Germination of Crotalaria and Lupinus (Fabaceae) seeds submitted to different pre-germination treatments and their effect on enzymatic activity during early germination / Germinação de sementes de Crotalaria e Lupinus (Fabaceae) submetidas a diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos e o efeito da atividade enzimática na fase inicial da germinação

Abstract Most of the wild and native legume seeds has a hard and impermeable testa, which causes physical dormancy and prevents them from germinating even when environmental conditions are favorable. The study evaluated the effect of scarification treatments on germination and enzymatic activity of Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) and Lupinus exaltatus (Le) seeds. After scarification treatments, germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) were assessed during 30 days after seeding (DAS); and water absorption (WA) and specific enzymatic activity (SEA) during early germination (0, 6, 18, 36, 72, 120 h) in a growing chamber at 25 °C and photoperiod of 12 h. Scarification with 98% H2SO4 15 min increased GP and GR in both species. At 30 DAS, GP and GR of Le seeds were 34% and 0.97 seeds day-1, respectively. In Cl seeds, GP was 64% and GR 0.90 seeds day-1. Scarification with H2O at 80 °C 1 min also promoted germination in Cl (52%). At 120 h after seeding, Le and Cl seeds showed already a high GP with acid scarification (31% and 48%, respectively). In seeds of both species, scarification treatments affected WA and SEA during early germination. During this period, scarification treatments that increased GP also showed a higher α-D-galactosidase activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed 72 h after hot water scarification in Cl (82.6 U/mg total protein), followed by acid scarification (54.5 U/mg total protein). In Le, the activity peak was 36 h after acid scarification (9.5 U/mg total protein). No relationship was observed between β-glucosidase activity and GP in both species. In conclusion, during early germination of both species, the increase in GP is accompanied by a rise in α-D-galactosidase activity between 36 and 72 h after seeding; and in Cl seeds, an alternative scarification treatment to increase GP may be the use of hot water.

Resumo A maioria das sementes de leguminosas nativas e selvagens têm um tegumento rígido e impermeável, ​​o que causa dormência física e impede a germinação, mesmo se as condições ambientais forem favoráveis. O estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de escarificação sobre a germinação e a atividade enzimática de sementes de Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) e Lupinus exaltatus (Le). Após os tratamentos de escarificação, a percentagem (PG) e a velocidade de germinação (VG) foram avaliadas durante 30 dias após a semeadura (DAS); absorção de água (AA) e atividade enzimática específica (AEE) na fase inicial da germinação (0, 6, 18, 36, 72 e 120 h) em uma câmara de crescimento a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h. A escarificação com 98% de H2SO4, durante 15 min aumentou PG e VG nas duas espécies. Aos 30 DDS, PG e VG de sementes de Le foram de 34% e 0,97 sementes dia -1, respectivamente. Em sementes de Cl, PG foi de 64% e VG 0,90 sementes dias-1. A escarificação com H2O a 80 °C 1 min também promoveu a germinação em Cl (52%). A 120 h após a semeadura, as sementes de Cl e Le já tinha atingido uma alta PG com escarificação ácida (31% e 48%, respectivamente). Nas sementes das duas espécies, os tratamentos de escarificação afetaram a AEE e a AA nafase inicial da germinação. Durante este período, os tratamentos de escarificação que aumentaram PG, também mostraram a atividade mais elevada de α-D-galactosidase. A atividade enzimática máxima foi observada 72 h após o tratamento com água quente em Cl (82,6 U/mg de proteína total), seguido por escarificação ácida (54,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em Le, o pico de atividade foi de 36 h após a aplicação do tratamento ácido (9,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em contraste, não foi observado nenhuma relação entre a actividade β-glicosidase e PG. Em conclusão, durante a germinação precoce das duas espécies, o aumento da GP é acompanhado por um aumento da atividade da α-D-galactosidase entre 36 e 72 h após a semeadura; e em sementes de Cl, um tratamento de escarificação alternativo para aumentar GP pode ser o uso de água quente.

Lupine as a potential agent against diet-induced obesity through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway: crude oil versus nanoemulsion formulations

Obesity represents a major challenge to the pharmaceutical community due to the minimal availability of anti-obesity drugs and the drawbacks of current weight-loss agents. The study described herein presents lupine oil, in two pharmaceutical formulations, as a potential anti-obesity agent via its effect on different physiological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters. Rats were divided into two groups; one group was continued on a standard commercial rodent diet and served as the non-obese control. The other group was fed a high-fat diet for 7 weeks to prepare an obese rat model. Then, the obese rats were divided into groups to receive 100 mg/kg of the crude lupine oil or nanoemulsion for 10 or 20 days. Lupine oil showed a potent body weight-reducing effect and improved insulin resistance. The oil altered obesity-induced hyperlipidemia and it enhanced the leptin/adiponectin/AMPK hormonal system in epididymal fat, serum, and liver, to which all the above physiological activities could be attributed. The nanoemulsion formulation of lupine oil significantly amplified the activity for all the above physiological and hormonal parameters when compared to the crude oil formulation. Lupine oil nanoemulsion could be used as a potential drug against diet-induced obesity.

