Effect of Lubricant Use on Cervicovaginal Cytology - What's the Evidence? / Efeito do uso de lubrificante na citologia cervicovaginal - Qual a evidência?

Abstract Objective To determine if the use of lubricating gel on the speculum during the cervicovaginal cytology examination interferes with the results obtained, as well as whether it reduces reported discomfort in patients. Data sources A systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, with a search in the Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase databases of articles published between January 2011 and May 2022. The keywords used were cytology, speculum, lubricant, result, and pain. Selection of studies The initial search resulted in 306 articles, of which were excluded three because they were duplicates, 257 after reading the title and abstract and 41 after reading the full text. Thus, five articles were selected for the study: four randomized clinical trials and one metanalysis. Data collection The selection of articles was performed by two investigators. The 5 selected articles were read in full and submitted to a comparative analysis. Data synthesis Screening through cervicovaginal cytology allows for early diagnosis and reduction of associated mortality, but the procedure can be associated with pain. A small amount of aqueous lubricating gel in the speculum can be used to reduce the discomfort associated with performing cervicovaginal cytology. Conclusion The use of lubricating gel in the speculum does not seem to be associated with a change in the cytology result and reduces the discomfort associated with its insertion into the vagina.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar se o uso de gel lubrificante no espéculo durante o exame de citologia cervicovaginal interfere com os resultados obtidos e se diminui o desconforto relatado por pacientes. Fontes de dados Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática segundo as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase, de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2011 e julho de 2022. Utilizaram-se as palavras-chave citologia, espéculo, lubrificante, resultado e dor. Seleção dos estudos A pesquisa inicial resultou em 306 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos três por se encontrarem duplicados, 257 após a leitura do título e do resumo e 41 após a leitura integral. Assim, foram selecionados cinco artigos para o estudo: quatro ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e uma metanálise. Coleta de dados A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois investigadores. Os cinco artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e submetidos a uma análise comparativa. Síntese dos dados O rastreio através da citologia cervicovaginal permite um diagnóstico precoce e redução da mortalidade associada, mas a sua realização pode estar associada a dor. Uma pequena quantidade de gel lubrificante aquoso pode ser utilizada no espéculo para diminuir o desconforto associado à realização da citologia cervicovaginal. Conclusão A utilização de gel lubrificante não está associada a alteração do resultado da citologia e diminui o desconforto associado à sua introdução na vagina.

Lubricación in vitro en prótesis articulares / In Vitro Lubrication In Joint Prostheses

Entender el desgaste prematuro en reemplazos articulares debido a una lubricación deficiente, que puede resultar en valores de fricción altos, es un tema amplio e intrincado de abordar. Además, si el lubricante es el fluido sinovial, los mecanismos de lubricación que ocurren son aún más complejos de develar. En este artículo se revisa el estado de conocimiento actual de la lubricación sinovial, así como las características reológicas del fluido lubricante. Asimismo, se mencionan algunas técnicas experimentales y métodos numéricos con los que se ha estudiado el problema de la lubricación. En algunas simulaciones numéricas de la lubricación en reemplazos articulares no se considera el efecto del esfuerzo cortante del líquido sinovial ya que se asume que tiene un comportamiento newtoniano, sin embargo, otras investigaciones han demostrado que al asumir un comportamiento no newtoniano el proceso de lubricación se afecta significativamente. Con todo esto, incorporar todos los factores que pueden afectar la lubricación en reemplazos articulares, en simulaciones numéricas hasta la fecha es un reto. A través de diversas investigaciones se buscan nuevos materiales, diseños y técnicas de análisis que permitan incrementar la vida útil de los implantes para así reducir las cirugías de revisión(AU)

derstanding premature wear in joint replacements due to poor lubrication, which can result in high friction values, is a broad and intricate topic to address. In addition, if the lubricant is the synovial fluid, the lubrication mechanisms that occur are even more complex to unveil. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on synovial lubrication, as well as the rheological characteristics of the lubricating fluid. It is also made a mention of some experimental techniques and numerical methods with which the problem of lubrication has been studied. In some numerical simulations of lubrication in joint replacements the effect of the shear stress of the synovial fluid is not considered since it is assumed to have a Newtonian behavior; however, other research has shown that by assuming a non-Newtonian behavior the lubrication process is significantly affected. With all this, incorporating all the factors that can affect lubrication in joint replacements, in numerical simulations to date is a challenge. Through various investigations, new materials, designs and analysis techniques are sought to increase the useful life of implants in order to reduce revision surgeries(AU)

