Effects of methanolic extract of Brassica juncea seeds on biochemical parameters and histological integrity of the heart and liver of albino rats / Efectos del extracto metanólico de las semillas de Brassica juncea sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y la integridad histológica del corazón y el hígado de ratas albinas

SUMMARY: Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) seeds are consumed in treatment of high blood pressure, headache and prevention of heart disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of methanol extract of Brassica juncea seeds [BJME] on the heart and liver of adult Albino Wistar rats. A total of 24 albino rats of both sexes were divided into 6 groups [I - VI] of 4 rats per group. Groups I to IV received graded doses of the methanol extract by oral gavage while groups V and VI (controls) received 2 ml/kg body weight of 3 % Tween 80 and water respectively via oral gavage once daily. Treatment lasted for four weeks and the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated. The animals were sacrificed and the heart and liver tissues were excised for further histological processing for light microscopy. There was significant increase in AST and ALT levels following BJME treatment when compared to the controls. ALP activity did not differ significantly among the treatment and control groups. Histopathological changes consistent with toxic injury were observed in the heart and liver tissues of BJME- treated rats. In conclusion, the results of this study show that sub-acute administration of methanol seed extract of Brassica juncea can exert cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic effects in rats.

RESUMEN: Las semillas de Brassica juncea (mostaza india) se consumen en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial, el dolor de cabeza y la prevención de enfermedades del corazón. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos del extracto de metanol de semillas de Brassica juncea [BJME] en el corazón y el hígado de ratas Albino Wistar adultas. Un total de 24 ratas albinas de ambos sexos se dividieron en 6 grupos [I - VI] de 4 ratas por grupo. Los grupos I a IV recibieron dosis del extracto de metanol por sonda oral progresivamente, mientras que los grupos V y VI (control) recibieron 2 ml / kg de peso corporal de 3 % de 80 y agua, respectivamente, por sonda oral una vez al día. El tratamiento duró cuatro semanas y se estimaronlos niveles séricos de aspartato transaminasa (AST), alanina transaminasa (ALT) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP). Los animales se sacrificaron y fueron analizados los tejidos del corazón y el hígado, para un procesamiento histológico adicional con microscopía óptica. Hubo un aumento significativo en los niveles de AST y ALT después del tratamiento con BJME en comparación con los controles. La actividad de ALP no difirió significativamente entre los grupos de tratamiento y control. Se observaron cambios histopatológicos compatibles con lesiones tóxicas en los tejidos del corazón y el hígado de ratas tratadas con BJME. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio muestran que la administración subaguda de extracto de semilla de metanol de Brassica juncea puede ejercer efectos cardiotóxicos y hepatotóxicos en ratas.

Polygala anatolica Boiss. et Heldr.: is a potential remedy for inflammation and pain? / Polygala anatolica Boiss. et Heldr.: ¿es un remedio potencial para la inflamación y el dolor?

Species of Polygala genus have been used for the treatment of inflamation and pain in Turkish traditional medicine. The aim of the present study is to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of P. anatolica. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots of P. anatolica were investigated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The methanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts and roots of P. anatolica were found to be active in carrageenan- and PGE2-induced paw edema models and in Whittle method. Methanolic extract of the aerial part inhibited serotonin-induced hind paw edema, while the root extract did not exert inhibitory effect in the same model. In addition, Fr. B and C obtained from the methanol extract of P. anatolica aerial parts showed significant anti- inflammatory activity. Morover, the analgesic effect of the methanol extracts prepared from the roots and aerial parts and Fr.B and Fr.C were found to be statistically significant without inducing ulceration. The methanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of the plant and its saponoside and flavonoid fractions showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in the trials.

Las especies del género Polygala se han utilizado para el tratamiento de la inflamación y el dolor en la medicina tradicional turca. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar las actividades antiinflamatorias y analgésicas de P. anatolica. Se investigaron los extractos de n-hexano, acetato de etilo y metanol de las partes aéreas y raíces de P. anatolica por sus efectos antiinflamatorios y analgésicos. Los extractos de metanol preparados a partir de las partes aéreas y raíces de P. anatolica se encontraron activos en modelos de edema de pata inducidos por carragenina y PGE2 por el método de Whittle. El extracto metanólico de la parte aérea inhibió el edema de la pata trasera inducido por serotonina, mientras que el extracto de raíz no ejerció un efecto inhibidor en el mismo modelo. En suma, la fracción B y C obtenidos a partir del extracto metanólico de partes aéreas de P. anatolica mostraron actividad antiinflamatoria significativa. Además, el efecto analgésico de los extractos de metanol preparados a partir de las raíces y las partes aéreas y la fracción B y C resultaron ser estadísticamente significativas sin inducir la ulceración. El extracto de metanol obtenido de las partes aéreas de la planta y sus fracciones de saponósidos y flavonoides mostraron actividades antiinflamatorias y analgésicas en los ensayos.

Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. methanol extract and its isolated component isoorientin on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the gastroprotective effect of methanol extract of E. spectabilis and its major component isoorientin. Methods: Effects of isoorientin and methanol extract of E. spectabilis were investigated in indomethacin-induced gastric damage model on rats. Famotidine was used as the standard antiulcer drug. Numerical density of ulcer areas and oxidative status were determined on stomach tissues of rats. Results: All doses of isoorientin and methanol extract decreased MDA level and increased SOD activity and GSH levels in the stomach tissue of rats. When numerical density of ulcer areas were analized, the 500 mg/kg dose of methanol extract (84%) exhibited a similar effect to 20 mg/kg dose of standart drug famotidine (87%). Conclusions: The gastroprotective effects of E. spectabilis and its major constituent isoorientin in rats for the first time. Detailed analyses suggested that potential antioxidant activity of both plant extract and isoorientin mediates the gastroprotective effect.

Influence of gibberellic acid, indole butyric acid, and methanol on morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus vulgaris L.

Background: Plant growth regulators [PGRs] have important roles in many processes such as germination, seedling growth, nutrition uptake, morphogenesis, ripening, etc

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid, indole butyric acid, and methanol as plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological and phytochemical features in Thymus vulgaris L

Methods: The farm experiment based on a randomized complete block design was performed at 2014. The treatments were included G1M1 [GA3 50 ppm + methanol 20 %], G1M2 [GA3 50 ppm +methanol 40 %], G2M1 [GA3 100 ppm + methanol 20 %], G2M2 [GA3 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], I1M1 [IBA 50 ppm + methanol 20 %], I1M2 [IBA 50 ppm + methanol 40 %], I2M1 [IBA 100 ppm + methanol 20 %], I2M2 [IBA 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], G1I2M2 [GA3 50 ppm + IBA 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], G1I2M2 [GA3 100 ppm + IBA 50 ppm + methanol 40 %], and control [distillate water]

Results: The results showed that the combination of GA3 or IBA along with methanol changed significantly leaf length and width, number of branches, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, plant dry weight, seed weight, essential oil content and thymol amount. The highest values of the most traits were observed in I1M1 treatment

Conclusion: Methanol combination with one of the GA3 or IBA can improve morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of thyme [Thymus vulgaris L.]. Thus, the most effective PGRs combination was related to GA3 50 ppm + Methanol 20 % and IBA 50 ppm + Methanol 20 %

Germination inhibitory activity of selected plants from Central South of Chile / Actividad inhibitoria de la germinación de plantas seleccionadas del Centro-Sur de Chile

Methanol extract obtained from aerial parts of 24 selected plants from Central Valley and Pre-andean foothill from Ñuble Province of Chile were tested for its inhibitory germination activity against Trifolium repens and Raphanus sativus. Many extracts (13/24 = 54 percent) showed inhibition of T. repens germination with IG percent > 50 percent, but none on R. sativus.

Extractos metanólicos obtenidos de partes aéreas de 24 plantas seleccionadas del valle central y preandino de la Provincia de Ñuble-Chile, fueron ensayados para determinar su capacidad inhibitoria sobre la germinación de semillas de Trifolium repens y Raphanus sativus. Los extractos (13/24 = 54 por ciento) muestran actividad inhibitoria de la germinación de semillas de T. repens con un IG por ciento>50 por ciento, pero no tienen actividad significativa sobre R. sativus.

Evaluation of larvicidal activity and brine shrimp toxicity of rhizome extracts of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith

Introduction In this study, we used dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the Zingiber zerumbet rhizome to evaluate brine shrimp lethality and larvicidal activity on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles nuneztovari mosquitoes. Methods Bioassays were performed by exposing third-instar larvae of each mosquito species to the DCM or MeOH extracts. Results Probit analysis with DCM and MeOH extracts demonstrated efficient larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and A. nuneztovari larvae. Conclusions The DCM and MeOH extracts showed higher activity against A. nuneztovari larvae than against A. aegypti larvae, suggesting that the extracts have species-specific activity. .

