Chromobacterium violaceum genome: molecular mechanisms associated with pathogenicity

Chromobacterium violaceum is a versatile, Gram-negative beta-protebacterium that grows in a variety of ecosystems in tropical and subtropical areas, such as the water and borders of the Negro River, in the Amazon region of Brazil. Although it is a saprophyte and is generally considered non-pathogenic, sporadic cases of human infection have been described, mainly in young children and in immunodeficient individuals. Although rare, infections with C. violaceum are characterized by rapid dissemination and high mortality. With the complete genome sequence of C. violaceum now available, a detailed description of the molecular arsenal required for this bacterium's remarkable versatility has been revealed. Most importantly, a more detailed picture of its biotechnological properties, including the characteristic violacein pigment, has emerged. The complete genome sequence also enabled us to make a thorough examination of the repertoire of genes encoding probable virulence factors, which determine the potential for pathogenesis. We described a number of genes involved in infectious processes, such as host cell adhesion, [quot ]contact-dependent secretion[quot ] of factors that promote cell invasion, as well as other virulence factors, such as cytolytic proteins. We also described genes involved with the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and proteoglycan, known to elicit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and involved in the detoxification process, which may contribute to the evasion of the bacteria from the host immune response

El lipopolisacárido bacteriano: una potente endotoxina con múltiples actividades biológicas, recientes avances en estructura, genética y bioquímica / Lipopolysaccharides, bacterial: an potent endotoxin with multiples biological activities

Los lipopolisacáridos (LPS) constituyen el antígeno O y la endotoxina de las bacterias Gram-negativas. Están localizados en la membrana externa de la envoltura celular bacteriana y juegan un papel muy importante en la patogénesis de las infecciones bacterianas, así como en la interacción con el hospedero y su sistema de defensa. Básicamente el LPS se compone de una porción lipídica muy conservada entre las especies, denominada lípido A, inmersa en la cara externa de la membrana externa de la bacteria, y una porción hidrofílica compuesta por azúcares que presenta una gran variabilidad estructural. El lípido A es responsable de las propiedades patofisiológicas de las endotoxinas. El polisacárido O, que es la porción mas externa, le confiere a la bacteria su especificidad serológica. El oligosacárido nuclear o core une el polisacárido O al líquido A. En general, los genes responsables de la síntesis del LPS están organizados ya sea en grupos de genes contiguos como en la síntesis del núcleo y el polisacárido O, o bien, dispersos alrededor del cromosoma bacteriano como en el caso del lípido A. La mayoría de los pasos de la vía biosintética del LPS han sido elucidados al menos en las enterobacterias. Tanto las interacciones moleculares de enzimas y sistratos durante la síntesis comoe el transporte del LPS hasta la membrana externa bacteriana son aspectos de constante investigación hoy en día, debido a las implicaciones en la biología de estos microorganismos y en el potencial uso farmacológico de análogos o antagonistas de LPS en la terapéutica del choque endotóxico. Esta revisión pretende actualizar los aspectos relevantes de la estructura, bioquímica y genética de esta importante molécula bacteriana

Potent stimulation of murine B cells to proliferate and to secrete immunoglobulins by a lipoteichoic acid-like molecule produced by Clostridium botulinum C and D

Bacterial products have served as important immunological tools to study ly,phocyte activation. The lipopolysaccharides of the Gram-negative bacteria are well known to be potent activators of B lymphocytes. Several Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins that are superantigens for T cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that the Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium botulinum C and D produce a high molecular weight mitogen (Cb mitogen) that is a potent activator of murine B lymphocytes. The Cb mitogen was discovered as a consequence of our attempt to investigate a possible superantigen activity present in the botulinum exotoxins. We observed initially that mouse spleen cells were strongly stimulated to proliferate by culture supernatants of C. botulinum C and D. However, the characterization of the responding cell ruled out superantigen because only the B lymphocytes were stimulated to proliferate and to secrete immunoglobulins, and they did so independent of T cell help. In addition, the molecular characterization of the Cb mitogen demonstrated that the purified botulinum toxin was devoid of mitogenic activity. In contrast, the fractionation of the culture supernatant of C. botulinum C in an FPLC Superose 12 column indicated that the Cb mitogen was present in the void volume of the column (MW ò 300 kDa) which had no toxigenic activity. However, the fractions containing molecules of 150 KDa were highly toxic for mice and had no mitogenic activity...

Atividade biológica do Lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Moraxella bovis

Foram avaliadas algumas propriedades biológicas do lipopolissacarídeo extraído de M. bovis. Experimentos realizados in vivo com o LPS purificado demonstraram toxicidade evidenciada pel DL50 em camundongos. Lesöes dermonecróticas localizadas foram detectadas pela reaçäo de Shwartzman em coelhos albino. Além disso, foi observada uma severa conjuntivite em camundongos que resistiram ao desafio intraperitoneal com o LPS sugerindo, desse modo, um importante mecanismo predispondo à penetraçäo de M. bovis na mucosa conjuntiva