Marcadores biológicos en el cáncer de mama / Breast cancer biomarkers

El cáncer de mama es, en la actualidad, una de las principales causas de muerte en las mujeres, aunque se ha observado una sustancial reducción de las tasas de mortalidad en las últimas décadas merced a la detección de esta neoplasia en estadios más precoces y a la aplicación de tratamientos médicos adyuvantes cada vez másefectivos. La mejoría de los resultados también implica desafíos respecto de la elección del tratamiento óptimo para cada caso, evitando tanto el sobre como el sub tratamiento o el tratamiento incorrecto, siendo por ello necesario definir características específicas que orienten al médico respecto de una optimización terapéuticaindividual. Las características clásicas clínico-patológicas vinculadas conel pronóstico de la paciente −que incluyen el tamaño tumoral, el subtipo y grado histológicos, las metástasis ganglionares y la invasiónlinfovascular, así como el sistema TNM (tamaño tumoral, ganglios, metástasis)− han permitido integrar estos factores en estadios tumorales con un valor pronóstico fundamental. Pese a ello, se proponen e investigan continuamente nuevos biomarcadores con fines pronósticos y predictivos. Los marcadores tumorales son sustancias biológicas de distinta naturaleza química, sintetizadas y liberadas por las células tumorales, o producidas por el huésped en respuesta a la presencia del tumor...

Expression of secretoglobin family 2A member 2 in oral lichen planus lesions / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the expression of secretoglobin family 2A member 2 (SCGB2A2) (mammaglobin A, MGB1) in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixteen OLP patients and 10 healthy controls were included in this study. The real time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine the mRNA and protein of SCGB2A2.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with healthy controls (0.48 ± 0.09), the expression of SCGB2A2 protein in OLP lesions significantly increased (1.02 ± 0.11) (P < 0.05).However, the mRNA level of SCGB2A2 in lesions was significantly lower than that in controls (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These results suggest that SCGB2A2 may be involved in pathogenesis of OLP.</p>

Expression of human mammaglobin and clinicopathologic correlations in breast cancer: The findings in Malaysia.

Background: Human mammaglobin (hMAG) is a secreted protein which has been detected in breast epithelial cells of mammary glands and has been used as a specific marker for breast cancer. Objectives: This study aims at studying the hMAG expression and identifying the significant predictors of hMAG expression in breast cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: The tissue samples were obtained from two major teaching hospitals in the country. They were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the hMAG expression was evaluated using an established scoring system. Results: Out of 84 breast cancer tissue samples, hMAG was expressed in 50 samples (59.6%). The expression of hMAG was found to be increased with cancer grade. The output of logistic regression model showed that hMAG was overexpressed in breast cancer samples from the first hospital (P = 0.014), but not with those from the second hospital. Conclusions: It can be concluded that hMAG may serve in the diagnosis and the assessment of progression with the increased cancer grade. The dominance in hMAG expression in samples from HUSM may correlate with ethnic, environmental or genetic factors.

Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 187 cases of intraductal papillary neoplasm of breast / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the diagnostic approach and criteria for intraductal papillary neoplasms of breast.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the criteria of 2003 WHO classification, 187 cases of intraductal papillary neoplasm of breast were identified and enrolled into the study. The clinical and histologic features were reviewed and immunohistochemical study for CD10, p63, CK14, CK5/6, CK7, MGB1 and p53 were carried out on 53 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Amongst the 187 cases studied, there were 128 cases of intraductal papilloma, 16 cases of atypical intraductal papilloma and 43 cases of intraductal papillary carcinoma. They showed a spectrum of morphologic features including epithelial and stromal hyperplasia and secondary changes. The expression of myoepithelial markers, including CD10 and p63, significantly decreased in ascending order from intraductal papillomas, atypical intraductal papillomas and intraductal papillary carcinomas (P < 0.001). The expression of basal cell markers, including CK5/6 and CK14, showed a mosaic pattern in benign lesions and significantly decreased or was absent in atypical and carcinomatous lesions (P < 0.001). In contrast, the luminal cell marker CK7 expressed in the three groups with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.06). On the other hand, the expression of MGB1 in intraductal papillary carcinomas was much lower than that in the other two groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.007). The staining for p53 was negative in all of the three groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Intraductal papillary neoplasms of breast represent a heterogeneous group of lesions with various morphologic appearances. Correlation with immunostaining results for myoepithelial markers, basal-type cytokeratins and luminal epithelial markers are helpful in arriving at a definitive diagnosis.</p>