Anticholinergic toxicity in a one-year-old male following ingestion of Lupinus mutabilis seeds: case report

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: The seeds from Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, also called "chocho", are an important part of the diet in several countries in South America. Prior to consumption, processing is required to remove toxic alkaloids. These alkaloids are known to have pharmacological properties as antiarrhythmics, antimuscarinics and hypoglycemics. CASE REPORT: We report a case in which a one-year-old male initially presented with altered mental status and respiratory distress and subsequently developed symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity, after ingesting a large amount of chocho seeds. CONCLUSION: In spite of going through a difficult clinical condition, the subject evolved favorably through receiving supportive treatment. The seeds from Lupinus mutabilis provide nutritional benefits when consumed, but people need to know their risks when these seeds are consumed without proper preparation.

Development and characterization of InDel markers for Lupinus luteus L. (Fabaceae) and cross-species amplification in other Lupin species

Background: Strong artificial selection and/or natural bottle necks may limit genetic variation in domesticated species. Lupinus luteus, an orphan temperate crop, has suffered diversity reductions during its bitter/sweet alkaloid domestication history, limiting breeding efforts and making molecular marker development a difficult task. The main goal of this research was to generate new polymorphic insertion­deletion (InDel) markers to aid yellow lupin genetics and breeding. By combining genomic reduction libraries and next generation sequencing, several polymorphic InDel markers were developed for L. luteus L. Results: A total of 118 InDel in silico polymorphic markers were identified. Eighteen InDel primer sets were evaluated in a diverse L. luteus core collection, where amplified between 2­3 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity (HO; 0.0648 to 0.5564) and polymorphic information content (PIC; 0.06 to 0.48) estimations revealed a moderate level of genetic variation across L. luteus accessions. In addition, ten and nine InDel loci amplified successfully Lupinus hispanicus Boiss & Reut, and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, respectively, two L. luteus close relatives. PCA analysis identified two L. luteus clusters, most likely explained by the domestication species history. Conclusion: The development of InDel markers will facilitate the study of genetic diversity across L. luteus populations, as well as among closely related species.

Parámetros de calidad de harinas de Amaranthus caudatus Linnaeus (amaranto), Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinua), Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (kañahua), Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi) / Quality parameters of flour of Amaranthus caudatus Linnaeus (amaranth), Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa), Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (kañahua), Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi)

Las especies vegetales Amaranthus caudatus Linnaeus (amaranto), Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinua), Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi), Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (kañahua), llamados también granos andinos, son desde hace mucho tiempo la base de alimentación de muchas familias en nuestro país, estos granos son reconocidos por su alto valor nutricional. En la actualidad varias empresas de nuestra región comercializan estos granos en su forma procesada. Este trabajo tuvo como finalidad establecer los parámetros de calidad e identificación de las harinas de amaranto, quinua, kañahua y tarwi provenientes de los municipios de Ancoraimes, Tomina, Huancané y Peñas, para ello se realizó el análisis micrográfico encontrándose almidón, aleurona y grasa como principales elementos. El análisis fisicoquímico realizado reportó un contenido de humedad en quinua de 6,03%, cenizas totales 2,52% y 3,8 ml como índice de hinchamiento. En amaranto un contenido de humedad de 5,76%, cenizas totales 2,86% y 6,8 ml como índice de hinchamiento. Tarwi reportó un contenido de humedad de 6,69%, cenizas totales 3,53%, y 3,6 ml como de índice de hinchamiento. Kañahua reportó un contenido de humedad de 5,82%, cenizas totales 3,53% y 4,75ml como índice de hinchamiento. El análisis químico cualitativo en los granos muestra la presencia mayoritaria de flavonoides, aminoácidos, antocianidinas, taninos.

The plant species Amaranthus caudatus Linnaeus (amaranth), Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa), Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi), Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (kañahua), also called Andean grains, have long been the food base of many families in our Country, these grains are recognized for their high nutritional value. At present several companies of our region commercialize these grains in its processed form. The aim of this work was to establish the parameters of quality and identification of the amaranth, quinoa, kañahua and tarwi flours from the municipalities of Ancoraimes, Tomina, Huancané and Peñas. For this purpose, the micrographic analysis was performed with starch, aleurone and fat as main elements. The physicochemical analysis carried out reported a moisture content in quinoa of 6.03%, total ash 2.52% and 3.8 ml as swelling index. In amaranth a moisture content of 5.76%, total ash 2.86% and 6.8 ml as swelling index. Tarwi reported a moisture content of 6.69%, total ash 3.53%, and 3.6 ml as the index of swelling. Kañahua reported a moisture content of 5.82%, total ash 3.53% and 4.75ml as swelling index. The qualitative chemical analysis in the grains shows the majority presence of flavonoids, amino acids, anthocyanidins, tannins.

