9% and 40.7%, respectively.After a log-rank univariate analysis, the levels of preoperative alpha-fetoprotein (P=0.043), CA19-9 (P=0.028), capsule invasion (P=0.03), positive margin (R1-R2) (P=0.004) and Dindo-Claviens' morbidity classification IV (P=0.001) were the only parameters that had a significant negative impact on overall survival. On the odds-ratio evaluation, the only significant factors for survival were high levels of alpha-fetoprotein (P=0.037), and absence of free margins (P=0.008). Conclusion - Resection, for selected cases, is a potentially curative treatment with acceptable morbidity and mortality and, in a context of a long waiting list for transplant, plays an important role for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

RESUMO Contexto - A ressecção do carcinoma hepatocelular é um procedimento terapêutico potencialmente curativo que pode ser realizado imediatamente após sua indicação, sem a necessidade de longo tempo de espera e com custos mais baixos quando comparado com o transplante hepático, sendo uma boa alternativa em pacientes com função hepática preservada. Objetivo - Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da ressecção hepática em centro de alto volume cirúrgico para pacientes selecionados com carcinoma hepatocelular em um contexto de uma longa lista de espera para transplante de fígado. Métodos - Cento e um pacientes com carcinoma hepatocelular, com idade média de 63,1 anos, e função hepática preservada foram submetidos à ressecção hepática. Os dados clínicos e patológicos foram avaliados como fatores prognósticos. O seguimento médio foi de 39,3 meses. Resultados - Todos os pacientes apresentavam um único nódulo e 57 (58,2%) estavam dentro dos critérios de Milão. O tamanho do nódulo variou de 1 a 24 cm de diâmetro. Em 74 pacientes, a ressecção hepática foi realizada com a abordagem aberta e em 27 (26,7%) através de laparoscopia.A morbidade pós-operatória foi de 55,3%, sendo 75,5% das complicações classificadas como Dindo-Clavien I e II e a mortalidade operatória foi de 6,9%. As sobrevida global e livre de doença em 5 anos foram 49,9% e 40,7%, respectivamente. Depois de análise univariada log-rank, os níveis de alfa-fetoproteína no pré-operatório (P=0,043), CA19-9 (P=0,028), invasão de cápsula (P=0,03), margem positiva (R1-R2) (P=0,004) e classificação de morbidade de Dindo-Claviens tipo IV (P=0,001) foram os únicos parâmetros que tiveram um impacto negativo significativo na sobrevida global. Na avaliação de risco relativo (odds-ratio), os únicos fatores importantes para a sobrevivência foram altos níveis de alfa-fetoproteína (P=0,037), e ausência de margens livres (P=0,008). Conclusão - A ressecção hepática em casos seleccionados, é um tratamento potencialmente curativo com morbilidade e mortalidade aceitáveis e, num contexto de uma longa lista de espera para transplante, tem um papel importante para o tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular.

Robot-assisted vs. Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: utilization rates and perioperative outcomes

Objectives To examine the effect of surgical approach on perioperative morbidity and mortality after partial nephrectomy. Materials and Methods Within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, patients who underwent RAPN or LPN between October 2008 and December 2009 were identified. Propensity-based matching was performed to adjust for potential baseline differences between the two groups. The rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications, blood transfusions, prolonged length of stay, and in-hospital mortality, stratified according to RAPN vs. LPN, were compared. Results Overall, 851 (72.5%) patients underwent RAPN and 323 (27.5%) underwent LPN. For RAPN and LPN respectively, the following rates were recorded in the propensity-score matched cohort: blood transfusions, 4.5 vs. 6.8% (p = 0.223); intraoperative complications, 5.2 vs. 2.6% (p = 0.096); postoperative complications, 10.6 vs. 13.5% (p = 0.268); prolonged length of stay, 6.8 vs. 9.4% (p = 0.238); in-hospital mortality, 0.0 vs. 0.0%. Conclusions RAPN has supplanted LPN as the predominant minimally invasive surgical approach for renal masses. Perioperative outcomes after RAPN and LPN are comparable. Interpretation of these findings needs to take into account the lack of adjustment for case complexity and surgical expertise. .

Cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal en Chile / Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in Chile

The development of laparoscopic colorectal surgery began 20 years ago; however it took several years before gaining its acceptance by the international surgical community. The first report in Chile was published in 1995. However, were necessary many years, until the middle of this decade, to know the first prospective series experiences. Out of these reports, no reliable data exist regarding the development of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in Chile, related to the number of centers performing laparoscopic colorectal surgery or the number of procedures performed. For record these data, a standardized questionnaire was send to colorectal chairmans of all hospitals that had reported to be developing laparoscopic colorectal surgery in our country. Ten of 15 hospitals responded to the survey. Most of the procedures performed were hemicolectomies, principally for cancer and diverticular disease. The average conversion rate was 7 percent and hospital stay was 5 days. Morbidity and mortality rates were 12 percent and 0.4 percent respectively. In the last year was seen an increase in the number of laparoscopic procedures in relation to the previous period. In conclusion, laparoscopic colorectal surgery is a recent technique in Chile, which is being implemented progressively, with good overall results.

El desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal (CLCR) se inició en la década de los 90, sin embargo, pasaron varios años antes de lograr su aceptación por la comunidad quirúrgica internacional. En Chile, los primeros relatos en congresos datan del año 1995 y las primeras experiencias de series prospectivas fueron publicadas 10 años más tarde. Fuera de estos reportes, no existe información fidedigna en relación al desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal en Chile, relacionados con el número de centros que la realizan, la formación actual de los cirujanos colorrectales en esta técnica ni en cuanto al número de procedimientos realizados. Para conocer estos datos se envió una encuesta estandarizada a los jefes de equipo de los centros que habían comunicado estar desarrollando la CLCR en nuestro país. Diez de 15 centros respondieron la encuesta. La mayor parte de los procedimientos corresponden a hemicolectomías, siendo las principales indicaciones el cáncer y la enfermedad diverticular. La tasa de conversión promedio fue de 7 por ciento y la estadía hospitalaria de 5 días. La morbilidad y mortalidad fue de 12 por ciento y 0,4 por ciento respectivamente. En el último año se ha visto un aumento del número de procedimientos laparoscópicos en relación al período previo. En conclusión, La CLCR es una técnica de reciente incorporación en Chile, que está siendo implementada en forma progresiva, con buenos resultados globales.

Radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy in patients over 80 years old

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to discover if elderly patients exhibit comparable outcomes and survival benefits to those achieved in younger patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed 35 patients over 80 years old treated by radical nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy for malignant and inflammatory conditions within the previous 4 years. A multivariate analysis regarding survival and recovery was conducted and included various preoperative parameters. The subjective opinion of patients or patient's relatives (in cases where the patient had past away) was estimated by answering the following questions: (a) are you satisfied with your decision to undergo the operation? (b) would you undergo it once more if needed? (c) would you advise it to a patient your age? RESULTS: The median age was 83.5 years. Radical nephrectomy with a flank approach was performed in 65.7 percent of cases and nephroureterectomy with a transabdominal approach in 34.3 percent of cases. The median recovery was 13 weeks. During a median follow-up of 31 months (range 12 to 53), 80 percent of patients were disease free. The remaining 20 percent passed away demonstrating a median survival of 25 months (range 13-38). Eighty-eight percent of patients were satisfied with their decision to undergo the operation, 91.4 percent would undergo it once more if needed and 91.4 percent would advise it to a patient their age. CONCLUSIONS: Radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy are safe and effective in well-selected patients over 80 years old. Elderly patients exhibit comparable preoperative outcomes and survival benefits to those achieved in younger patients. Various preoperative clinical variables that effect the survival of patients but not their recovery could be identified.

Laparoscopic surgery in urological oncology: brief overview

The authors report the experience of a high-volume center with laparoscopic surgery in urological oncology, as well as a review of other relevant series. Laparoscopic outcomes in the treatment of adrenal, kidney, upper tract transitional cell carcinoma, bladder, prostate, and testicular malignancy are described in this review. Specific considerations as complications and port-site recurrence are also addressed. The authors concluded that the intermediate-term oncological data is encouraging and comparable to open surgery.