Relaxant effects of different fractions from Tymus vulgaris on guinea-pig tracheal chains

In previous studies, the relaxant effect of Tymus vulgaris has been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. Therefore, in the present study, the relaxant effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous fractions of Tymus vulgaris on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were examined. The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g%) in comparison to saline as negative control and four cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) were examined for their relaxant effects on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1) and 10 ìÌ methacholine (group 2, n = 7 for each group). In group 1, all concentrations of the n-hexane fraction and theophylline and three last concentrations (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g%) of dichloromethane and two higher concentrations (1.2 and 1.6 g%) of methanol fractions showed significant relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p<0.05 to p<0.001). In group 2, all concentrations of theophylline, n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions and three concentrations (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g%) of methanol and two higher concentrations (1.2 and 1.6 g%) of aqueous fractions showed significant relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p<0.05 to p<0.001). In addition, with group 1, the relaxant effect of all concentrations of all fractions except the n-hexane fraction, were significantly less than those of theophylline (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The n-hexane fraction showed higher relaxant effect than theophylline. The relaxant effect of all concentrations of the n-hexane fraction and the three last concentrations (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g%) of dichloromethane and aqueous fractions were significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the relaxant effects and concentrations for theophylline and all fractions (except aqueous fraction in group 1) in both groups, but a negative correlation for the aqueous fraction in group 1 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). These results showed a potent relaxant effect for n-hexane and weaker relaxant effect for other fractions from Tymus vulgaris on tracheal chains of guinea pigs.

Antimicrobial activity of Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Chicalote) / Actividad antimicrobiana de Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Chicalote)

Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Papaveraceae) is used to treat eye infection, respiratory and dermatological disorders in Tepotzotlán, State of México (México). The aim of this work was to investigate antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from aerial parts of A. ochroleuca. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against thirteen bacteria and nine fungal strains. Only methanol extract showed antimicrobial activity. S. aureus (MIC= 125 ug/mL) and C. neoformans (MIC= 500 ug/mL) were the most sensitive strains. The bioassay-guide purification of the methanolic extract resulted in the isolation and identification of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. The present study confirms the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of A. ochroleuca.

Infusiones de la parte aérea de Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Papaveraceae) son utilizadas por los pobladores de Tepotzotlán, Estado de México, para el tratamiento de infecciones en los ojos, enfermedades respiratorias y dermatológicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos hexánicos, acetato de etilo y metanólico de la parte aérea de A. ochroleuca. La actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada frente a trece cepas bacterianas y nueve cepas fúngicas. Solo el extracto metanólico presentó actividad antimicrobiana. S. aureus (MIC= 125 ug/mL) y C. neoformans (MIC= 500 ug/mL) fueron las cepas que presentaron mayor sensibilidad. La purificación biodirigida del extracto metanólico dio como resultado el aislamiento e identificación del alcaloide isoquinolínico berberina. El presente estudio confirma la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto metanólico de A. ochroleuca.

Antimicrobial efficacy of fruit extracts of two piper species against selected bacterial and oral fungal pathogens

Aim: To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of five solvent extracts of two Piper species commonly used in diet and traditional medicine, P. cubeba and P. longum, against selected bacterial and oral fungal pathogens i.e. Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of five extracts of cubeb berries and Indian long pepper fruits was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the acetonic, methanolic and ethanolic extracts was determined by the modified agar well diffusion method. Results: Of the 5 fruit extracts evaluated, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of both the Piper spp. were found to have variable antimicrobial activities against all the four oral pathogens. The acetonic fruit extract of P. cubeba was the most effective against both the yeasts with the highest zone of inhibition (15.31 mm) against C. albicans followed by the methanolic (12.31 mm) and ethanolic (11.94 mm) extracts. C. albicans was found to be most sensitive pathogen, which survived up to 6.25 mg/mL in the acetonic extract (MIC = 12.5 mg/mL) followed by the methanolic and ethanolic extracts (MIC = 25 mg/mL). The acetonic, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of P. longum fruits showed almost equal inhibition zones of both yeasts, ranging between 10.64 and 14 mm. C. albicans survived up to 12.5 mg/mL (MIC= 25 mg/mL) while S.cerevisiae survived up to 25 mg/mL (MIC = 50 mg/mL). Conclusions: The crude extracts obtained from the fruits of the two Piper spp. may be used to treat oral fungal species, especially C. albicans, as they produced larger inhibition zones than antifungal drugs often used to treat these pathogens.

