Cortical Brain Functions ­ The Brodmann Legacy in the 21st Century

In 1909, Korbinian Brodmann described 52 functional brain areas, 43 of them found in the human brain. More than a century later, his devoted functional map was incremented by Glasser et al in 2016, using functional nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques to propose the existence of 180 functional areas in each hemisphere, based on their cortical thickness, degree of myelination (cortical myelin content), neuronal interconnection, topographic organization, multitask answers, and assessment in their resting state. This opens a huge possibility, through functional neuroanatomy, to understand a little more about normal brain function and its functional impairment in the presence of a disease.

Neurocirurgia e filosofia no século XIX: como o pensamento da época influenciou o desenvolvimento da neurocirurgia moderna / Neurosurgery and Philosophy in the 19th Century: How Modern Neurosurgery Development Relates to Past Thinking

O século XIX foi um período marcado por profundas mudanças sociais, políticas e econômicas que refletiram diretamente no desenvolvimento científico. Neste artigo, tenta-se estabelecer relação entre as linhas filosóficas deste período e o surgimento da neurocirurgia moderna.

The 19th century was a period with important social, politic and economic changes that strongly supported scientific development. In this paper, I tried to establish relationship between philosophical theories of this period and beginning of modern neurosurgery.