Efecto del tratamiento térmico sobre la composición química y minerales en semillas de lupinos silvestres / Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and minerals of wild lupin seeds

Wild lupine consumption has restrictions due to the presence of alkaloids; however, these components can be reduced with a suitable thermal treatment. The aim of this research was to determine the thermal effect on chemical composition and minerals of wild lupine. Lupinus mexicanus had a reduction in protein and fat contents of 34.76 to 33.11 and 6.10 to 5.41 g/100 g of sample respectively, and an increase in ash and dietary fiber of 3.84 to 4.53 g/100 g and 20.9 to 28.48 g/100 g respectively. L. mexicanus raw seeds revealed the highest Ca content (3,252 mg/kg), L. elegans was the highest in Mg with 2,656 mg/kg. Highest Fe content was found in Lupinus rotundiflorus (82.8 mg/kg), and Lupinus exaltatus in Cu (184.4 mg/kg). All species showed similar Zn content of 73.3 mg/kg (Lupinus montanus) to 89.6 mg/kg (L. exaltatus). In all species the Cu content decreased, mainly in Lupinus elegans with a loss of 76,71 %.

El consumo de lupinos silvestres se limita por la presencia de alcaloides, sin embargo se pueden reducir con un tratamiento térmico adecuado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto térmico sobre la composición química y de minerales de lupinos. En Lupinus mexicanus se observó una reducción en proteínas y grasas de 34,76 a 33,11 g/100 g y de 6,10 a 5,41 g/100 g respectivamente, un incremento de cenizas y fibra dietaria de 3,84 a 4,53 y de 20,9 a 28,48 g/100 g. La semilla cruda de L. mexicanus reveló el más alto contenido de Ca (3252,6 mg/kg), Lupinus elegans en Mg con 2656,4 mg/kg, mientras que Lupinus rotundiflorus fue de Fe (82,8 mg/kg) y Lupinus exaltatus en Cu (184,4 mg/kg). Todas las especies mostraron similar contenido de Zn de 73,3 (L. montanus) to 89,6 mg/kg (L. exaltatus). En todas las especies disminuyó el Cu, principalmente en L. elegans con una pérdida del 76,71 %.

CARACTERIZACIÓN ALERGÉNICA Y POTENCIAL IMPORTANCIA DEL LUPINO EN ALERGIA ALIMENTARIA ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN / Allergen characterization of lupine and its potential importance in food allergy: review article

El lupino pertenece al género de las leguminosas, junto con el maní, las arvejas, las lentejas y los garbanzos. La harina de lupino ha sido ampliamente utilizada en algunos países por sus propiedades nutritivas y funcionales, destacando entre ellas su gran aporte proteico, adecuada proporción de fi bras, carbohidratos y bajo contenido graso, constituyendo para algunos grupos la "nueva soja". En relación al progresivo aumento en su consumo, han aumentado los reportes de reacciones adversas, destacando entre ellas las correspondientes a alergia alimentaria, que pueden ir desde el síndrome de alergia oral hasta la anafi laxia. Clínicamente la reacción cruzada más relevante se produciría con el consumo de maní y de almendra. En la actualidad existen pocos estudios acerca de la sensibilización a lupino en la población general, en la población atópica y conocemos parcialmente sus alérgenos. Ello, más la falta de incorporación de lupino en el etiquetado de los alimentos, son elementos que difi cultan conocer el real impacto que este alérgeno alimentario emergente cumple en el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias.(AU)

Lupine belongs to the leguminous family, along with peanut, peas, chickpeas and lentils. Lupine fl our has been widely used in some countries for its nutritional and functional properties, outstanding among them its great proteic value, appropriate proportion of fi ber and carbohydrate content, and its low percentage of fat, thus it has been named by some as the "new soy bean". As its consumption has increased, there has also been a raise in the report of adverse reactions, such as food allergy, that range from oral allergy syndrome to anaphylaxis. The most relevant clinical cross-reaction occurs with peanut and almond consumption. Now days there are few studies on general and on atopic population regarding lupine sensitization, furthermore, we hardly know its allergens. The lack of brand identifi cation of lupine in foods is a relevant fact that makes even more diffi cult to have a realistic knowledge of this emerging food allergen and its role in the production of food allergies(AU)

Rendimento de massa de adubos verdes e o impacto na fertilidade do solo em sucessão de cultivos orgânicos / Mass yield of green manure and impact on soil fertility in succession of organic crops