Lineamientos técnicos para la provisión de condones masculinos, femeninos y lubricantes a base de agua en el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud / Technical guidelines for the provision of condoms male, female and water-based lubricants in the National Integrated Health System

Los presentes lineamientos técnicos han sido elaborados en función de garantizar la cobertura y el acceso universal en salud. Sin embargo, la prevención de ITS/VIH, en particular en los grupos de población clave y vulnerable, se ve impactada por el estigma y discriminación, desigualdad en materia de género, violencia, falta de poder de decisión de las comunidades y vulneraciones de los derechos humanos, derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos. Es debido a lo anterior, que se han identificado acciones necesarias plasmadas en este documento, para superar dichas barreras de acceso en estos grupos de población

These technical guidelines have been prepared in order to guarantee the coverage and universal access in health. However, STI/HIV prevention, particularly in groups of key and vulnerable population, is impacted by stigma and discrimination, inequality in of gender, violence, lack of decision-making power of the communities and violations of the rights human rights, sexual rights and reproductive rights. It is due to the above, that they have been identified necessary actions embodied in this document, to overcome these barriers of access in these population groups

Increasing the chances of natural conception: opinion statement from the the brazilian federation of gynecology and obstetrics associations - FEBRASGO committee of gynecological endocrinology / Aumentando as chances de concepção natural: parecer da comissão nacional de ginecologia endócrina da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

Abstract Considering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym) Committee on Endocrine Gynecology provides suggestions to optimize counseling for non-infertile people attempting spontaneous conception.

Resumo Uma vez que mitos e equívocos sobre a procriação natural se espalham rapidamente na era do fácil acesso à informação e às redes sociais, o aconselhamento adequado sobre a fertilidade natural e a concepção espontânea deve ser encorajado em qualquer tipo de assistência à saúde. Apesar do fato de não haver evidências fortes sobre qualquer dos aspectos relacionados à fertilidade natural, existe literatura sobre como aumentar as chances de uma gravidez espontânea. No presente artigo, a Comissão Nacional de Ginecologia Endócrina da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO) oferece sugestões para otimizar o aconselhamento a pessoas que tentam a concepção espontânea, na ausência do diagnóstico de infertilidade.

Fatores associados a alergias oculares em crianças atendidas em serviço especializado / Factors associated with ocular allergies in children treated at a specialized service

Introdução: A conjuntivite alérgica (CA) é uma doença inflamatória da conjuntiva ocular causada principalmente por mecanismo IgE-mediado. É o tipo mais comum de alergia ocular. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores associados à CA de diferentes intensidades em pacientes acompanhados em ambulatório pediátrico especializado em doenças alérgicas, visando, assim, facilitar o diagnóstico, a terapêutica e a profilaxia dessa morbidade. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo analisou prontuários de pacientes (n = 120) com diagnóstico clínico de CA acompanhados em ambulatório especializado por pelo menos um ano. O diagnóstico de CA foi realizado por oftalmologista, e, segundo os medicamentos utilizados, os pacientes foram classificados em CA grave (corticosteroide oral, imunossupressor tópico ou sistêmico e/ou com lesão corneana) ou não grave. Todos foram submetidos a testes cutâneos de leitura imediata com bateria padronizada de aeroalérgenos. Quinze pacientes foram escolhidos aleatoriamente e submetidos à pesquisa de IgE sérica específica (ImmunoCap-ISAC; Thermo Scientific). Resultados: Formas graves de CA ocorreram em 36/120 pacientes, com predomínio de sexo masculino (86,1%), presença de história familiar de CA e uso de lubrificantes e de imunossupressores tópicos. Não houve diferenças quanto à sensibilização a aeroalérgenos, mas entre as formas graves predominou a polissensibilização. Houve predomínio de sensibilização aos ácaros da poeira domiciliar. Conclusão: Nosso estudo-piloto mostrou que formas graves de CA foram associadas ao sexo masculino, ter história familiar de conjuntivite alérgica, e ser sensibilizado a ácaros da poeira domiciliar. Estudos adicionais são necessários para melhor caracterizar os possíveis fatores de risco associados à maior gravidade da CA.

