Efeito do tempo de armazenamento nos grupos funcionais de leite em pó de búfala por meio de FTIR e quimiometria / Effect of storage time in the functional groups of buffalo milk powder by FTIR and chemometry

O leite em pó, além de garantir ao produto maior valor agregado e aumento do tempo de vida útil, é um produto de grande importância funcional, geralmente utilizado pelo consumidor como substituto ao leite in natura. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho obter leite em pó integral de búfala e avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenamento sobre os grupos funcionais por meio de análise espectroscópica. O leite de búfala foi submetido à secagem por atomização, em mini spray dryer, com temperatura de 140ºC. As amostras obtidas foram embaladas a vácuo e avaliadas nos tempos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente, utilizando Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, associada a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). O comportamento das amostras foi avaliado comparando-se os espectros, em que foram observadas diferenças nas intensidades dos picos, durante o tempo de armazenamento. Na ACP dois componentes explicaram 91,98% da variância total dos dados, onde o primeiro (CP1) explicou 75,51% e o segundo (CP2) explicou 16,47%. A análise de FTIR em conjunto com ACP não permitiu a separação espacial dos diferentes tempos de armazenamento.

Influence of milk and some Sudanese meals on the dissolution of ciprofloxacin tablets

For a drug to be effective, it must be released from the dosage form, fully dissolved in the gastro-intestinal fluids, be stable as solution in the gastrointestinal fluids, pass through the gastrointestinal barriers into the mesenteric circulation without being metabolized, pass through the liver into the systemic circulation unchanged and reach its site of action. Food is one of the factors which interfere with these processes. The effect of Sudanese meals will be different due to their high contents of fats, proteins and fibers. This study aimed to determine the influence of milk and some Sudanese meals [Foul - Vicia faba -, "Gorrassah with damaa" and "Kissraa with sharmoot"' on the dissolution of ciprofloxacin HCI tablets and hence bioavailability. The influence of milk and the mentioned Sudanese meals on the dissolution of ciprofloxacin was studied using paddle dissolution apparatus. The dissolution of the drug was measured in the presence of each meal individually using U.V.- visible spectrophotometer. The samples were taken with 5 minutes intervals up to 30 minutes. The results obtained were compared to the results of the dissolution of this drug in simulated gastric fluid in fast state [0.1 N HCl]. The study revealed that the dissolution of ciprofloxacin in Sudanese meals is lower than its dissolution in milk- whose reduction of dissolution of ciprofloxacin was mentioned in a lot of studies world-wide. The order of the influence of Sudanese meals, used in the study, was foul followed by kissraa then gorrasah which showed that the influence was directly proportional to the viscosity of the meal. Using two different volumes of foul, the study revealed that influence of meals on the dissolution of ciprofloxacin was significant even small amounts were used

Ethanol Intake during Lactation Alters Milk Nutrient Composition and Growth and Mineral Status of Rat Pups

Lactating Wistar rats were fed a liquid diet containing either ethanol [ethanol-fed group (EFG)] or an isocaloric amount of carbohydrate [pair-fed group (PFG)] from day 1 postpartum up to day 14 of lactation, to investigate micro/macronutrient milk composition and the mineral status of pups. EFG presented a reduction of daily milk production and milk composition was significantly higher in protein and lower in carbohydrate, while the lipid content was similar to that of PFG. When compared to PFG, the milk of EFG had a decreased proportion of C22:6 n-3 fatty acid and an increase in medium-chain fatty acids and of several minerals. Pups of EFG showed reduced growth and a lower concentration of Cu and Sr in plasma and lower concentrations of Ca, P and Cl, and higher concentrations of Cd in the brain. We conclude that maternal EtOH intake greatly impairs lactational performance and modifies the mineral status of pups.

Honey as a natural preservative of milk.