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de massa, teores e aporte foliares de adubos verdes, utilizados em região de altitude do Espírito Santo, adequados à implantação da prática de plantio direto de hortaliças sob manejo orgânico. Objetivou-se também avaliar a evolução da fertilidade do solo em decorrência de dois pré-cultivos de milho e crotalária (fevereiro 2009 e outubro 2009) e dois pré-cultivos de aveia preta e tremoço branco (julho de 2010 e maio de 2011). Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Referência em Agroecologia do INCAPER, em Domingos Martins-ES. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma testemunha (sem palhada) e três sistemas de produção de palhadas: 1) cultivo solteiro de gramíneas (milho ou aveia preta); 2) cultivo solteiro de leguminosas (crotalária ou tremoço branco) e 3) cultivo consorciado de gramíneas/leguminosas (milho/crotalária ou aveia/tremoço). Em fevereiro de 2009, a produção de massa verde do sistema milho e milho/crotalária atingiram 73,6 e 64,5 t ha-1, respectivamente. Em julho de 2010, a produção de massa verde nos sistemas tremoço e consórcio aveia/tremoço atingiram 76,3 e 88,3 t ha-1, respectivamente. Os adubos verdes em consórcio comprovaram ser excelente opção de manejo para sistemas orgânicos, por aportarem ao solo 811,4; 941,2; 263,5; 78,6; 51,9 kg ha-1 de N, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente, valores estes iguais ou superiores aos pré-cultivos solteiros. Os efeitos dos pré-cultivos de adubos verdes sobre os atributos químicos do solo em manejo orgânico, excetuando-se o aporte de nitrogênio, foram semelhantes à testemunha em todas as épocas, possivelmente nivelados pela adubação de base com composto orgânico em todos os tratamentos, que mantém altos índices de fertilidade da área.

The aim of this study was to evaluate mass production, nutrient contents and input of green manures used in the altitude region of Espírito Santo to the implementation of appropriate practice no tillage vegetables under organic management. This study also aimed evaluate the evolution of soil fertility as a consequence of two pre-crop maize and crotalária (February 2009 and October 2009) and two pre-crop oat and white lupine (July 2010 and May 2011). The experiments were carried in the INCAPER's Agroecology Reference Area at Domingos Martins-ES. Treatments consisted of a control (no straw) and three straw production systems: 1) cropping of grasses (oats or corn), 2) cropping legume (crotalária or white lupine) and 3) intercropping of grasses/legumes (corn/crotalária or oat/lupine). In February 2009, the production of green mass system corn and corn/crotalária reached 73.6 and 64.5 t ha-1, respectively. In July 2010, the production of green mass systems lupine and oat/Lupin reached 76.3 and 88.3 t ha-1, respectively. The green manures intercropping proved to be excellent management option for organic systems, because added 811.4; 941.2; 263.5; 78.6; 51.9 kg ha-1 of N, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively, values those at or above the single pre-cultivation. The effects of pre-cultivation of green manure on soil chemical properties in organic management, except for the contribution of nitrogen, were similar to control in all seasons, because of the base fertilization with organic compost in all treatments, maintaining high fertility rates in the area.

Hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extracts of lupinus albus, medicago sativa [seeds] and their mixture on diabetic rats

The number of people suffering diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. A huge number of populations in the world are entirely dependent on traditional medications. This practice may be due to their safety, effectiveness, and availability as well as their fewer side effects when compared to the synthetic hypoglycemic agents. The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the activity of Lupinus albus [seeds], Medicago sativa [seeds] and the mixture of both plants seeds on some biochemical, hematological and histological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five male adult albino rats were divided into two groups: group 1: control group [five animals] and group 2: alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were further divided into four subgroups, five animals each. Subgroup1: diabetic untreated rats; subgroup 2: diabetic rates treated with aqueous extract of Lupinus albus seeds; subgroup 3: diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of Medicago sativa seeds; and finally subgroup 4: diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of the mixture of Lupinus albus and Medicago sativa seeds. After thirty days of treatment all rats were sacrificed, blood sample were collected to estimate some biochemical and hematological parameters. Liver samples were collected to determine their glycogen content and pancreatic samples were obtained and processed for microscopic and quantitative evaluation. In diabetic group, there was reduction in body weight's, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, significant increase in some parameters of liver and kidney functions as well as significant changes in lipids profile and proteins level with significant decreased liver glycogen content. All treated groups restored most of the mentioned parameters to their normal values. Moreover, these treatments recorded partial improvement in the histopathological changes produced by alloxan. The aqueous extract of Lupinus albus or Medicago sativa [seeds] or by their mixture has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects by increasing insulin level and decreasing insulin resistance. In addition, they ameliorate most complications of diabetes

Effects of some botanical extracts on the midgut, integument and fat body of the cotton leaf worm, spodoptera littoralis [lepidoptera: noctuidae]

