Effect of adduction during glenohumeral external rotation exercises in the scapulohumeral muscles / Efecto de la adducción durante ejercicios de rotación externa glenohumeral en los músculos escapulohumerales

SUMMARY: The effect of adduction during glenohumeral external rotation (ER) exercises on the scapulohumeral muscles is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carrying out adduction during external rotation exercises in low and high shoulder positions on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the infraspinatus (IS), middle deltoid (MD), and posterior deltoid (PD) muscles. EMG activity of the IS, MD, and PD muscles of 20 healthy participants was evaluated. Subjects performed 6 ER exercises that combined two factors: i) different adduction pressures according to biofeedback unit (0, 5 and 10 mmHg), and ii) low and high shoulder position. The pressure was controlled using a biofeedback unit. The low and high shoulder positions were 20? and 90? of abduction. In the low shoulder position, the activity of the IS muscle increased as the pressure on the biofeedback unit increased and the MD and PD muscles presented the highest activity at 10 mmHg. In the high shoulder position, the activity of the IS muscle was higher at 0 and 10 mmHg, the MD muscle presented higher activity at 5 mmHg, and PD muscle activity did not vary with the pressure. The addition of adduction at a pressure of 5 mmHg in the low shoulder position promotes is activity. Likewise, adduction at a pressure of 10 mmHg will promote activity of the IS, MD, and PD.

RESUMEN: El efecto de la aducción durante los ejercicios de rotación externa (RE) glenohumeral sobre los músculos escapulohumerales es controversial. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la realización de la aducción durante los ejercicios de rotación externa en posiciones bajas y altas del hombro sobre la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) delos músculos infraespinoso (IS), deltoides medio (DM) y deltoides posterior (DP). Se evaluó la actividad EMG de los músculos IS, MD y PD de 20 participantes sanos. Los sujetos realizaron 6 ejercicios de RE que combinaron dos factores: i) diferentes presiones de aducción de acuerdo con la unidad de biorretroalimentación (0, 5 y 10 mmHg), y ii) posición del hombro baja y alta. La presión se controló mediante una unidad de biorretroalimentación. Las posiciones del hombro baja y alta fueron de 20? y 90? de abducción. En la posición del hombro bajo, la actividad del músculo IS aumentó a medida que aumentaba la presión sobre la unidad de biorretroalimentación y los músculos MD y PD presentaron la actividad más alta a 10 mmHg. En la posición del hombro alto, la actividad del músculo IS fue mayor a 0 y 10 mmHg, el músculo MD presentó mayor actividad a 5 mmHg y la actividad del músculo PD no varió con la presión. La adición de aducción a una presión de 5 mmHg en la posición baja del hombro promueve la actividad del músculo IS. Asimismo, la aducción a una presión de 10 mmHg promoverá la actividad del IS, MD y PD.

Análise eletromiográfica de músculos do complexo do ombro durante exercícios de rotação externa com faixa elástica / Análisis electromiográfico de los músculos del complejo del hombro durante ejercicios de rotación externa con banda elástica / Electromyographic analysis of muscles of the shoulder complex during external rotation exercises with elastic band

RESUMO Na artrocinemática do ombro, o manguito rotador atua estabilizando a cabeça umeral em contato com a cavidade glenoidal, enquanto realiza a translação inferior para contrabalancear a força rotacional promovida principalmente pelo deltoide. Exercícios de rotação externa (RE) vêm sendo utilizados na reabilitação de pacientes com disfunções no complexo do ombro buscando restaurar a artrocinemática. Porém, poucos estudos abordam a utilização da faixa elástica e a avaliação dos músculos da cintura escapular, determinantes para uma cinemática adequada. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) de músculos do complexo do ombro durante exercícios de rotação externa com faixa elástica. Participaram 11 sujeitos do sexo masculino que foram avaliados durante os movimentos de (1) RE em ortostase; (2) RE com abdução de ombro; (3) RE em decúbito lateral (DL). Os músculos avaliados pela EMG foram: (1) trapézio superior (TS); (2) deltoide médio (DM); (3) deltoide posterior (DP); e (4) infraespinal (IN). A resistência foi determinada por uma faixa elástica cinza calibrada com carga de 5% do peso corporal. A análise dos dados foi realizada no software Biomec-SAS e as estatísticas foram calculadas por meio da Anova de medidas repetidas no software SPSS v20.0. Pôde-se constatar que os músculos TS e DM obtiveram maior atividade EMG durante o exercício de RE com abdução de ombro, o músculo DP durante a RE com abdução de ombro e RE em decúbito lateral, enquanto o IN a obteve durante a RE em ortostase e RE em decúbito lateral.

