Determination of cyanide in whole seeds and brans of linseed (Linum usitatissimum Linn) by molecular spectrophotometry

Abstract The addition of linseed (Linum usitatissimum Linn) in the diet, as a functional food, has increased over the years. However, it possesses cyanogenic glycosides. This study aimed to quantify and compare cyanide concentration in whole seed and bran of brown and golden types to establish a safe limit of intake. Three commercial labels, from brown and golden whole seed types (Ab, Ag, Bb, Bg, Cb and Cg), and six commercial labels of brown and golden bran (1b, 2g, 3g, 4b, 5g, and 6b), were selected, totalizing twelve samples. Total cyanide concentration was quantified by a colorimetric method employing alkaline picrate, after acid hydrolysis. The whole seed cyanide values were between 348.4 and 473.20 µg/g and the bran cyanide values were between 459.53 and 639.35 µg/g. The analyzed bran presented increased cyanide concentrations than the whole seeds with no differences between brown and golden types. Food able to produce cyanide less than 90 µg/kg body weight, daily, is considered secure for consumption. Considering this limit and analyzed samples, it is safe to eat approximately two tablespoons of seeds or one tablespoon of bran. These results point out the importance of cyanide amount daily intake information to be in linseed packaging, to ensure secure consumption

Influence of prolonged flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum ) consumption over epididymis and testicle histoarchitecture of Wistar rats / Influência do consumo prolongado de semente de linhaça ( Linum usitatissimum ) sobre a histoarquitetura dos testículo e epidídimo de ratos Wistar

Flaxseed is considered a functional food with several health benefits. However, because of its high phytoestrogen content, flaxseed influences hormone metabolism and affects the gonadal biomorphology. In this study, computerized histomorphometry was used to evaluate seminiferous and epididymal tubules, considering the different regions of the epididymis (head, body and tail) of rats subjected to a prolonged diet of flaxseed. Young adult male Wistar rats (n=20) were divided into 2 groups during their lactation period: Control Group (CG), fed casein-based meals and Flaxseed Group (FG), fed a 25% flaxseed meal. After 250 days of continuous ingestion, the animals were euthanized and a blood sample was collected. The testicles and epididymis were removed and fixed in buffered formalin solution. The samples were subjected to routine histological paraffin techniques and stained with hematoxilin and eosin. Immunostaining was performed using an antivimentin antibody for Sertoli cell identification. For morphometry, images of the slides were scanned and analyzed using Image J to determine the epithelial height, tubular and luminal diameter and tubular and luminal area. In the hormonal evaluation, FG had a higher serum concentration of estrogen (P=0.001), but no change was observed in the concentration of testosterone. The morphometric assay of seminiferous tubules and epididymal regions revealed no significant differences between the analyzed groups. Similarly, Sertoli cell quantification showed no significant differences in the FG (P=0.98). These results revealed that the continuous and prolonged intake of 25% flaxseed meals from gestation to 250 days of age, even with a significant increase in serum levels of estradiol, does not exert adverse effects on the testicular and epididymal structure or on the cells participating in the spermatogenesis of rats.(AU)

A semente de linhaça é considerada um alimento funcional com vários efeitos benéficos à saúde. Entretanto, devido ao seu elevado teor de fitoestrógenos, esta semente pode influenciar no metabolismo hormonal e interferir na biomorfologia gonadal. Neste estudo, utilizamos a histomorfometria computadorizada para avaliar os túbulos seminíferos e epididimários, considerando as diferentes regiões do epidídimo (cabeça, corpo e cauda) de ratos submetidos a uma dieta prolongada de semente de linhaça. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos adultos jovens (n=20) divididos em 2 grupos, durante o período de lactação: Grupo Controle (GC) a base de caseína e Grupo Linhaça (GL) alimentados com 25% de semente de linhaça. Ao final de 250 dias de ingestão contínua, os animais foram sacrificados e amostra de sangue foi coletada. Os testículos e epidídimos foram retirados e fixados em formol tamponado. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento histológico de rotina para parafina e coradas em hematoxilina e eosina. Foi feita a imunomarcação com anticorpo antivimentina para identificação das células de Sertoli. Para morfometria, as imagens das lâminas foram digitalizadas e analisadas pelo software ImageJ para obtenção dos dados de altura epitelial, diâmetro e área tubular e luminal. Na avaliação hormonal o GL teve maior concentração de estrógeno sérico (p=0,001), mas nenhuma mudança na concentração de testosterona foi observada. Nos parâmetros morfométricos dos túbulos seminíferos e das regiões epididimárias, não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos analisados. Da mesma forma, a quantificação das células de Sertoli não apresentaram diferenças significativas no GL (p=0,98). Estes resultados mostraram que o consumo contínuo e prolongado de 25% de semente de linhaça desde período gestacional até 250 dias de idade, mesmo com o aumento significativo nos níveis séricos de estradiol, não exerceram efeitos adversos sobre a estrutura testicular e epididimária, assim como nas células participantes da espermatogênese em ratos.(AU)