Botanical extracts [8%] of four plants [Artemisia monosperma, Zygophyllum cocccineum, Lupinus termis and Brassica tournifortii] fed to the 4[th] larval in-stars of Spodoptera littoralis induced histopathological changes in the structure of the midgut, integument and fat body of the 5[th] instars. Zygophyllum coccineum and Lupinus termis induced severe damages in the midgut. The integument of treated larvae showed degeneration in the cuticle and epidermal cells which were also detached from each other. Water extracts of A. monosperma, Z. coccinieum and L. termis were the most promising in inducing shrinkage in the fat body cells and detachment of midgut muscle layers. Also, the degeneration of the midgut membrane and epithelial layer occurs in different degrees with the tested plants. This study supports the use of botanical extracts in pest control programs of lepidopterous insects

Evaluación "in vitro" de la actividad antibacteriana de los alcaloides del agua de desamargado del chocho (lupinus mutabilis sweet) / "In vitro" evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the alkaloids of the chopped water (lupinus mutabilis sweet)

El Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (chocho), es una leguminosa oriunda de los Andes Sudamericanos, las semillas desamargadas y en cocimiento son utilizadas por el poblador andino de nuestro país como alimento y medicina. Si bien es cierto que el género Lupinus, ha sido muy estudiado desde el punto de vista nutricional; sin embargo por su alto contenido de alcaloides no ha permitido el consumo directo, debiendo previamente eliminarse estos. El producto líquido del desamargado ha sido utilizado por pequeños agricultores para combatir a las garrapatas en el ganado ovino y en camélidos, asimismo se utiliza como regulador del crecimiento o fertilizante en los cultivos de maíz, trigo, soja y papa. En el proceso hídrico de desamargado se elimina el 99.92% de alcaloides, siendo su contenido más alto en el agua de cocción, por lo que al ser eliminadas estas sustancias indiscriminadamente en los distintos cuerpos acuíferos, contribuye al proceso de contaminación ambiental, volviendo muy complicado y costoso el proceso de recuperación de estas aguas. Ante esta problemática se ha buscado alternativas para reutilizar este residuo y elaborar productos benéficos para el hombre, aprovechando las propiedades benéficas que poseen los alcaloides quinolizidínicos presentes en el agua de desamargado. Además no podemos dejar pasar por alto la gran incidencia que tienen en nuestro medio las infecciones gastrointestinales, respiratorio-pulmonares, de mucosas y de la piel, por lo que el control de los agentes implicados causales de estas enfermedades debe buscar nuevas alternativas, y una de ellas es la investigación de la actividad farmacológica de los metabolitos secundarios sintetizados por las plantas. En este contexto, y en base a estudios preliminares que han demostrado las propiedades que pueden ser explotadas a partir de los alcaloides quinolizidínicos, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar in vitro la actividad antimicrobiana de los alcaloides del chocho sobre cepas de microorganismos ATCC. (AU)

Probiótico elaborado en base a las semillas de Lupinus mutabilis sweet (chocho o tarwi) / A probiotic product elaborated using Lupinus mutabilis sweet (chocho or tarwi) seeds

Introducción: El Tarwi es una especie leguminosa cultivada ancestralmente en los andes. Es rico en proteina y grasas y como probiotico podria ser usado como complemento en los productos lacteos de la dieta en el Perú. Objetivo: establecer pruebas preliminares para la formulación y elaboración de un yogurt en base a harina de tarwi que tenga aceptabilidad por el consumidor. Material y método: Estudio de desarrollo experimental con Lupinus mutabilis Sweet para el desarrollo de una formulacion nutricia de yogurt con componente parcial de Tarwi, con evaluación nutricional, sensorial y microbiológica. Resultados: se realizaron 2 mezclas de diferentes concentraciones (YSPT1; 70 por ciento leche en polvo + 30 por ciento de leche de tarwi), (YSPT2; 80 por ciento de leche en polvo + 20 por ciento leche de tarwi). El contenido de sólidos totales presente en la mezcla se encontró entre 12 a 14 por ciento. El contenido en proteínas fue de 3,86 y 3,93 por ciento, grasa 2,88 y 3 por ciento, carbohidratos 14,04 y 14,13 por ciento con un aporte energético de 97,57 y 99,33 kcal en YSPT1 y YSPT2 respectivamente. Se establecieron pruebas de acidez expresado como porcentaje de ácido láctico, evaluados por 8 horas a temperatura de 42 a 44 ºC, los resultados indican que YSPT1 y YSPT2 presentan 0.39 y 0.41 por ciento de acidez respectivamente. Los atributos sensoriales como aroma, sabor y aceptabilidad no presentaron diferencia estadística según análisis de varianza (ANOVA), con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Sin embargo los promedios generales reportan una mayor preferencia por los panelistas para la proporción (YSPT2; 80 por ciento de leche en polvo + 20 por ciento leche de tarwi). Según la escala hedónica utilizada muestran un nivel de agrado moderado. Conclusiones: Estos resultados ofrecen una buena posibilidad de utilización de esta leguminosa a través de la elaboración de productos que son similares en el mercado.