RESUMEN En la artrocinemática del hombro, el manguito rotador actúa estabilizando la cabeza umeral en contacto a la cavidad glenoidal, mientras realiza la traslación inferior para contrarrestar la fuerza rotacional promovida principalmente por el deltoides. Los ejercicios de rotación externa (RE) se han utilizado en la rehabilitación de pacientes con disfunciones en el complejo del hombro buscando restaurar la artrocinemática. Pocos estudios abordan la utilización de la banda elástica y la evaluación de los músculos de la cintura escapular, determinantes para una cinemática adecuada. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) de los músculos del complejo del hombro durante ejercicios de rotación externa con banda elástica. Participaron 11 sujetos, varones, que fueron evaluados durante el movimiento de (1) RE en ortostasis; (2) RE con abducción de hombro; y (3) RE en decúbito lateral (DL). Los músculos evaluados por la EMG fueron: (a) trapecio superior (TS); (b) deltoides central (DC); (c) deltoides posterior (DP) e (d) infraespinoso (IN). La resistencia se determinó mediante una banda elástica gris calibrada con carga del 5% del peso corporal. El análisis de los datos se realizó con la utilización del software BIOMEC-SAS, y las estadísticas por medio de la Anova de medidas repetidas en el software SPSS v20.0. Se pudo constatar que los músculos TS y DC obtuvieron mayor actividad EMG durante el ejercicio de RE con abducción de hombro, el músculo DP durante la RE con abducción de hombro y RE en decúbito lateral, mientras que el IN durante la RE en ortostasis y en decúbito lateral.

ABSTRACT In shoulder arthrokinematics, the rotator cuff acts on a lower base to counterbalance a glenoid cavity, while performing a lower translation to counterbalance a rotational force mostly provided by the deltoid. External rotation (ER) exercises have been used in the rehabilitation of patients with shoulder joint dysfunction, with the aim of restoring arthrokinematics. Few studies approached the use of the elastic band and the evaluation of the shoulder girdle muscles, essential for suitable kinematics. The objective of this study was to compare the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the muscles from the shoulder complex during external rotation exercises with elastic band. A total of 11 male subjects were evaluated during (1) ER in orthostasis; (2) ER with shoulder abduction; (3) ER with lateral decubitus. The muscles assessed by the EMG were: (a) upper trapezius (UT); (b) middle deltoid (MD); (c) posterior deltoid (PD) and (d) infraspinatus (IS). Resistance was made with a gray elastic band calibrated with a load of 5% body weight. Data analysis was performed using the application software BIOMEC-SAS and statistics for the repeated measures using ANOVA in SPSS version 20.0. The UT and MD muscles were found to have increased EMG activity during ER exercise with shoulder abduction, as well as the PD muscle during ER with shoulder abduction and ER in lateral decubitus, whereas IS had increased EMG activity during an ER in orthostasis and ER in lateral decubitus.

Muscle regeneration through therapy with estromal stem cells in injury of infraespinhosus muscle of sheep

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of rotator cuff muscle regeneration in sheep and establish an experimental model for the use of autologous stem cells as a treatment option for tendon injuries. Methods: Infrared muscle tenotomies and Penrose drain implantation were performed on 12 shoulders of six clinically healthy adult sheep. After 60 days, the tendons were submitted to tissue repair, drainage removal, and divided into two groups according to the use of autologous stromal stem cells for treatment. Muscle regeneration was performed by biopsy on days 14 and 34 after repair. Results: The treatment group with cell therapy showed neovascularization and expressive regeneration. Complete regeneration of the muscle pattern did not occur in any sample although some muscle gain was obtained in the group 1 samples at 34 days after repair and introduction of stem cells. Fatty infiltration of these samples from group 1 at 34 days was less intense than that in samples from group 2 at 34 days after repair without the introduction of autologous precursor cells. Conclusion: The sheep proved to be a good experimental model to assist in the development of research on muscle regeneration and the autologous manipulation of stem cells as a therapeutic option.

Efectividad de ejercicios submaximales versus protocolo convencional en el rango de movimiento glenohumeral tras reparación artroscópica del supraespinoso / Effectiveness of submaximal exercise versus conventional protocol on range of movement glenohumeral after arthroscopic repair of supraspinatus

OBJETIVO: Determinar si la aplicación precoz de un programa de ejercicios submaximal, disminuye el dolor y aumenta el rango de movimiento glenohumeral en comparación a un protocolo convencional, en sujetos sometidos a artroscopia del supraespinoso. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: El presente estudio corresponde a un diseño casi experimental, longitudinal y prospectivo. La muestra contó con 30 sujetos, con un promedio de edad de 52,8 años. Los sujetos se dividieron aleatoriamente por sorteo simple. Un grupo recibió un protocolo de ejercicios submaximales de forma precoz, y el otro, péndulo de Codman. Las variables analizadas fueron: dolor y rango de movimiento glenohumeral. RESULTADOS: Ambos grupos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al término de las intervenciones para todas las variables (p < 0,05). Al comparar la efectividad entre ambos tratamientos, la rehabilitación submaximal precoz mostró una disminución del dolor y un aumento en la rotación externa glenohumeral estadísticamente significativa en comparación con el tratamiento con péndulo de Codman (p = 0,004 p = 0,001 respectivamente). DISCUSIÓN: Estudios hechos han establecido un margen seguro para la activación del manguito rotador, menor al 20% de la contracción voluntaria máxima para tendones reparados mediante cirugía. Nuestros resultados arrojan que este protocolo de ejercicios que cumple con esos niveles de activación aplicados de forma precoz, muestran beneficios sobre el rango y el dolor. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de un programa de ejercicio submaximal de forma precoz, podría disminuir el dolor y aumentar los rangos de flexión, abducción y rotación externa glenohumeral, disminuyendo las complicaciones de la inmovilización.