Cardiovascular activity of the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb

We investigated the vascular responses and the blood pressure reducing effects of different fractions obtained from the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. (F. Loranthaceae). By means of solvent-solvent extraction, L. ferrugineus methanol extract (LFME) was successively fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ability of these LFME fractions to relax vascular smooth muscle against phenylephrine (PE)- and KCl-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings was determined. In another set of experiments, LFME fractions were tested for blood pressure lowering activity in anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g, 14-18 weeks). The n-butanol fraction of LFME (NBF-LFME) produced a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PE- and KCl-induced aortic ring contractions compared to other fractions. Moreover, NBF-LFME had a significantly higher relaxant effect against PE- than against high K+-induced contractions. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, NBF-LFME significantly lowered blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner and with a relatively longer duration of action compared to the other fractions. HPLC, UV and IR spectra suggested the presence of terpenoid constituents in both LFME and NBF-LFME. Accordingly, we conclude that NBF-LFME is the most potent fraction producing a concentration-dependent relaxation in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and a dose-dependent blood pressure lowering activity in vivo. The cardiovascular effects of NBF-LFME are most likely attributable to its terpenoid content.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia racemosa L. stem bark

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a methanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa (MEBR) (Caesalpiniaceae) stem bark in various systems. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical, nitric oxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract increased in a concentration-dependent manner. About 50, 100, 250, and 500 æg MEBR inhibited the peroxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion by 62.43, 67.21, 71.04, and 76.83 percent, respectively. Similarly, the effect of MEBR on reducing power increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In DPPH radical scavenging assays the IC50 value of the extract was 152.29 æg/ml. MEBR inhibited the nitric oxide radicals generated from sodium nitroprusside with an IC50 of 78.34 æg/ml, as opposed to 20.4 æg/ml for curcumin. Moreover, MEBR scavenged the superoxide generated by the PMS/NADH-NBT system. MEBR also inhibited the hydroxyl radical generated by Fenton's reaction, with an IC50 value of more than 1000 æg/ml, as compared to 5 æg/ml for catechin. The amounts of total phenolic compounds were also determined and 64.7 æg pyrocatechol phenol equivalents were detected in MEBR (1 mg). The antimicrobial activities of MEBR were determined by disc diffusion with five Gram-positive, four Gram-negative and four fungal species. MEBR showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The results obtained in the present study indicate that MEBR can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Larval susceptibility of Ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine mosquitos.

The objective of the present study is to determine the bioefficacy of different crude extracts of Ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine larvae. Larval susceptibility of crude carbon-tetrachloride, methanol and petroleum-ether extracts of Ajuga remota leaves was observed against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi and the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Among the extracts tested, petroleum-ether extract was the most effective with LC50 values of 0.033% after 24 hours and 0.029% after 48 hours of treatment against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi. In the case of the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, the carbon-tetra-chloride extract exhibited maximum efficacy with LC50 values of 0.043% after 24 hours and 0.026% after 48 hours of exposure, respectively. It is, therefore, concluded that Ajuga remota can be applied as an ideal larvicide against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Extraction of heparin and heparin-like substance from marine mesogastropod mollusc Turritella attenuata (Lamarck, 1779).

Heparin was extracted from marine gastropod T. attenuata through the sequential precipitation with methanol and ethanol. The metachromatic dye method using toluidine blue was used to estimate colorimetrically the amount of heparin present in the sample. The anticoagulant activity of the sample was calculated as per United States of Pharmacopoeia standard procedure using sheep blood. After the purification, samples were analyzed, for the presence of heparin, with agarose-gel electrophoresis and HPLC and the mobility of the sample and the peak respectively were compared with standard heparin. The results of the present study shall help in finding out alternate source.

Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Terminalia catappa root.

The effect against bacteria of petroleum ether (60-80 degrees C), chloroform and methanolic extract of dried root of Terminalia catappa Linn. (combrataceae) was employed by cup plate agar diffusion method. The chloroform extract showed prominent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli as compared to other tested microorganisms, while petroleum ether extract was devoid of antimicrobial activity. The methanolic: extract exhibited MIC of 0.065 mg/ml against E. coli. and chloroform extract exhibited MIC of 0.4 mg/ml against S. aureus The chloroform has well as methanolic extracts showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms.