Introduction: Tarwi is an ancient leguminous plant that has been grown for many centuries in the Andean region. It has rich protein and fat contents, and since it has probiotic actions it may be used as a nutritional supplement in dairy products in Peru. Objective: To establish preliminary tests for the formulation and elaboration of a yogurt product using tarwi flour, aiming at the acceptability of such a product. Material and method: An experimental development study performed with Lupinus mutabilis Sweet for the development of a nutritional yogurt formulation incorporating Tarwi flour, and with nutritional, sensorial, and microbiological assessment. Results: Two mixtures incorporating different concentrations were elaborated (YSPT1; 70 per cent powder milk + 30 per cent tarwi flour), (YSPT2; 80 per cent powder milk + 20 per cent tarwi flour). Total solid contents in the mixtures were between 12 to 14 per cent. Protein contents were 3,86 per cent and 3,93 per cent; fat contents were 2,88 per cent and 3,0 per cent; carbohydrate contents were 14,04 per cent and 14,13 per cent; and energy contents were 97,57 and 99,33 kcal, respectively. Acidity tests were performed, looking for percentages of lactic acid. Samples were assessed for 8 hours in an environment between 42 to 44ºC temperature. Results indicated that YSPT1 and YSPT2 had 0,39 per cent and 0,41 per cent acidity, respectively. Sensorial characteristics, such as odor, taste and acceptability did not show any statistically significant difference according to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a p<0,005 significance level. However, general average values reported that evaluators preferred YSPT2 compound (80 per cent powder milk + 20 per cent tarwi flour). According to the hedonic scale used, they experienced a moderately pleasant sensation when ingesting the product. Microbiological results for the presence of coliform bacteria, fungi and moulds showed <10 cfu/g per sample in both concentrations...

Suplemento alimenticio de alto contenido proteico para niños de 2 a 5 años: desarrollo de la formulacion y aceptabilidad / Nutritional suplement of high protein content for 2-5 year old children: development of the formulation and acceptability

Las combinaciones de cereales-leguminosas ofrecen proteínas de alta calidad debido a la compensación de sus aminoácidos esenciales. Se seleccionó la quinua (Chenopodium quinua Willd) y el lupino (Lupinus albus L.) con el objetivo de diseñar una formulación de alto contenido proteico con aditivos y saborizante de pollo para lograr una mezcla física en polvo que al adicionarle agua, se obtuviera una crema tipo “papilla” destinada a niños de 2-5 años, con contenido aminoacídico de 35-40% del requerimiento diario, aplicando técnicas de Programación Lineal. En la formulación seleccionada se determinó su composición por análisis proximal y se realizaron algunas pruebas físicas y microbiológicas. Se efectuaron pruebas sensoriales por atributos en adultos semientrenados y se aplicó la escala hedónica facial de 5 puntos a niños preescolares de tres jardines infantiles de Antofagasta, Chile. El contenido proteico de la harina de lupino (49,77g×100g) superó en 4,6 veces a la quinua (10,82g×100g), pero no contuvo todos los aminoácidos esenciales, siendo la complementación de ambas, una proteína de buena calidad. Los resultados microbiológicos del producto fueron satisfactorios. La papilla obtuvo un puntaje entre “me gusta ligeramente” y “me gusta muchísimo”, mostrando buena aceptación por niños de 2-5 años. Además, proporcionó un PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score) de 0,9, a los 90 días de elaborada, pues los aminoácidos esenciales, triptófano y el conjunto, metionina + cistina, no lograron cumplir con el patrón establecido por la FAO.

Efectos metabólicos de Lepidium meyenii Walpers, “MACA” y Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, “CHOCHO”en ratas / Metabolic effects of lipidium meyenii walpers “MACA” and lupinus mutabilis sweet, “CHOCHO” in rats