Introduction: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an inflammatory disease of the ocular conjunctiva mainly caused by IgE-mediated mechanism. It is the most common type of ocular allergy. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with AC of different degrees of severity in patients followed in a pediatric outpatient clinic specializing in allergic diseases, in order to facilitate the diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of this morbidity. Methods: This retrospective study assessed medical records of patients (n = 120) with clinical diagnosis of AC followed at a specialized outpatient clinic for at least one year. The diagnosis of AC was performed by an ophthalmologist and, according to the medications used, the patients were classified as having severe AC (oral corticosteroid, topical or systemic immunosuppressive drug and/or corneal injury) or non-severe AC. All patients underwent skin prick tests with a standardized battery of aeroallergens. Fifteen patients were randomly selected to undergo serum specific IgE screening (ImmunoCap-ISAC; Thermo Scientific). Results: Severe forms of AC occurred in 36/120 patients with predominance of male sex (86.1%), presence of family history of AC, and use of lubricants and topical immunosuppressive drugs. There were no differences in sensitization to aeroallergens, but polysensitization prevailed among the severe forms. There was a predominance of sensitization to house dust mites. Conclusion: Our pilot study showed that severe forms of AC were associated with being male, having a family history of allergic conjunctivitis and being sensitized to house dust mites. Additional studies are needed to better characterize possible risk factors associated with increased AC severity.

Effects of granule particle size and lubricant concentration on tablet hardness containing large concentration of polymers

ABSTRACT The objective of this research work is to demonstrate the impact of granule size and lubricant concentration on the hardness of tablets in formulations containing higher concentration of polymers and to resolve the hardness issue during compression process. The work involves optimization of a milling process for size reduction of granules and blending process to achieve tablets of good hardness on compression. To optimize the granule size, different sized co-mill screens were used. The different concentration of lubricant were studied on different sized granules to check the effect on hardness of tablets and to obtained the desired hardness of tablets. Compression of lubricated blend in various concentration was performed using the gravity feeder and force feeder separately to check the impact on the over lubrication effect. This ultimately leads to less hardness tablets. Lubricated blends were evaluated by performing the Bulk Density, Tapped Density, Hausner ratio and compressibility index tests. Tablets were evaluated for the physical characteristics like weight variation, hardness, thickness and dissolution. It has been conclude that on using the optimum granules size and lubricant concentration in formulation, all the downstream problems can be resolved and this in turn helps in compression of tablets and also provides the good hardness to the tablets.

Ospemifene: A Novel Option for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Ospemifene—a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2013—is an oral medication for the treatment of dyspareunia. In postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy, ospemifene significantly improves the structure and pH levels of the vagina, reducing dyspareunia. It is available as a 60-mg tablet; hence, women who may have had prior difficulty with vaginal administration or on-demand use of nonprescription lubricants and moisturizers would likely prefer this form of treatment. Preclinical studies demonstrated that ospemifene has an estrogen agonist action on the bone, reducing the cell proliferation of ductal carcinoma in an in situ model. Studies evaluating the safety of treatment for up to 52 weeks have shown that ospemifene is a safe medication with minimal impact on the endometrium. Further studies with larger number of subjects are necessary to better conclude its effects and long-term safety.

Lubricating effects of cocoa butter and coconut oil in conventional paracetamol tablets

Background: Due to chemical instability of some Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients often caused by magnesium stearate and its impurities, it is expedient to research into some other materials especially of natural origin, which would probably exhibit better lubricating activity, chemically inactive, less bioactive and less prohibitive.Objective: This work is designed to examine the lubricating properties of cocoa butter and coconut oil as alternative lubricants in comparison with conventional lubricant - magnesium stearate at different concentrations in paracetamol tablets. Materials and Methods: Cocoa butter was extracted from the seeds of Theobroma cacao and coconut oil from the meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconuts palm (Cocos nucifera).Physicochemical evaluation was carried out on the extracted oils. Thirteen different formulations were prepared using different lubricants; magnesium stearate, cocoa butter and coconut oil at 0 ­ 4 %w/w concentrations. The prepared granules were evaluated for various pre-compression characteristics (bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner's quotient and Carr's index) and post-compression characteristics (weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution times).Results: Most of the values obtained from the evaluation of pre- and post- compression characteristics correlate with the pharmacopoeial limits. The values of disintegration time were observed to increase as the lubricant concentration increased but no direct relationship with dissolution time. Tablet hardness values decreased while friability increased as the lubricant concentration increased for all the batches. From the study, cocoa butter and coconut oil at 2 ­ 4 % exhibited effective lubricating effect in the formulation of paracetamol tablet with respect to their values of weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution times.Conclusion: Cocoa butter and coconut oil could be employed as good alternative lubricants to the conventional ones in pharmaceutical tablet formulation

The ethics in qualitative health research: special considerations / A ética na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde: considerações especiais