The anti-bacterial property and preservative nature of honey has been studied by evaluating the role of hydrogen peroxide in these properties, against bacterial strains isolated and identified from pasteurized milk samples. The antibacterial property of honey examined by agar incorporation assay and turbidometry, indicated a concentration dependent inhibition of bacterial growth in all catalase negative strains in comparison with catalase positive strains, highlighting a probable role of hydrogen peroxide. Samples of commercial milk stored at 40C in presence of honey were shown to inhibit opportunistic bacterial growth better compared to samples stored without honey. Due to the bactericidal property of hydrogen peroxide and its preservative nature, honey which is chiefly a combination of various sugars and hydrogen peroxide, can be used a preservative of milk samples.

Drug resistance in isolated bacteria from milk of sheep and goats with subclinical mastitis in shahrekord district

Four-hundred milk samples from half udders of 20 flocks of native breed goats were aseptically collected. The samples were examined by California mastitis test [CMT]. Twenty-one [5.25%] of 400 were CMT-positive. The CMT-positive samples were then cultured and the following bacteria were isolated: Staphylococcus aureus in 3 [14.28%], CNS [coagulase-negative staphylococci] in 14 [66.66%], streptococci in 4 [19.04%] and Mycoplasma spp. in 11 [52.38%] samples. The isolated staphylococci were examined to evaluate their resistance to different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. CNS resistance to amikacin was 78.5%, to penicillin was 50%, to tetracycline 50%, to ampicillin 42.8%, and to doxycycline was 28.5%. Four-hundred native breed sheep milk samples were taken from 19 flocks in the same conditions. The samples were examined by CMT test. 19 [4.75%] of 400 were CMT-positive. The CMT-positive samples were cultured and the following bacteria were isolated: S, aureus in 2 [10.5%], CNS in 7 [36.8%], streptococci in 2 [10.5%], Pasteurella in 1 [5.26%] and Mycoplasma in 9 [47.37%] samples. The isolated staphylococci were examined for antibiotic susceptibility. CNS resistance to amikacin was 42.8%, and to tetracycline, ampicillin, oxycycline and penicillin was 14.3%. Both isolates of S. aureus were resistance to penicillin

Efecto de la dosis reducida de un análogo de la prostanglandina (luprostiol) por vía submucosa intravulvar en la luteólisis y la manifestación en vacas Suizo Pardo / Effect of reduce dose of prostaglandin via intravulva submucosal on the luteolytic effect and the estrous cycle in brown swiss cows

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar si la dosis reducida de un análogo de la prostaglandina (Luprostiol) (LP) por vía submucosa intravulvar (SMIV) e ipsilateral al cuerpo lúteo (IPL) inducen la luteólisis y la manifestación del estro. Se utilizaron 39 vacas de la raza Suizo Pardo en producción con ciclos estrales regulares, las cuales fueron asignadas a los siguientes tratamientos: 15 mg de LP por vía intramuscular (n=13); T1, 11.2 mg de LP por vía SMIV e IPL (n=13); T2, 7.5 mg de LP por vía SMIV e IPL (n=13). Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas para medir la concentración plasmática de progesterona (P4) a la 0 h y posteriormente cada 12 h, hasta las 72 h postratamiento. Se consideró la luteólisis (LUT) cuando las concentraciones de P4 fueron menores de 1 ng/ml y se mantuvieron hasta las 72 h postratamiento. A las 0 h, inicio de los tratamientos, la concentración de P4 fue de 3.22 ng/ml, después de las 24 h los niveles de P4 fueron menores de 1 ng/ml y se mantuvieron hasta las 72 h postratamiento, sin mostrar diferencia entre los grupos tratados (P>0.05). El porcentaje total del estro (PTE) (84.1 por ciento) y el intervalo tratamiento-manifestación del estro (ITE) (86.4 h) fueron similares entre tratamientos (P>0.05). El peso corporal, el nivel de producción láctea, el número de parto y el intervalo parto-tratamiento no fueron determinantes para efectuar la LUT, el ITE y el PTE (P>0.05). Las vacas que recibieron dosis reducidas de LP por vía SMIV e IPL tuvieron LUT, ITE y PTE similares a los observados en vacas con una dosis completa y por vía intramuscular