Efeitos de Diferentes Tipos de Linhaça nas Sensações de Apetite eSaciedade no Sobrepeso e na Obesidade / Effects of Different Types of Flaxseed Flour in Appetite and Satiety Sensations Among Overweighed and Obese Women

A linhaça, rica em fibras, é estratégia nutricional para o tratamento da obesidade. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de três tipos de farinha de linhaça nas sensações de apetite e saciedade em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade. Métodos: Foram consumidos aleatoriamente cinco tipos de refeição-teste: 400g de iogurte de baixo teor de gordura com 30g de farinha de linhaça: marrom integral (FLMI), marrom desengordurada (FLMD), dourada (FLD) ou 14 g de fibra solúvel (goma guar) ou iogurte (controle). A avaliação da sensação de apetite e saciedade foi realizada em 0 (em jejum), 15, 45, 75 e 105 minutos após a refeição-teste, utilizando escala visual analógica adaptada. Avariação da taxa entre os tempos T0-T15 e T15-T105 foi calculada e os voluntários classificados em quatro quadrantes, de acordo com média e taxas de variação. Resultados: Os grupos suplementados com linhaça apresentaram comportamento semelhante na sensação de apetite e saciedade; com FLMD houve menor sensação de apetite e maior saciedade, e maior frequência no quadrante “Perde lento e ganha lento” do grupo com sobrepeso (47,0%) e do grupo obesidade grau 1 (47,6%). No quadrante “Perde rápido e ganha rápido” o grupo com sobrepeso (41,2%) foi o mais frequente e no quadrante “Perde lento e ganha rápido” o grupo obesidade grau 1 (31,8%) foi o mais frequente. Conclusão: A ingestão de FLMD favoreceu a redução do apetite e aumento da saciedade provavelmente por viscosidade mais elevada e maior quantidade de proteínas desta linhaça...

Flaxseed is rich in fibers and is a nutritional strategy for the treatment of obesity . Objective: To compare the effects of three types of flaxseed flours in the appetite and satiety sensations in overweighed and obese women. Methods: Five types of test meals were randomly consumed: 400g of low-fat yogurt with 30g of the following types of flaxseed flour: whole brown flaxseed flour (WBFF), brown defatted flaxseed flour (BDFF), golden flaxseed flour (GFF) or 14g of soluble fiber (guar gum) or yogurt (control). Evaluation of the appetite and satiety sensation was held 0 (fasting), 15, 45, 75 and 105 minutes after the test meal using an adapted visual analogue scale. Variation on the rate between times T0-T15 and T15-T105 was calculated and the volunteers were ranked into four quadrants according to the average and variation rates. Results: The groups supplemented with flaxseed showed similar behavior in the sensation of appetite and satiety; with BDFF, there was a weaker sensation of appetite and greater satiety, and greater frequency of the overweight group (47.0%) and grade 1 obesity group (47.6%) in the “Loses slowly and gains slowly” quadrant. The overweight group appeared more frequently (41.2%) in the “Loses quickly and gains quickly” quadrant. The grade 1 obesity group appeared more frequently (31.8%) in the “Loses slowly and gains quickly” quadrant. Conclusion: Intake of BDFF led to reduced appetite and increased satiety probably due to the higher viscosity and greater amount of protein found in flaxseed...