AbstractA sound knowledge of the nature of qualitative research, along with an appreciation of some special ethical considerations, is needed for rigorous reviews to be conducted. The overall character of qualitative research is described with an emphasis on the tendency of qualitative researchers to explore sensitive topics using theoretically informed methods. A number of specific features of qualitative that require additional ethical attention and awareness are also examined including the following: 1) participants are frequently quite vulnerable and require protection because the data collection methods, such as in-depth interviews, can delve into personally and politically charged matters; 2) naturalistic observation can raise concerns regarding privacy and consent; 3) the potential for the identifiability of the results of this research may require extra efforts to maintain confidentiality. Ultimately, Reseach Ethics Committee members must be knowledgeable about qualitative approaches to be able to assess the potential harms and benefits in a protocol carefully. Without this knowledge gaining ethics approval can be overly difficult for researchers and the best practices for protecting human participants can be overlooked.

ResumoO caráter geral da pesquisa qualitativa é descrito com ênfase na tendência de pesquisadores qualitativos para explorar temas sensíveis, utilizando métodos teoricamente informados. Algumas características específicas de pesquisa qualitativa que requerem consciência e atenção ética adicional também são examinadas, incluindo as seguintes: 1) frequentemente os participantes são bastante vulneráveis e necessitam de proteção porque os métodos de coleta de dados, tais como entrevistas em profundidade, podem levar a uma profunda análise de questões repletas de aspectos pessoais e políticos; 2) a observação naturalística pode levantar questões específicas em matéria de privacidade e consentimento; 3) o potencial de que os resultados da pesquisa possibilitem a identificação dos participantes exige esforços adicionais para proteger a privacidade deles. Em última análise, os membros dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) devem conhecer as abordagens qualitativas para avaliar cuidadosamente os potenciais danos e benefícios em um protocolo. Sem esse conhecimento, a aprovação ética pode ser excessivamente difícil para os pesquisadores e as melhores práticas para proteger os participantes podem ser negligenciadas.

Comparison of the Diameter-Dependent Lubricant Effects on Stylet Removal from an Endotracheal Tube

PURPOSE: A stylet aids intubation as a glottis by changing and maintaining the bending inside the endotracheal tube and is used as an auxiliary device in intubation. The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate resistance differences among endotracheal tube sizes and the usefulness of lubricant for stylet removal. METHODS: Depending on endotracheal tube size and lubricant use status, the subjects were divided into the control (n=10, each 7 tube sizes), lidocaine gel (n=70), and saline groups (n=70). Using a tensile strength meter, the work and the peak withdrawal force consumed for retracting a stylet were measured. RESULTS: When the work dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating was compared, significantly less work was consumed for 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.029, p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001). In comparison of the peak withdrawal force dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating, significantly less peak withdrawal force was consumed for the 6.0- or 8.0- mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.004, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, or 8.0 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.025, p=0.001, p=0.008, and p=0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that the effectiveness of lubricant resulted in various sized tubes. Less work was consumed for five tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in saline groups. Less peak withdrawal force was consumed for two tube sizes (6.0-, 8.0 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, 8.0 mm) in saline groups.

Estudo clínico aberto para avaliação de segurança e tolerabilidade de lubrificante para uso íntimo / Open clinical trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a personal lubricant

Introdução: O uso de lubrificantes íntimos pode ser recomendado para reduzir o desconforto da lubrificação insuficiente, proporcionando conforto aos parceiros, particularmente em mulheres portadoras de ressecamento vaginal, decorrente da menopausa ou por outras condições ginecológicas1. Os lubrificantes íntimos são compostos por géis inertes ou que contenham ingredientes com ação calmante1. O presente estudo avaliou a segurança e a tolerabilidade de um gel lubrificante íntimo. Métodos: 115 voluntárias foram avaliados nas etapas do estudo. Inicialmente 55 voluntárias participaram de uma etapa para avaliação de potencial irritante primário e cumulativo e sensibilizante, através de aplicações repetidas de apósitos oclusivos no dorso. Paralelamente 27 voluntárias participaram de uma etapa para avaliação de potencial fotoirritante e fotossensibilizante através de aplicações repetidas de apósitos oclusivos, combinadas com irradiação com UVA. Finalmente, 35 voluntárias com queixas de dispareunia e ressecamento vaginal participaram de um estudo sob condições normais de uso, com utilização do produto durante 21 dias. As voluntárias responderam a um questionário sobre a performance do produto. Resultados: Não foi observada nenhuma positividade nos estudos de dermatotoxicologia. No estudo de segurança e tolerabilidade, nenhum evento adverso foi observado. O produto foi bem avaliado pela maior parte dos voluntários, que referiram maior lubrificação e sensação de bem-estar durante o ato sexual. Conclusão: O lubrificante íntimo avaliado no presente estudo demonstrou ser seguro e foi capaz de promover uma melhora da lubrificação íntima, promovendo uma melhor qualidade do ato sexual. O produto pode ser declarado como hipoalergênico, pela ausência de positividade nos estudos de dermatotoxicologia...