OBJECTIVE: Determine if the application of an early submaximal exercise program reduces pain and increases the glenohumeral joint range of motion in comparison to a conventional protocol, in subjects with supraspinatus arthroscopic surgery. METHOD: The present study corresponds to a prospective quasi-experimental longitudinal design study. The sample was formed by 30 subjects, with a mean aged of 52,8 years old. The subjects were randomly divided by a simple draw. One of the groups received the early submaximal exercise protocol, and the other the Codman pendulum exercises. The analyzed variables were; pain, glenohumeral range of motion. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant statistical differences for all variables at the end of the intervention (p < 0.05). When the effectiveness of both treatments were compared, the early submaximal rehabilitation showed a significant statistical difference in pain decreased, and an increased in glenohumeral external rotation, in comparison to the Codman pendulum treatment plan (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001 respectively). DISCUSSION: Studies have established a secure margin for the rotator cuff activation of less than 20% of maximal voluntary contraction for the surgery repaired tendons. Our results show that this exercise protocol complies with these levels of activation when applied in an early stage, show benefits in range of motion and pain. CONCLUSSIONS: The application on an early submaximal exercise program might decrease pain and increased glenohumeral flexion, abduction and external rotation range of motion, decreasing the complication due to immobilization.

Avaliação da força muscular do manguito rotador, em sujeitos com síndrome do impacto / Assesment of muscle strength of the rotator cuff in individuals with impingement syndrome

A Síndrome do Impacto é uma das doenças do manguito rotador que mais frequentemente provoca dor e disfunção no ombro. Sua etiologia varia desde a impactação dos tecidos moles com estruturas rígidas do ombro durante elevação do braço, microtraumas repetidos, anormalidades anatômicas do acrômio, à degeneração de tendões do manguito rotador. Questiona-se também a possibilidade de desequilíbrios de força entre os músculos rotadores internos e externos ser uma possível causa. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença de desequilíbrios musculares do manguito rotador, em sujeitos portadores de síndrome do impacto. Com o uso de uma célula de carga foram feitos testes de força muscular isométrica dos músculos do manguito rotador nos ombros lesados, nos contralaterais e em sujeitos controle. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio da Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Observou-se diferença estatística significativa ao se comparar o membro lesado com o não lesado, respectivamente em rotação externa nas posições neutra e à 30º (p<0,001). Conclui-se então que os indivíduos com Síndrome do Impacto possuem desequilíbrio de força muscular em rotação externa ao comparar com o lado contralateral.

Impingement Syndrome is one of the diseases of the rotator cuff that frequently provoke pain and dysfunction in the shoulder. Several can be its etiologies from the impingement of the soft tissues with rigid structures of the shoulder during elevation of the arm, repeated microtraumas, acromial anatomical abnormalities to the degeneration of rotator cuff tendons. The possibility of unbalances of force is questioned among the muscles internal and external rotator of being another possible cause. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of muscular unbalances of the rotator cuff in individuals with shoulder impingement. With the use of a load cell were made tests of isometric muscular force of the rotator cuff muscles in the injured shoulders, in the contralateral ones and in individual control. Later the data were submitted to the analysis statistical through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test. It was observed significant statistics differences when comparing the member harmed with the no harmed, respectively in rotation it expresses in the neutral positions and at 30º (p <0,001). It is possible to conclude that the individuals with Syndrome of the Impact possess unbalance of muscular force in rotation it is expressed when comparing with the contralateral side.

Reabilitacao funcional das lesoes tendinosas degenerativas do ombro / Functional rehabilitation of degenerative tendinous injuries of the shoulder

Foram estudados 60 ombros de 58 pacientes portadores de lesoes tendinosas do ombro, distribuidos em : 31 (51,6 por cento) portadores de sindrome de impacto (fase 1 e 2 de Neer), 18 (30,0 por cento) portadores de tendinite calcaria, cinco (8,33 por cento) com ruptura de manguito rotador (fase 3 de Neer), tres (5,0 por cento) com tendinite bicipital (fase 2 de Neer) e tres (5,0 por cento) com lesoes multiplas (fase 3 de Neer). Todos submeteram-se ao tratamento conservador de analgesia e fortalecimento muscular, buscando restabelecer o equilibrio mecanico da articulacao. Os resultados foram bons e duradouros em 55 por cento dos pacientes. Os piores resultados foram encontrados nas mulheres, tendinites calcarias, nos jovens e doencas de longa evolucao. As infiltracoes (maximo 3), a atividade profissional e a dominancia nao modificaram os resultados.