Effect of flax seeds, pumpkin seeds and sesame seedson liver enzymes and kidney functions of rats suffering from osteoporosis

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of two levels from flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and combination on liver enzymes and kidney functions of rats suffering from osteoporosis. Sixty female rats [Sprague dawley strain] weighting an average of [200 +/- 10g] used in this study. The rats were divided into two main groups. The first main group [6 rats] was fed on basal diet as a [control negative group].The second main group [54 rats] fed on diet containing 100 mg [prednislone acetate] as source of Glucocorticoid GC/kg diet to induce osteoporosis for two weeks. Then the second main group divided into nine subgroups [n=6 each] as follows: subgroup [1] fed on prednislone acetate diet as a [control positive group], subgroups [2 and3] fed on prednisone acetate diets containing [5% and 10%] flax seeds. Subgroups [4 and 5] fed on prednisone acetate diet containing [5% and 10%] pumpkin seeds, subgroups [6 and 7] fed on prednisone acetate diets containing [5% and 10%] sesame seeds. subgroups [8 and 9] fed on prednisone acetate diet containing [5% and 10%] combination of flax seeds, pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds. The results revealed that, food intake, body weight gain%, kidney functions [uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine] and liver enzymes [AST, ALT and ALP] of all treated groups improved than that of the positive control group, especially the osteoporosis group fed on diet containing 10% combination of [flax seeds, pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds]. The pathological examination of liver confirmed these results

Effect of flaxseed on reduction of diabetic complications in experimental rats

This work is aimed to study the effect of feeding flaxseed in management of Diabetes mellitus in experimental rat. About Thirty five male albino rats were used, experimental diabetes was induced. Rats were classified in groups as control, diabetic, diabetic received 5, 10 or 20% of flaxseed in the diet. After 6 weeks blood samples were collected also, the right femur was removed. Glucose concentration of diabetic rats treated with 5%, 10% or 20% flaxseed was significantly decreased. Upon adding flaxseed at 5, 10 or 20% ratios treatment in diabetic rats, kidney function mean values were normalized. ALT, AST, TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c were increased in diabetic group; the level was decreased as rats received flaxseed. Bone mineral density and content in diabetic group were reduced and normalized after receiving flaxseed. So, diabetes has more pronounced effect on serum glucose, liver, and kidney functions lipids profile, and bone health and flaxseed has beneficial effect on the prevention of osteoporosis

Efeitos da dieta rica em linhaça na lactação sobre a composição corporal e função tireóidea da prole na idade adulta / Effects of maternal flaxseed diet during lactation on body composition and thyroid function in adult animals

A Linhaça (Linum Usitatissimum) apresenta diversas substâncias com alegados efeitos benéficos que favorecem a diminuição da adiposidade, glicemia e melhoram o perfil lipidêmico e o sistema cardiovascular. Neste trabalho, investigamos na prole 21 e 180 dias de vida o efeito do consumo materno da semente de linhaça durante a lactação sobre os parâmetros associados a composição corporal, a homeostase glicêmica, lipídica e protéica, a leptinemia, adiponectinemia e insulinemia, a função tireoideana e a via de sinalização da leptina no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireóide. As ratas lactantes foram separadas em dois grupos: controle (C) - recebendo ração a base de caseína (20%) e linhaça (L) - recebendo ração adicionada de 25% da semente de linhaça, contendo 18,9% de proteína (sendo 13,9% de caseína e 5% de linhaça) durante a lactação. O sacrifício das proles ocorreu aos 21 e 180 dias de idade, para determinação de: glicemia, albuminemia, proteínas totais, hematócrito, hemoglobina, colesterol total e triglicerídeos, insulina, leptina, adiponectina, TSH, T4 livre e T3 total. Os animais foram completamente eviscerados para obtenção da carcaça e análise da composição corporal. O consumo alimentar e a massa corporal (MC) foram aferidos diariamente durante a lactação e de 4 em 4 dias após a lactação até a idade adulta. As ratas lactantes do grupo L não apresentaram diferença na massa corporal e consumo alimentar. Durante a lactação a prole L apresentou maior ganho de peso corporal e após ao desmame observamos um aumento transitório de massa corporal até a idade adulta. Aos 21 dias, observamos na prole do grupo L menor gordura total e subcutanea, colesterol total, triblicerideo, albumina, insulina, T3 total e atividade de D1 no fígado; e aumento da área dos adipocitos no tecido subcutaneo, leptina, TSH e expressão de Ob-R, STAT3 e p-STAT3 na hipofise (p<0,05). Aos 180 dias, o grupo L apresentou menor glicemia, adiponectina, T4 livre, atividade de D1 e D2 na tireóide...