Evaluation of intraoperative molecular assay in sentinel lymph node biopsy from breast cancer patients / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>to evaluate the application of GeneSearch(TM) breast lymph node assay in intraoperative detection of metastases in sentinel lymph node (SLN) from breast cancer patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>a total of 225 SLN from 88 patients was prospectively studied. Each SLN was cut into 2 mm slabs which were examined by intraoperative imprint cytology (IIC) first, followed by GeneSearch assay and post-operative serial sectioning. GeneSearch used real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR technology to detect the expression of CK19 and mammaglobin in SLN. The results of GeneSearch assay were correlated with those of IIC and post-operative serial sectioning.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>amongst the 88 cases studied, 225 SLNs were found, and obvious metastatic carcinoma cells were identified in 27 SLNs and micrometastasis in 9 SLNs. One hundred and eight-nine SLNs were considered as "negative" (with "isolated tumor cells" present in 5 SLNs). The turn-around time of intraoperative GeneSearch assay ranged from 35 to 45 minutes (mean = 40 minutes). The concordance rate between GeneSearch assay and post-operative serial sectioning was 95.6% (215/225), with a sensitivity of 86.1% (31/36), compared with 94.7% (213/225) and 72.2% (26/36) respectively for IIC. The size of metastatic foci correlated with the Ct value of CK19 and mammaglobin (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GeneSearch assay for intraoperative detection of metastase in SLN has a satisfactory performance and demonstrates a relatively higher sensitivity than IIC. The potential clinical application still requires further evaluation of larger number of cases.</p>

Clinical significance of hMAM mRNA detection in bone marrow of breast carcinoma patient / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of the human mammoglobin (hMAM) mRNA in bone marrow and its clinical significance in the breast cancer patient.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expression of hMAM mRNA was detected using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the bone marrow aspiration sample from 75 breast cancer patients, 15 patients with benign breast lesions and 8 healthy volunteers as control. The possible correlation of hMAM mRNA expression with clinico-pathological parameters and related molecular markers such as Ki67, p53 and VEGF were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The sensitivity of RT-PCR in this series reached 10(-6). The hMAM mRNA was found to be positively expressed by RT-PCR in 21 of 75 breast cancer patients with a positive rate of 28.0%. However, hMAM mRNA expression was not detected in the bone marrow aspiration samples from patients with benign breast lesions and healthy volunteers. The hMAM mRNA expression was positively correlated with axillary nodal involvement and progesterone receptor (PR) status (P < 0.05) as well as Ki67 expression in breast cancer tissue (chi2 = 4.936, P = 0.026), but not with age, tumor size, clinical stage, or estrogen receptor (ER) status (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RT-PCR is quite sensitive and has a high specificity in detecting the presence of hMAM mRNA in the bone marrow from breast cancer patients. Thereupon, hMAM mRNA may be useful as a molecular biomarker in detecting disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Positive hMAM mRNA expression result may have an impact upon therapeutic recommendations and patients' prognostic judgement.</p>

Expression of human mammaglobin mRNA in peripheral blood of breast cancer and their implication / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of human mammaglobin (hMAM) mRNA in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients and its implication.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of human mammaglobin mRNA was determined by using RT-PCR method in 56 patients with peripheral blood breast cancer, 8 patients with breast hyperplasia and 8 women with normal breast. The expression of hMAM mRNA was compared with biological significance and change of hMAM mRNA in chemotherapy after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of hMAM mRNA was negative in 8 patients with breast hyperplasia, 8 women with normal breast and 56 patients with breast cancer, The positive rate was 30.4% (17/56) (chi(2) = 19.766, P < 0.01). The expression of hMAM mRNA in peripheral blood was not correlated with clinical stage, primary tumor size and patients age (chi(2) = 1.256, P > 0.05). After short-term large dose of chemotherapy, 41.2% (7/17) patients turned positive before operation to negative hMAM mRNA expression and negetive expression before operation positive expression after chemotherapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study suggests that hMAM is sensitive and specific for breast cancer. Detection of the expression of hMAM mRNA in peripheral blood of breast cancer is of value in the diagnosis and judgement of prognosis of breast cancer.</p>