Pharmacological Properties of Extracts from the Stem Bark of Syzgium guineense on the Ileum and Heart of Laboratory Rodents

A methanol extract of Syzygium guineense bark inhibited intrinsic contractions of rabbit isolated ileum. The inhibition; at bath concentrations of 0.5 - 2.0 mg/ml; was dose-related but non-linear. It produced sustained hypotension in anaesthetized rats. A dose of 5 ug lowered systolic; diastolic and mean blood pressure by 16; 22and 17; respectively below the pre-drug levels. Maximum effect was obtained at a dose of 40 ug when the systolic; diastolic and mean blood pressures fell by 23; 36and 28; respectively below the pre-drug levels. The greater fall in blood pressure was in diastolic than systolic blood pressure. The extract caused a weaker but similar effect to isoprenaline on rabbit isolated heart. While the effect on rabbit isolated ileum supports the folkloric use of the plant as an antispasmodic; further work is required to confirm and categorize the observed pharmacological activities

Methanol induced biogenic amine changes in discrete areas of rat brain: role of simultaneous ethanol administration.

Alteration in the steady state level of brain biogenic amines produced by methanol differ considerably in rats when compared to the effects produced by ethanol. When ethanol and methanol were administered simultaneously in identical concentration, the effects produced by methanol were much more pronounced in the presence of ethanol. This could be attributed to the delay in the metabolism of methanol as ethanol competes with methanol for alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Hence, it is presumed that the effects produced by methanol seem to be primarily due to the direct action of methanol itself and not due to metabolic end products of methanol. It is also inferred that if methanol per se is going to produce any permanent damage in the central nervous system due to abnormal neurotransmitter behaviour, they cannot be prevented by treatment with ethanol.

Effects of ethanol and methanol on spontaneous electromyographic signals and neuromuscular latency.

The effect of alcohols (ethanol and methanol) on rat electromyogram (E.M.G.) and neuromuscular latency were studied in thiopentone anesthetized albino rats. Both alcohols were given intraperitoneally (100 mg/100 g of body weight) to the respective groups and the controls received saline. Electromyographic signals were recorded from gastrocnemius muscle. For latency studies both the alcohols were given intravenously (iv) at a dose of 20 mg/100 g of body weight, and response to in situ sciatic nerve stimulation was studied before and after alcohol administration. Our results show that both ethanol and methanol induce spontaneous electromyographic signals and in addition produce changes in the latent period and the amplitude of the response.

Electrocardiographic changes after ethanol and methanol administration in albino rats.

As an acute effect, both ethanol and methanol prolong P-R, Q-T and ST intervals in rat electrocardiogram. The R wave amplitude showed a marked increase with methanol. Other ECG abnormalities like S-T segment changes, appearance of Iso-electric S-T segment, inverted 'T' wave, ventricular ectopic and wandering pace maker were more common in methanol treated animals.

Extracción y cuantificación de los polifenoles de la pulpa de café / Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from coffee pulp

Se cuantificaron los polifenoles totales en extractos de pulpa de café, utilizando el método de Folin-Ciocalteau, e incorporándose en esta técnica el uso del polímetro polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), a fin de eliminar las interferencias. Los polifenoles condensados se determinaron aplicando el procedimiento de la vainillina acidificada, y empleando como patrones, ácido clorogénico para la prueba de Folin-Ciocalteau, y catequina para las de vainilina. Luego se trazó una curva de calibración en el solvente respectivo, para cada uno de los extractos. Los solventes empleados para extraer la pulpa fueron metanol puro; metanol-agua, 50:50; hidróxido de amonio al 3%, e hidróxido de calcio al 1%, ensayándose dos tiempos de extracción para cada uno de ellos (10 minutos y una hora). No se encontraron diferencias en los que respecta a la cantidad de polifenoles extraídos entre los dos tiempos sometidos a ensayo. Los solventes alcalinos NH4OH (3%) y Ca (OH)2 (1%) extrajeron la mayor cantidad de polifenoles totales en el término de 10 minutos. Sin embargo, en ese mismo tiempo, el NH4OH (3%) fue más eficaz en cuanto a extraer polifenoles condensados. Los resultados que aquí se notifican sugieren que el tratamiento de la pulpa de café con solventes alcalinos puede beneficiar el valor nutritivo de la pulpa de café