Effects of feminine cleanser Inclear on sperm motility: A prospective study / 대한생식의학회지

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of Inclear, a feminine cleanser, on sperm motility. METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from infertile male patients. Following liquefaction, the raw semen samples were diluted with Ham's F-10 nutrient mixture medium containing 0.4% human serum albumin solution at a ratio of 1:3. The semen samples were subsequently centrifuged to separate the seminal plasma from the serum. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended. The sample was again centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was removed. The final pellet was gently loosened by resuspension and incubated in medium alone as a control, and in a 10% solution of the medium plus Inclear. A sampling time of 30 minutes was selected on the basis of sperm transport studies. Sperm motility was evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis. RESULTS: A total of 20 samples were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 34.40+/-2.96 years. There was no difference in sperm concentration and motility in the two samples at 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. In both semen samples, the sperm concentration and motility decreased after an incubation period of 30 minutes. However, there was no statistical difference between the samples. Sperm concentration and motility were not significantly different between the control and Inclear samples after 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. CONCLUSION: Inclear has no negative effects on sperm motility. This product can be recommended to pregnancy planners for vaginal hygiene and as a vaginal lubricant.

Prevention of postcircumcision meatal stenosis

Meatal stenosis is a condition that almost always is acquired after neonatal circumcision. Circumcision is one of the most common surgical operations throughout the world, and meatal stenosis is one its late complications. We evaluated the topical use of a lubricant jelly after circumcision in boys in order to reduce the risk of meatal stenosis. To evaluate the use of lubricant in prevention of postcircumcision meatal stenosis and other complications. From April 2010 to September 2012, 300 boys younger than 2 year old referred to AL-RAMADI TEACHING HOSPITAL IN ANBAR, IRAQ and my clinic, were involved in a randomized controlled trial. They were referred for circumcision. The parents in the study group were instructed to use petroleum jelly on the circumcision site after each diaper change for 6 months. In the control group, no topical medication was used. The children were followed up regularly and evaluated for meatal stenosis, bleeding, infection, and recovery time. Three hundred boys younger than 2 years old participated in the study. None of the children in the lubricant group developed meatal stenosis, while 91 [60.6%] in the control group developed postcircumcision meatal stenosis [P=0 .0000] which is statistically highly significant. Infection of the circumcision site was observed in 2 [1.3%] and 14 [9.3%] children of the lubricant and control groups, respectively [P=0 .0004] which is statistically highly significant. Two boys [1.3%] in the lubricant group and 29 [19.3%] in the control group had postcircumcision bleeding [P=0 .0007] which is statistically highly significant. Finally, the mean time of recovery in the lubricant group was 3.8 +/- 1.2 days, while it was 6.9 +/- 4.2 days in the control group [P = 0.03]. Based on the findings of this study we can conclude that using petroleum jelly after circumcision is considerably effective for reducing postcircumcision meatal stenosis and other complications

Aquatic Toxicity Assessment of Phosphate Compounds

OBJECTIVES: Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. METHODS: An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. RESULTS: The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration (EC50) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr EC50 was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, L(E)C50 was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

Micromeritic evaluation of the direct compression excipient LubriTose AN / 药学学报

This study is to report the evaluation of the micromeritic properties of LubriTose AN, which is expected to provide preliminary theoretical basis for the direct compression technology. From the aspects of flowability, compressibility and dilution potential, the angle of repose, flow velocity, the Carr' index, tensile strength, elastic recovery, yield pressure and the lubricating ability of LubriTose AN were determined. Also, model drugs were selected to investigate the dilute potential under the desirable compressing performance. Compared to the physical mixtures, the flowability of LubriTose AN was better, and the deformation mechanism was the same with anhydrous lactose, both brittle deformation. The compressibility and compaction of LubriTose AN was slightly better than that of physical mixtures under low and moderate pressure. The dilution potential of LubriTose AN were high for most of hydrophobic drugs. The lubricate ability was desirable under different rotational speeds. LubriTose AN is an excellent co-processed excipient, which is helpful for the promotion and improvement of the tablet manufacturing level.