Cáncer de colon: elección de un tipo de terapia quirúrgica basado en la evidencia revisión sistemática de la literatura / Surgery for colon cancer: open or laparoscopic approach? systematic review

Introducción: A pesar de que hay algunas experiencias publicadas acerca de tratamiento laparoscópicos de pacientes con cáncer de colon. ésta, es una alternativa aún controversial. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la mejor opción quirúrgica para cirugía electiva en pacientes con cáncer de colon no complicado, comparando cirugía abierta vs laparoscópica. Material y método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se analizaron estudios en población humana, adulta, con cáncer de colon no complicado tratados con cirugía abierta y laparoscópica, publicados entre 1990 y 2002. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Cochrane-MEDLINE; y LILACS, utilizando términos MeSH y palabras libres. Los estudios seleccionados fueron analizados utilizando un escore de calidad metodológica con validez de fachada y contenido para comparación de artículos de terapia con diferente tipo de diseños. Se consideraron las variables número de pacientes tratados, supervivencia actuarial y libre de enfermedad a 3 años, recurrencia, morbilidad, mortalidad y calidad metodológica de los estudios primarios. Se calcularon promedios, medianas y promedios ponderados, y posteriormente se compararon los grupos en estudio utilizando intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento de las medianas. Resultados: Se encontraron 680 artículos relacionados. Sólo 14 de ellos cumplían con los criterios de selección, y 11 de ellos fueron finalmente analizados. 17 series de pacientes fueron estudiadas, las que incluyen un total de 3033 sujetos tratados. La estancia hospitalarias fue de 10.1 día para cirugía abierta y 6,5 días para cirugía laparoscópica. La morbilidad fue 19,5 por ciento para cirugía abierta y 26,9 por ciento para cirugía laparoscópica; y la mortalidad fue 1,6 por ciento y 1,7 por ciento respectivamente. Con un promedio de seguimiento de 58 meses para cirugía abierta y 30 meses para cirugía laparoscópica, la supervivencia actuarial y libre enfermedad fue 74,3 por ciento y 75,6 por ciento para cirugía abierta, 87,0 por ciento y 89,5 por ciento para cirugía laparoscópica. La mediana del escore de calidad metodológica fue 16 y 18,5 puntos respectivamente. Conclusiones: La calidad metodológica de los estudios primarios es intermedia. Los resultados a corto y mediano plazo de la colectomía laparoscópica para pacientes con cáncer de colon no complicado son esperanzadores.

Morbimortalidade em laparoscopia diagnóstica: considerações a propósito de 1.333 casos / Morbidity and mortality in diagnosis laparoscopy diagnóstica: considerations concerning 1.333 cases

Os autores reportam a morbimortalidade em 1.333 laparoscopias realizadas entre janeiro de 1985 e dezembro de 1995, parte de uma experiência de 9 mil casos submetidos ao procedimento desde 1966. Fazem também uma revisão da fisiopatologia da laparoscopia. Nos 10 anos estudados a morbidade doi de 1,28 pior cento (17 casos) e a mortalidade de 0,08 por cento (um caso), esta não-relacionada propriamente ao exame. Consideram o procedimento muito importante do ponto de vista diagnóstico, sobretudo no estadiamento de tumores, e acreditam que a sua realização, atualmente, encontra-se aquém das reais indicações.

Practice of standards in female sterilisation.

During training of trainers (TOT) courses organised for medical personnel of Haryana Civil Medical Services (HCMS) by COE Medical College, Rohtak, 55 doctors involved in female sterilisations were interrogated regarding practices in counselling, informed decision, asepsis, surgical procedure, operative and postoperative care and follow-up of the clients accepting sterilisation as contraception. Counselling was the responsibility of auxiliary nurse cum midwife (ANM) lady health volunteer (LHV)/other paramedical workers as viewed by 89.1% participants whereas 85.4% thought that the registration clerk should take the informed consent. Eligibility criteria were always adhered to by 10.9% participants. Asepsis and sterilisation of instruments, etc, were maintained by operation theatre (OT) attendant or OT nurse as answered by 90.9% doctors. Skin preparation was done by a solution containing cetrimide and chlorhexidine alone by 70.8% doctors. The ligation and excision was the method practised by all. Catgut suture was used by only 43.6% doctors. Twenty-six maternal deaths were reported by 20 participants during their whole career. There were 7 deaths on the table, all with laparoscopic sterilisation. Peritonitis with septicaemia was the major cause of death in majority of cases. To ensure high quality and safety of voluntary surgical contraception, programmes must establish a system to ensure that standards are maintained.