Efeitos da lasalocida sobre a produçäo de vacas leiteiras em sistema semi-intensivo / Lasalocid effects on dairy cows production of in a semi-intensive management system

Foram estudados os efeitos da lasalocida sobre a produçäo de leite, teor e percentagem de gordura no leite, variaçöes de peso e condiçöes corporais de 18 vacas leiteiras do ecótipo Mantiqueira, com média de 75 dias pós-parto ao início do experimento, alimentadas com 1,0 kg de mistura de concentrados para cada 2,5 kg de leite produzidos acima dos primeiros 4,0 kg, capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, var. Napier) picado, fornecido no cocho, e pastagem de Bracharia brizantha. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados e os tratamentos consistiram na administraçäo diária de 0,200 e 300 mg de lasalocida/animal. O experimento teve duraçäo de 17 semanas, sendo as quatro primeiras destinadas ao período de adaptaçäo. Independente da dose empregada a lasalocida näo alterou significativamente a produçäo de leite e a produçäo de leite corrigida a 4 por cento de gordura, porém o grupo tratado com 200 mg apresentou maior porcentagem de gordura no leite (P<0,05). Os grupos tratados com 200 e 300 mg apresentaram ganhos de peso, porém näo estatisticamente menores em relaçäo aos animais controle, quando os dados foram analisados como percentagem de peso vivo. Näo foi observada alteraçäo na condiçäo corporal dos animais

Avaliaçäo da liberaçäo de resíduos de antibióticos no leite de vacas, pós medicaçäo com penicilina e estreptomicina, em formulaçäo aquosa e oleosa, coadjuvada pelo dimetilsulfóxido / Evaluation of the discharge of antibiotic residues in milk after medication with penicilin and streptomycin in aquous and oily formulations, with dimethyl sulfoxide adjuvant

Estudou-se, em três rebanhos da "bacia" leiteira de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais a liberaçäo de antibióticos no leite de vaca com mamite por Staphylococcus aureus, tratadas com medicaçäo única, via intramamária, contendo 100000 UI de penicilina e 1000 mg de estreptomicina, em veículo aquoso-oleoso e aquoso, com e sem adiçäo de 20,0 por cento de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). A liberaçäo de resíduos no leite das glândulas tratadas cessou 120 horas pós-aplicaçäo. O DMSO favoreceu a retençäo de antibióticos no parênquima mamário, com as respectivas diferenças para as formulaçöes oleosas, com sem DMSO, às 72, 96 e 120 horas de 29,4 por cento, 29,4 por cento e 5,9 por cento e para as aquosas de 5,9 por cento, 5,9 por cento e 0,0 por cento. As formulaçöes oleosas mantiveram por maior tempo resíduos de antibióticos no leite (68,2 por cento) do que as aquosas (59,4 por cento), independente da açäo adjuvante do DMSO

Detecçäo de alguns resíduos de antibióticos no leite / Antibiotic residue detection in milk