In vitro wear of Ionofil Molar AC quick glass-ionomer cement.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the three-body wear-resistance of one type of restorative glass-ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: Specimen including conventional GIC (Ionofil Molar AC Quick: IMACQ), hybrid ionomer (Fuji II LC), and composite resin (Heliomolar) were tested in a wearing machine. In this machine, a 6 kg load was applied via pressable chromium-cobalt bar at 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 40,000, 80,000, 120,000 cycles. Specimen weight was measured by an electronical weight balance before and after each cycle. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a t-test, and a paired t-test at P≤0.05. Results: The highest weight loss has been found in Fuji II LC, then in GIC IMACQ and the least wear rate has been reported in heliomolar composite in all cycles except 120,000 cycles. In 120,000 cycles, the highest weight loss was seen in GIC IMACQ, then Fuji II LC, and finally heliomolar composite. There was a statistically significant difference in weight loss between GIC IMACQ and heliomolar composite (P=0/001). Conclusion: The wear rate of GIC IMACQ was between those of heliomolar composite and Fuji II LC glass ionomer in all cycles except 120,000 cycles. The most important advantage of this new-generation glass ionomer is its good manipulability and also high wear-resistance compared to the hybrid ionomer. Therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as restorative material in class I restorations in primary teeth.

A new water-soluble lubricant of tablets-L-leucine combined with PEG6000 / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare an effective and water-soluble lubricant.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Co-sprayed lubricant (L-leucine and polyethylene glycol 6000 co-sprayed according to a certain proportion) and mixed lubricant (the physical mixture of spayed L-leucine and crushed polyethylene glycol 6000) were prepared and polyethylene glycol 6000, L-leucine, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium chloride are crushed and sieved, respectively. Residual force, appearance of solution and disintegration time were considered as response variables of the lubrication effect to evaluate different lubricants. The changes of the co-sprayed lubricant were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, fourier infrared, electronic scanning microscope and X-ray diffraction.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The efficacy of co-sprayed lubricant is better than other lubricants. Efficacy is improved by external form change without inner components and crystal changes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Co-sprayed lubricant is a good water soluble tablet lubricant which has good efficacy.</p>

Manual de procedimientos para el control de combustibles y lubricantes en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba / Manual of procedures for control of fuels and lubricants at the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba

La investigación se fundamentó en la carencia de un manual de procedimientos para el control de combustibles y lubricantes en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, por lo cual se procedió a la elaboración de uno que permitiera un mayor control de estos portadores energéticos en las áreas de economía y servicios. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio para conocer las funciones ejecutadas por cada funcionario que interviene en el proceso de planificación, compra, uso y control del preciado liquido; para ello se tuvieron en cuenta, además de la Norma ISO 9001:2000, indicaciones, circulares, resoluciones, normativas y lineamientos de carácter obligatorio, emitidos por los ministerios correspondientes, así como también otros materiales de apoyo, incluidas entrevistas personales con trabajadores de experiencia. Se cuidó en todo momento que no se perdiera la interrelación e identificación de los procedimientos para mantener la congruencia entre las partes

The research was based on the lack of a procedures manual for the control of fuels and lubricants at the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, so that it was proceeded to develop the one providing a greater control of these energetic carriers in the economy and services areas. An exploratory study was carried out to know the functions of each staff member involved in the planning, purchase, use and control of the precious liquid. For this purpose, besides the Norma ISO 9001:2000, indications, circulars, resolutions, regulations and mandatory guidelines issued by relevant ministries were taken into consideration, as well as other supporting materials, including interviews with experienced workers. At all times care was taken not to lose the relationship and identification of procedures to maintain consistency between the parties

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Accompanying Orbital Grease Gun Injury

We report a case of traumatic optic neuropathy accompanying a grease gun injury to the orbit. A 48-year-old man with a grease gun injury visited our clinic with decreased visual acuity, proptosis and limited extraocular movement (EOM). Orbital CT revealed a crescent mass of fat in the medial intraconal space. The grease was exuded from a lacerated conjunctival wound. The visual evoked potential (VEP) test demonstrated a decreased response in the left eye. Proptosis and EOM were improved after surgical removal of the grease. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid therapy was administered for suspected traumatic optic neuropathy, after which VEP nearly recovered, while visual acuity was slightly improved. A second surgery for traumatic cataract did not further improve visual acuity.