El Lepidium meyenii, “Maca” y el Lupinus Mutabilis S, “Chocho”, pertenecen al grupo de plantas conocidas como nutracáticas. El uso de la Maca, se remonta al siglo 7 AC. En la época de la conquista fue el producto más importante del agro peruano; pertenece a la familia de las Cruciferaceae (Brasicaceae). Ambas plantas son usadas, desde tiempos precolombinos, como medicinales y/o alimenticias. En el presente trabajo, evaluamos el efecto de Maca y de Lupinus, en ratas hembras Sprague Dawley, con peso corporal entre 120 y 170g, sobre los valores de hematocrito, hemoglobina, glucosa, colesterol, trigliceridos, HDL, LDL, proteínas totales, albúmina, TGO, TGP y peso corporal, después de 15 y 30 días de tratamiento. Utilizamos 60 ratas albinas distribuidas en 3 grupos de 20 animales cada uno. Al primer grupo se le administró, por 30 días, suero fisiológico (GRUPO CONTROL). Al segundo grupo se le administró cocimiento acuoso de harina de maca, a la dosis de 500 mg/Kg y al tercer grupo, cocimiento acuoso de harina de semillas de chocho, desamargado y descascarado, a las dosis de 500 mg/Kg, durante 30 días. Nuestros resultados, indican un aumento de los niveles de triglicéridos en sangre, por efecto de Lupinus (de 45.9 a 76.55 mg), a los 30 días, con respecto al control, que varió de 43.5 a 61.8 mg. Con maca, las variaciones fueron de 43,5 a 56.7 mg: asimismo, apreciamos un ligero aumento del hematocrito y la hemoglobina, a los 15 días de tratamiento, con maca. Los an lisis estadísticos entre el grupo control y los tratados, con Maca y Lupinus, no fueron significativos.

Lepidium meyenii, “Maca” and the Lupinus mutabilis S, “Chocho” belong to the group of plants known as nutraceutic plants. Maca has been used since the seventh century BC and it was the most important crop in Peruvian agriculture during the sisxteenth century, around the time when the Spanierds arrived to our territory. This plant belongs to the Cruciferaceae (Brasicaceae) family. Both plants (Maca and Chocho) were used in Peru, since pre Columbian times as part of the diet as well as for their medicinal properties. In these issue, we evaluated the effects of Maca and Lupinus on female Sprague Dawley rats (weight between 120 and 170 g), and we tested Hemoglobin, hematocrit, total proteins, albumin, TGO, TGP and corporal weight values after 15 and 30 days of trestment.We used 60 albino rats, distributed in three groups of twenty animals each one. The first group was the control and re ceived 0, 9% saline solution for 30 days. The second group received Maca flour watery solution at 500 mg/kg doses and the third group received Lupinus, watery solution at 500 mg/kg doses for thirty days.Our results showed an increase of the serum levels of triglycerides due to Lupinus (from 45.9 to 76.55mg) after 30 days in relation to the control that varied from 43.5 to 61.8mg. With Maca variations were from 43.5 to 56.7 mg. We also appeciated a slight increase of hematocrit and haemoglobin after 15 days of treatment with Maca in relation to the control group. Analyses between control and treated groups showed no statistical differences.

Biochemical effects of some medicinal plants on diabetes mellitus in rats

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Trigonella foenum graceurn [fenugreek], Lupinus albus [white lupine], Allium cepa [onion] and Artemisia judaica [wormwood; Shih] on some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A dose of 1.5 ml of aqueous suspension of each herb /100 gm body weight was orally administered daily to streptozotocin-diabetic rats for a period of 30 days. The results revealed that suspensions of the above 4 herbs exerted amelioration in blood glucose level and liver glycogen, a significant inhibition of lipid peroxides formation, a decrease in gamma-glutamyltransferase activity [GOT] and an observed elevation in glutathione peroxidase [GPX] activity of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the aqueous suspension of the tested herbs was not only useful in controlling the lipid peroxide levels, but also helpful in strengthening the antioxidant potential. On the basis of the present results it could be concluded that Allium cepa, Artemisia judaica, Trigonella foenum graceum and Lupinus albus restored the level of the above parameters and the activities of some enzymes in different ways, depending on the active principles and definite substances in each one. Supplementation of herbs immediately after the diagnosis of diabetes may delay the complications of diabetes

Evaluación del efecto antiulceroso del extracto acuoso y metanólico de las semillas de lupinus mutabilis sweet (tarwi, chocho) en ratas / Evaluation of the antiulcerous effect of the watery extract and metanólico of the seeds of lupinus mutabilis sweet (tarwi, chocho) in rates

En la presente investigación realizada con semilla de lupinus mutabilis sweet se ha podido evaluar el efecto del extracto acuoso y del extracto metanólico sobre las lesiones producidas en la mucosa gástrica de ratas de acuerdo a la técnica de Lee. La indometacina en dosis superiores a 50 mg/Kg de peso produce lesiones lineales, engrosamiento y dilatación del intestino delgado, adhesiones, obstrucción parcial, inflamación granulomatosa transmural aguda y crónica, absceso en las criptas y fibrosis. El extracto acuoso en cocimiento, de lupinus mutabilis sweet fue administrado a la dosis de 2000mg/Kg de peso y el extracto metanólico a una dosis de 400mg/Kg. Se utilizaron cuatro grupos de ratas machos de aproximadamente 250g de peso a las que se les acondicionó en el Bioterio de la Facultad y se les suministró alimento y agua ad libitum. Los animales fueron distribuidos en G1: Control, G2: Ranitidina, G3: Extracto acuoso en conocimiento del lupinus mutabilis sweet y G4: Extracto metanólico de lupinus mutabilis sweet. Las sustancias fueron administradas por vía oral, previo ayuno de 48 horas, media hora antes de la Indometacina. A las cinco horas, los animales fueron sacrificados, realizándose la laparotomía para extraer el estómago y observar las lesiones producidas. Macroscópicamente apreciamos un efecto antiulceroso estadísticamente significativo según la prueba del chi cuadrado, con una probabilidad de p=0.0013 y microscópicamente una probabilidad de p=0.0053. Para el extracto acuoso en cocimiento se obtuvo un efecto antiulceroso igual al 60 por ciento; para la Ranitidina 57 por ciento y en menor proporción para el extracto metanólico (40 por ciento), pudiendo observarse la normalización de la arquitectura de la mucosa y la atenuación de la infiltración de granulocitos...

