To compare the efficacy and incidence of severe hematological adverse events of flumatinib and imatinib in patients newly diagnosed with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To analyze and compare therapy responses, outcomes, and incidence of severe hematologic adverse events of flumatinib and imatinib in patients newly diagnosed with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) . Methods: Data of patients with chronic phase CML diagnosed between January 2006 and November 2022 from 76 centers, aged ≥18 years, and received initial flumatinib or imatinib therapy within 6 months after diagnosis in China were retrospectively interrogated. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to reduce the bias of the initial TKI selection, and the therapy responses and outcomes of patients receiving initial flumatinib or imatinib therapy were compared. Results: A total of 4 833 adult patients with CML receiving initial imatinib (n=4 380) or flumatinib (n=453) therapy were included in the study. In the imatinib cohort, the median follow-up time was 54 [interquartile range (IQR), 31-85] months, and the 7-year cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) were 95.2%, 88.4%, 78.3%, and 63.0%, respectively. The 7-year FFS, PFS, and OS rates were 71.8%, 93.0%, and 96.9%, respectively. With the median follow-up of 18 (IQR, 13-25) months in the flumatinib cohort, the 2-year cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) were 95.4%, 86.5%, 58.4%, and 46.6%, respectively. The 2-year FFS, PFS, and OS rates were 80.1%, 95.0%, and 99.5%, respectively. The PSM analysis indicated that patients receiving initial flumatinib therapy had significantly higher cumulative incidences of CCyR, MMR, MR(4), and MR(4.5) and higher probabilities of FFS than those receiving the initial imatinib therapy (all P<0.001), whereas the PFS (P=0.230) and OS (P=0.268) were comparable between the two cohorts. The incidence of severe hematologic adverse events (grade≥Ⅲ) was comparable in the two cohorts. Conclusion: Patients receiving initial flumatinib therapy had higher cumulative incidences of therapy responses and higher probability of FFS than those receiving initial imatinib therapy, whereas the incidence of severe hematologic adverse events was comparable between the two cohorts.

A nanoemulsion-based delivery system for imatinib and in vitro anticancer efficacy

A self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) composed of ethyl oleate, Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol 600 was prepared as a new route to improve the efficacy of imatinib. The drug-loaded SNEDDS formed nanodroplets of ethyl oleate stabilized by Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol 600 with a diameter of 81.0±9.5 nm. The nanoemulsion-based delivery system was stable for at least two months, with entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of 16.4±0.1 and 48.3±0.2%, respectively. Imatinib-loaded SNEDDS was evaluated for the drug release profiles, and its effectiveness against MCF-7 cell line was investigated. IC50 values for the imatinib-loaded SNEDDS and an imatinib aqueous solution were 3.1 and 6.5 µg mL-1, respectively.

Evaluation of anemia after long-term treatment with imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia patients in chronic phase

ABSTRACT Introduction: The incidence of grade 3-4 anemia was reported to be 3% with imatinib therapy for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase (CP). However, there are few data regarding the causes and the development of anemia after long-term treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of anemia after at least two years of imatinib treatment of CML patients in the CP and to identify other contributing causes of anemia in this population. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 97 CML patients in the CP treated with imatinib for at least two years. We analyzed the hemoglobin (Hb) levels of CML patients at diagnosis, upon initiation of treatment with imatinib and after two years of imatinib treatment, and investigated other causes of anemia in this population. Results: Most of the patients presented Hb levels below the normal range (80.4%) after the second year of treatment, 17.9% grade 2 and 1.3% grade 3. In 13 cases (16.7%), anemia was attributed to resistance and in 13 cases (16.7%) the following causes were identified: iron deficiency (n = 5), hypothyroidism (n = 2), vitamin B12 deficiency (n = 3), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n = 1), pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 1) and renal toxicity (n = 1). In 52 patients (66.6%), there were no other factors contributing to anemia, except imatinib treatment. Conclusion: Regular follow-up is required to identify the causes of anemia not related to CML or imatinib toxicity. The importance of investigating secondary causes of anemia should be emphasized, especially in patients with good adherence to treatment and satisfactory therapeutic response.