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) presents high number of substances with alleged beneficial effects that decrease the adiposity, glocuse levels and improved lipid profile and cardiovascular system. In this study, we investigated in the offspring at 21 and 180 days old the effect of maternal consumption of flaxseed during lactation on the parameters associated with body composition, glucose homeostasis, lipid and protein, leptinemia, adiponectinemia and insulinemia, thyroid function, and leptin signaling pathway in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the offspring at 21 and 180 days old. Lactating rats were divided into: (1) Controls (C), diet containing 20% casein; (2) FLaxseed (F), diet with additional 25% of flaxseed, containing 18.9% protein (13.9% from casein and 5% from flaxseed). The offspring were sacrificed at 21 and 180 days of age to determinate: glycemia, albumin, leptin, adiponectin, TSH, free T4 and total T3. The animals were completely eviscerated to obtain the carcass by body composition analysis. The maternal food intake and body mass were measured daily during the lactation, and after weaning were monitored once every 4 days until they were 180 days old. The dams of F group presented no changes in body mass and food intake. During the lactation the F offspring showed higher body mass and after weaning they presented a higher transitory body mass until 180 days old. At 21 days old, F group showed lower total and subcutaneous fat mass, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, albumin, insulin, total T3 and D1 liver activity; and higher subcutaneous adipocytes area, leptin, TSH and Ob-R, STAT3 and p-STAT expression in pituitary (p<0,05). At 180 days old, F group presented lower glycemia, adiponectin, free T4 and D1 and D2 activity in thyroid; and higher visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes area, insuli, Ob-R expression in thyroid and D2 activity in brown adipose tissue (p<0,05). In conclusion, maternal flaxseed diet during lactation...

Consumo de semente de linhaça durante a lactação afeta peso e nível de hemoglobina na prole de ratas / Maternal consumption of flaxseed during lactation affects weight and hemoglobin level of offspring in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo da semente de linhaça durante a lactação sobre o peso corporal, indicadores hematológicos e massa de gordura visceral dos filhotes de ratas na idade adulta. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 16 ratas Wistar que, após o parto, foram divididas em dois grupos que receberam, durante a lactação, as seguintes dietas: grupo-controle (GC), ração à base de caseína, e grupo linhaça (GL), ração à base de caseína contendo 25 por cento de semente de linhaça. Ao desmame, os filhotes machos passaram a receber ração comercial até a idade adulta, quando foram sacrificados aos 170 dias de vida para coleta de sangue e avaliação da massa de gordura visceral. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado menor peso corporal da prole do GL (GL = 42,69±3,06 g; GC = 47,31±4,72 g; p = 0,036) ao desmame. Aos 170 dias de idade foram observados menores valores na hemoglobina do GL (GL = 12,30±1,28 g/dL; GC = 13,88±0,91 g/dL; p = 0,02). Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas na massa de gordura visceral entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo materno da ração à base de semente de linhaça durante a lactação promoveu menor peso ao desmame e níveis menores de hemoglobina na idade adulta quando comparados ao GC.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of maternal flaxseed consumption during lactation on the body weight, hematological indicators and visceral fat mass of male offspring in adulthood. METHODS: Sixteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups after giving birth. During lactation the control group (CG) was fed a casein-based diet and the flaxseed group (FG) was fed a casein-based diet containing 25 percent flaxseed. After weaning, male offspring were fed on commercial chow until adulthood and euthanized at 170 days for blood collection and visceral fat mass assessment. RESULTS: Offspring of rats in the FG had lower body weight (FG = 42.69±3.06 g; CG = 47.31±4.72 g; p = 0.036) at weaning. At 170 days, lower hemoglobin levels were observed in the FG (FG = 12.30±1.28 g/dL; CG = 13.88±0.91 g/dL; p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in visceral fat mass between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal consumption of a flaxseed-based diet during lactation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and lower hemoglobin levels in adulthood, when compared with the control group.