In the present research, we have evaluated the effect of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet's seed, as watery and methanolic extracts on the gastric mucous of rats, following the Lee's method. Indometacin in doses higher than 50 mg per kg of weight causes lineal lesions, enlarging and dilatation of small intestine; partial obstruction, acute and chronic transmural granulomatous inflamation; abscess in the intestine's crypts and fibrosis. 2000 mg/kg of weight of the watery extract of the Lupinus was administered by mouth and 400 mk/kg of the methanolic extract by the same way. We use four groups of ten male rats each one with 250 g of weight approximately that were previously conditionated in our laboratory supplying food and water ad libitum. The animals were distributed in four groups in aleatory way and they received saline solution, ranitidine, watery extract of Lupinus and methanolic extract of Lupinus respectively. All substances were administered by oral route 30 minutes before to administer Indometacina to the animals that were in fast for 48 hours. Five hours later the animals were sacrificed and submitted to laparotomy in order to observe the macroscopically antiulcerogenic effect that was evident and statistically significant with a value of p= 0,0013; microscopically was p= 0,0053...

Evaluación del efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de las semillas de Lupinus mutabilis sweet (Tarwi, Chocho), en animales de experimentación / Evaluation of the antiinflammatory effect of the watery extract of the seeds of Lupinus mutabilis sweet (Tarwi, Chocho), in experimentation animals

En la investigación realizada en la semilla de Lupinus mutabilis Sweet se ha podido identificar mediante un Screening Fitoquímico los principios activos presentes en el extracto acuoso, determinándose los alcaloides totales. Se ha evaluado la toxicidad aguda (DL50) tanto del extracto acuoso como de los alcaloides totales obtenidos de la semilla. En el extracto acuoso de las semillas se ha evidenciado la actividad antiinflamatoria (aguda y sub-crónica) en modelos experimentales, administrándose el Lupinus por vía oral a una dosis de 200 mg/Kg de peso. La inflamación fue evaluada por diferentes técnicas utilizando la técnica de Granuloma de Pouche con trementina en ratas (Inflamación sub-crónica) y edema plantar con formol al 1 por ciento y ovoalbúmina al 50 por ciento en S.S.I. (Inflamación aguda) en ratones, siguiendo las técnicas estándar del CYTED, obteniéndose el efecto máximo de inhibición de la inflamación a los 80 minutos en comparación con los 60 minutos correspondientes al diclofenaco (30 mg/Kg) mostrando un porcentaje de inhibición de 66 por ciento frente al 100 por ciento del fármaco estándar. La DL50 del extracto acuoso por vía oral fue de 3500 mg/Kg de peso y de los alcaloides totales administrados por vía oral fue de 600 mg/Kg. Los alcaloides han sido identificados por TLC (Cromatografía en capa fina) y HPLC comparándolo con estándar de esparteína.

In the investigation carried out in the seed of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet it has been possible to identify by means of a Screening Phitochemistry the present biologically active principIes in the watery extract in boiled, being determined the total alkaloids. The acute toxicity has been evaluated (LD50) so much of the watery extract as of the obtained total alkaloids of the seed. In the watery extract of the seeds the activity antiinflammatory has been evidenced (acute and subchronicle) in experimental models, being Administered the Lupinus for oral route to a dose of 2000 mg/Kg of weight. The inflammation was evaluated by different techniques using the technique of Granuloma of Pouche with trementin in rats (Inflammation sub-chronicle) and inflammatory to plant with formol to 1 % and ovoalbúmina to 50% in S.S.I. in mice, following the standard techniques of the CYTED, being obtained the maximum effect of inhibition from the inflammation to the 80 minutes in comparation with the 60 minutes corresponding to the dic10fenac (30 mg/Kg) showing a percentage of inhibition of 66% in front of 100% of the standard drug. The LD50 of the watery extract in boiled for oral route it was of 3500 mg/Kg of weight and of the complete alkaloids administered for oral route it was of 600 mg/Kg. The alkaloids have been identified by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC comparing it with standard of Spartein.