Hepatic protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract against Gleevec-induced apoptosis, liver Injury and Ki67 alterations in rats

ABSTRACT Gleevec (imatinib) is an antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of many types of cancer. The current study was conducted to examine the possible modifying effects of grape seeds proanthocyandins extract (GSPE) against apoptosis, liver injury and Ki67 alterations induced by Gleevec in male rats. 40 male albino rats were equally divided into four groups (First and second groups were control and GSPE groups; third group was Gleevec group and fourth group was treated with Gleevec and GSPE). Gleevec induced elevations in P53 and depletion of Bcl2 levels in liver tissues were compared with the control group. Liver sections in rats treated with Gleevec exhibited marked cellular infiltrations, vacuolar degeneration hepatocytes, numerous apoptotic cells, and congestion in central and portal veins, as well as a significant increase in the proliferating of Ki67 after Gleevec injection as compared with control group. In contrast, treatment with Gleevec and GSPE showed a moderate to good degree of improvement in hepatocytes with a significant increase in Ki67, a decrease in P53 and an increase in Bcl2 levels in liver tissues compared to treatment with Gleevec. Therefore, Gleevec induces apoptosis, injury and Ki67 changes in rat liver, whereas GSPE modulates these alternations.

Adherence and/or discontinuation of imatinib mesylate in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

ABSTRACT Adherence to imatinib mesylate improves clinical outcomes and promotes a reduction in health expenditure. However, treatment duration and lack of efficacy decrease adherence to pharmacotherapy, resulting in increased mortality associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. This study aimed to evaluate and compare adherence and/or discontinuation of imatinib mesylate in different studies from the literature. An integrative review of original articles published between the years of 2004 and 2014 was performed using the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and SciELO. The descriptor "imatinib" was used in two combinations employing the connector AND between terms: "medication adherence'' AND ''imatinib" AND "leukemia'' and ''patient compliance'' AND "imatinib" AND "leukemia". We identified 476 studies, being 14 included in the study. The rates of adherence and discontinuation were diverse, ranging from 19.0 to 97.0% and from 1.8 and 41.0%, respectively, and a high number of longitudinal studies was observed (71.4%). Most studies used questionnaires as an indirect method to assess adherence and factors related to poor adherence were adverse drug reactions, dose changes and unavailability of the medication. Patient education associated with follow up by pharmacists and other health professionals can improve patient adherence and minimize the pharmacotherapy discontinuation.

Eficacia y seguridad de nilotinib para el tratamiento de v pe leucemia mieloide crónica con resistencia o intolerancia a Imatinib y a Dasatinib, sin mutación T315I y ECOG 0-2 / Efficacy and safety of nilotinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to Imatinib and Dasatinib, without mutation T315I and ECOG 0-2