Desenvolveu-se uma técnica simples e rápida de detecçäo de antibióticos no leite de utilizaçäo pelas indústrias de laticínios e órgäos oficiais de inspeçäo. Foram feitos diferentes testes para verificar a capacidade de reduçäo dos corantes azul de metileno e resazurin pelo Streptococcus thermophilus, frente a várias diluiçöes de ampicilina (AMP), cefalosporina (CEF), oxitetraciclina (OXI), estreptomicina (EST), quemicetina (QUE), espectinomicina (ESP) e gentamicina (GEN). As amostras de leite esterilizadas contendo diferentes diluiçöes dos antibióticos foram analisadas quanto ao potencial de reduçäo dos corantes com e sem aquecimento (85-90§C/10 min.). Os resultados mostraram a grande capacidade de detecçäo de pequenas quantidades dos antibióticos, tanto pelo método de resazurin, como pelo do azul de metileno. O método de reduçäo pelo azul de metileno detectou concentraçöes mínimas inibitórias (CMI) de AMP (0,06u g/ml), CEF (0,08u g/ml), OXI (0,05u g/ml), EST (1,0u g/ml), QUE (0,8u g/ml), EST (0,2u g/ml) e GEN (0,05u g/ml). Após aquecimento, as CMI detectadas pelo azul de metileno foram: AMP (0,07u g/ml), CEF (0,08u g/ml), OXI (0,1u g/ml), EST (4,0u g/ml), QUE (0,9u g/ml), EST (0,2u g/ml) e GEN (0,1u g/ml). O método de reduçäo pelo resazurin detectou CMI de AMP (0,07u g/ml), CEF (0,06u g/ml), OXI (0,05u g/ml), ESP (2,0u g/ml), QUE (0,2u g/ml), ESP (0,06u g/ml) e GEN (0,5u g/ml). Após aquecimento, as CMI detectadas foram: AMP (0,07u g/ml), CEF (0,08u g/ml), OXI (0,1u g/ml), EST (2,0u g/ml), QUE (0,7u g/ml), ESP (0,2u g/ml) e GEN (0,2u g/ml). Acredita-se que este teste possa ser amplamente utilizado pelos serviços de inspeçäo e pelas próprias indústrias, afastando leites de pior qualidade

Effect of vitamin D supplementation in lactating rats on the neonatal growth.

In lactating rats consuming a commercial diet adequate in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, the effect of supplementation of 3000 IU and 7,500 IU of vitamin D3 on the lactational performance of the dams and soft tissue and skeletal growth in the pups has been investigated. On 28th day of age, the pups in the supplemented groups were significantly heavier than in the control group. Study of the indices of cellular growth in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle revealed that the increase in the soft tissue weight was due to a significant increase in protein, RNA and DNA contents (cellular hyperplasia) without any change in protein/DNA ratio (cell size). In the tibia, compared to controls, the dry bone weight and ash weight were more in the supplemented groups, but ash weight/dry bone weight ratio was not altered. The improvement in the neonatal growth was most probably due to the greater milk yield observed in the dams in supplemented groups and not due to any anabolic effect in the pups since direct administration of 500 IU or 1,000 IU of vitamin D3 in 10 day old pups did not increase their body weight.

Neurobehavioral development of rats exposed to toluene through maternal milk

Organic solvents have been detected in the milk of workers in the rubber industry exposed during gestation to a mixture of solvents at average concentrations lower than the currently accepted occupational limit of exposure (100ppm). The objective of the present study was to determine if exposure of rat offspring to toluene during laction, through maternal milk, would affect the developing brain. There month old, lactating Wistar rats were injedted with toluene (1.2 g/Kg, sc, N = 10) daily from laction day 2(day of delivery - day 1) to day 21. Controls (N=9) were injected with the vehicle (c0rn oil). Offspring (7 pups per litter) were evaluated form neurosomatic development and exploratory behavior before weaning and behavior in the open field. A second group of toluene treated ratas (N=6) and controls (N=6) was used to evaluate behavior of the offspring in the open-field on day 35 and performance in a shuttle box in adulthood. Toluene levels in blood and milk after a single 1.2 g/Kg sc injection were studied in a third group of rats on laction day 10. Toluene levels in milk 4 h after a single injection (10.3ñ6.2) were 5 times higher than in blood (2.1ñ0.8). No effects of treatment on offspring development or on any of the behavioral tests were observed. Sex differences were observed in open-field behavior and performance in the shuttle box. The present results suggest that exposure of pups to high concentrations of toluene through maternal milk does not result in blood levels high enough to affect growth or development