Efeito da suplementação de linhaça, óleo de canola e vitamina e na dieta sobre a oxidação dos ácidos graxos na gema dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras / Effect of supplementation of flaxseed, canola oil and vitamin e on diet in fatty acids oxidation of egg yolk laying hens

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de fontes deácidos graxos poliinsaturados- óleo de canola e/ou semente de linhaça com diferentes concentrações de vitamina E suplementar sobre o teor de produtos de oxidação de ácidos graxos na gema de ovos de galinhas. Utilizou-se 288 galinhas da linhagem Babcock que receberam dietas com 6% de óleo de canola, 20% de semente de linhaça moída ou 3% de óleo de canola e 10% de semente de linhaça moída com teores de 0, 100 e 200 UI/kg de a-tocoferol, para análise estatística dos resultados empregou-se arranjo fatorial 3X3 em blocos casualizados.Os grupos que receberam óleo de canola tiveram menores concentrações de malonaldeído (menor oxidação) na gema dos ovos que aqueles alimentados com linhaça, em ovos crus sem armazenamento e nos cozidos após armazenamento. Os ovos crustiveram as menores concentrações de produtos de oxidação dos ácidos graxos. Os grupos de ovos cozidos, que receberam 100 e 200UI/kgde vitamina E na dieta, tiveram menores teores de malonaldeído na gema dos ovos que os grupos não suplementados.

To investigate the effect of dietary sources of polyunsaturated fattyacids - canola oil and flaxseed – with different vitamin E supplementation upon the fatty acids oxidation produtcts deposition into the eggs. 288 Babcock laying hens were used. Birds were fed diets containing 6% of canola oil, 20% of flaxseed or a combination of 3% of canola oil and 10% of flaxseed, enriched with 0,100 or 200 Ul of dl-a-tocopheril acetate, hens were randomly allocated and the experimental design was a 3X3 factorial arrangement. The inclusion of flaxseed into the diet increased the yolk polyun saturated fatty acids oxidation products, in crude and cooked stored eggs. The concentration of fatty acids oxidation products de crease in crude eggs in all sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cooked eggs without a-tocopherol supplementation in the diet increase the concentration of oxidation products when compared with cooked eggs from diets with 100 or 200UI a-tocopherol in the diet.

Efeito da suplementação de linhaça, óleo de canola e vitamina E na dieta sobre as concentrações de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em ovos de galinha / Effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed, canola oil and vitamin E upon polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken eggs

Estudou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados (óleo de canola e semente de linhaça), acrescidas de diferentes teores de alfa-tocoferol nas dietas de poedeiras, sobre a composição de ácidos graxos da gema do ovo foi estudado. Foram utilizadas 288 galinhas da linhagem Babcock que receberam dietas com 6 por cento de óleo de canola, 20 por cento de semente de linhaça moída ou 3 por cento de óleo de canola e 10 por cento de linhaça moída com teores de 0, 100 e 200UI/kg de alfa-tocoferol. As dietas com 20 por cento de semente de linhaça proporcionaram teores mais elevados de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados no ovo com aumento, em particular, dos teores de ácido alfa-linolênico e EPA (ácido eicosapentaenóico) e diminuição de ácido araquidônico na gema. Os teores de vitamina E contidos nas rações experimentais não determinaram alteração significativa na deposição dos diferentes ácidos graxos na gema dos ovos, exceto com relação aos ácidos graxos saturados.

The effect of dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids - canola oil and flaxseed - with different vitamin E supplementation on the fatty acid deposition into the eggs of 288 Babcock laying hens was investigated. Birds were fed diets containing 6 percent of canola oil, 20 percent of flaxseed or a combination of 3 percent of canola oil and 10 percent of flaxseed, enriched with 0, 100 or 200Ul of dl-alpha-tocopheril acetate. The inclusion of flaxseed in the diets increased the yolk polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly alpha-linolenic acid and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). The concentration of alpha-tocopherol in the diet did not change the egg yolk, fatty acids deposition but changed the saturated fatty acids deposition.