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología de la eficacia y seguridad de nilotinib para el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide crónica resistente o intolerante a imatinib y a dasatinib sin mutación T315I y ECOG 0-2. Aspectos Generales: La leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC) es una enfermedad mieloproliferativa, que se caracteriza por la proliferación de granulocitos en sangre y medula ósea. Más del 90% de los casos se debe a la traslocación recíproca de los cromosomas 9 y 22 [t (9; 22)] debido a la mutación del cromosoma Filadelfia (Ph+). Esta traslocación genera la fusión de una región del gen BCR del cromosoma 22 en la banda q11 y del gen ABL1 localizado en el cromosoma 9 en la banda q34. El producto de la fusión BDR-ABL1 es una proteína activa llamada tirosina quinasa. Esta proteína lleva a una proliferación celular incontrolada. Las personas con leucemia mieloide crónica, sin la mutación Filadelfia, tienen otros mecanismos de traslocación, pero resultan en la misma fusión de genes y la codificación de la proteína tirosina quinasa. Tecnologia Sanitaria de Interés: El nilotinib (Tasigna®, Novartis; C28H22F3N70), es un inhibidor de tirosina quinasa, derivado del imatinib. El nilotinib se une y estabiliza la conformación inactiva del dominio quinasa de la proteína Abl. METODOLOGIA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de nilotinib para el tratamiento de leucemia mieloide crónica en pacientes resistentes/intolerantes a imatinib y dasatinib. Esta búsqueda se realizó utilizando los meta-buscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline) y Health Systems Evidence. Adicionalmente, se amplió la búsqueda revisando la evidencia generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas (RS), evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC), como la Cochrane Group, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Agency for Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) y The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC). RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica y de evidencia científica para el sustento del uso de nilotinib para el tratamiento de leucemia mieloide crónica en pacientes resistentes o intolerantes a imatinib/dasatinib. Se presenta la evidencia disponible según el tipo de publicación priorizada en los criterios de inclusión (i.e., GP, ETS, RS y ECA fase III). CONCLUSIONES: La presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria tuvo por objetivo la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad del uso de nilotinib como tercera línea de tratamiento de la LMC-FC, en pacientes resistentes y/o intolerantes a imatinib y dasatinib, sin mutación T315I y ECOG 0-2. Fueron incluidos un total de 6 publicaciones científicas (1 guía de práctica clínica, 1 revisión sistemática, 1 ensayo clínico y 3 ensayos observacionales). A pesar que la evidencia es de baja calidad dado que no existen estudios clínicos aleatorizados fase III del uso de nilotinib como tercera línea de tratamiento de LCM, los ECAs fase II y estudios observacionales encontrados muestran que nilotinib podría ser una alternativa eficaz como tercera línea. Además, existe plausibilidad biológica, pues los patrones de resistencia y de efectos adversos son diferentes para nilotinib, dasatinib e imatinib, excepto por la mutación T315I. Nilotinib puede ser considerado como una adecuada alternativa para el a' tratamiento de tercera línea, luego de haber recibido tratamiento con dos inhibidores de tirosina quinasa y haber mostrado resistencia o intolerancia a estos, aunque la respuesta podría no ser duradera. Ello teniendo en cuenta, además, que actualmente no se cuenta con más alternativas de tratamiento, pues los inhibidores de tirosina quinasa indicados para tratamiento de tercera línea no se encuentran en el mercado, y el trasplante no está indicado para todos los casos. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) aprueba el uso de nilotinib como alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica con resistencia o intolerancia a imatinib y dasatinib sin mutación T315I y ECOG 0-2. El periodo de vigencia de este dictamen es de dos años y la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a los resultados obtenidos de los pacientes que se beneficien con dicho tratamiento y a nueva evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.

Lichen planopilaris-like eruption during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib

Abstract Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective as a target therapy for malignant neoplasms. Imatinib was the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor used. After its introduction, several other drugs have appeared with a similar mechanism of action, but less prone to causing resistance. Even though these drugs are selective, their toxicity does not exclusively target cancer cells, and skin toxicity is the most common non-hematologic adverse effect. We report an eruption similar to lichen planopilaris that developed during therapy with nilotinib, a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to imatinib. In a literature review, we found only one report of non-scarring alopecia due to the use of nilotinib.

Imatinib mesylate-induced interstitial lung disease in a patient with prior history of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

No abstract available.

A Case of Disseminated Intra-abdominal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Managed with Low Dose Imatinib / 대한소화기학회지

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Imatinib mesylate is recommended as adjuvant therapy for GIST after surgical resection. However, drug-related adverse events are common. A 74-year-old female with metastatic GIST who was managed with imatinib experienced severe adverse events, including skin rashes, tremor, and alopecia, etc. The imatinib dose was reduced and the size of the metastatic GIST continued to decrease and adverse events showed significant improvement.