Metaplasia sinovial capsular mamaria: a propósito de un caso / Mammary capsular synovial metaplasia: a case report

La metaplasia sinovial capsular mamaria es una patología poco frecuente, de origen desconocido, que se presenta generalmente con aumento de volumen mamario (colección líquida) en un período breve y frecuentemente unilateral el posoperatorio (3 meses o más). Su diagnóstico se realiza por punción con aguja fina guiada por ecografía y estudios histomorfológico y de inmunohistoquímica. Debe diferenciarse del linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios. El tratamiento consiste en extracción por punción de la colección líquida, reposo del brazo del lado afectado y en caso de recidivas cambio de implante e instilación de corticoides en bolsillo capsular. Presentación a propósito de un caso.

Breast capsular Synovial Metaplasia is a rare pathology of unknown origin, which usually occurs with increased breast volume (liquid collection) in a short and often unilateral postoperatively (3 months or more). Diagnosis is made with fine needle puncture guided by ultrasound and histomorphological and immunohistochemistry studies. It should differ from anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants. Treatment consists of puncture extraction of the liquid collection, rest of the arm of the affected side and in case of relapses implant change and installation of Corticoids in capsular pocket. Filing on a case

Morfología y repercusiones diagnóstico-terapéuticas de las lesiones preneoplásicas gástricas / Morphology and diagnostic determinants of gastric precancerous conditions

El carcinoma gástrico (CG) de tipo intestinal se origina en un epitelio displásico, que a su vez se desarrolla en medio de una atrofia gástrica (AG) y metaplasia intestinal (MI). La infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP) es la causa más frecuente de AG, causando una pangastritis atrófica multifocal. Entre otras condiciones que producen inflamación crónica de la mucosa gástrica se encuentran también la gastritis autoinmune y la anemia perniciosa. El marco conceptual sobre el cual descansa gran parte de la investigación actual y nuestra comprensión de los cambios que ocurren en la mucosa gástrica se debe a la denominada "cascada de Correa"; quien planteó que la mucosa gástrica crónicamente inflamada, da paso a la AG, que va adquiriendo focos de MI y en dicho epitelio se desarrollará finalmente una displasia (DIS). Se ha acuñado el término lesiones preneoplásicas gástricas (LPG), para referirse a: AG, MI y DIS.Después de la erradicación de HP, se ha demostrado una reducción general de la incidencia de CG; efecto que no es tan claro, cuando la pangastritis por HP ha evolucionado a AG extensa. De tal modo que el efecto de la erradicación de HP medido a través de EC, ha sido poco consistente. La AG grave diagnosticada por histología representa la condición de mayor riesgo. Por otra parte, la MI puede ser de tipo intestinal (delgado-entérica ó incompleta) y la colónica (colónica ó completa) considerándose a esta última, como la variedad de peor pronóstico. El diagnóstico histológico de este tipo de lesiones determina que quien las padece, debe someterse a vigilancia endoscópica. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue resumir la evidencia existente respecto de las LPG, en términos de su caracterización morfológica y sus repercusiones diagnóstico-terapéuticas (significado patológico, graduación del riesgo, vigilancia recomendada; y factores de riesgo).

Gastric carcinoma (GC) of intestinal type, originates from a dysplastic epithelium, which in turn develops in the midst of gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM). Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the most frequent cause of GA, causing a multifocal atrophic pangastritis. Among other conditions that produce chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa are also autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia. The conceptual framework on which much of current research rests and our understanding of the changes that occur in the gastric mucosa is due to the so-called "Correa waterfall"; who stated that gastric mucosa chronically inflamed, gives way to the GA, which is acquiring foci of IM and in said epithelium a dysplasia (DIS) will eventually develop. The term precancerous conditions (PCC) of the gastric mucosa have been coined to refer to: GA, IM and DIS. After HP eradication, a general reduction in the incidence of GC has been demonstrated; effect that is not so clear, when pangastritis by HP has evolved to extensive GA. Thus, the effect of HP eradication measured through clinical trials has been inconsistent. Severe GA diagnosed represents the highest risk condition. On the other hand, IM can be enteric (grade I), enterocolic (grade II) or colonic (grade III); considering IM III as the variety with the worst prognosis. Histological diagnosis of gastric PCC, determines that the one who suffers them, must undergo endoscopic surveillance. The aim of this manuscript was to update morphological aspects and diagnostic-therapeutic scope of gastric PCC.

Is there a relation between helybacter pylori and intestinal metaplasia in short column epitelization up to 10 mm in the distal esophagus? / Existe relação entre o helicobacter pylori e metaplasia intestinal nas epitelizações colunares curtas até 10 mm no esôfago distal?

ABSTRAT Background: The presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) is an important precursor of adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of the risk factors and the process by which the Barrett develops is very important and Helicobacter pylori (HP) can contribute to this development. Aim: To analyze the impact of HP in the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus in areas of columnar epithelialization smaller than 10 mm in length and epidemiological data on prevalence Method: A retrospective study in which were included 373 consecutive patients diagnosed with columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus was done. In all, HP was investigated by urease and histology, exclusion and inclusion factors were applied and patients were divided into two groups: the first grouping the ones without histological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (235-63%) and the second with it (138-37%). Results: There was no significant difference between HP and non-HP patients in relation to the probability of having intestinal metaplasia (p=0.587). When related to the general group, there was an inverse association between the bacterium and the columnar epithelia in the distal esophagus. Age (p=0.031), gender (p=0.013) and HP (p=0.613) when related together to intestinal metaplasia showed no significant relation. In isolation, when related to age and gender, regardless of HP, results confirmed that patients in more advanced age and women present a higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: There is an inverse relation between HP and the areas of columnar epithelization in the distal esophagus, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Age and gender, regardless of HP, showed higher prevalence in women and in older the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

RESUMO Racional: A presença de metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal (esôfago de Barrett) é importante doença precursora do adenocarcinoma. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco e o processo pelo qual ela se desenvolve é importante e o Helicobacter pylori (HP) pode contribuir para esse desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do HP na mucosa gástrica sobre a metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal em áreas de epitelização colunar menores que 10 mm de extensão e dados epidemiológicos de prevalência. Método: Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de 373 pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de epitélio colunar no esôfago distal. Em todos foi pesquisado o HP pela urease e histologia, aplicados os fatores de exclusão e inclusão e divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro agregando os pacientes sem diagnóstico histológico de esôfago de Barrett (235-63%) e o segundo com ele (138-37%). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os portadores ou não do HP em relação à probabilidade de ter metaplasia intestinal (p=0,587). Quando relacionado ao grupo geral, houve associação inversa entre a bactéria e a epitelização colunar em esôfago distal. A idade (p=0,031), gênero (p=0,013) e HP (p=0,613) quando relacionados juntos à metaplasia intestinal não mostraram relação significativa. Isoladamente, quando relacionados idade e gênero, independente do HP, surgiram resultados confirmando que pacientes de idade mais avançada e mulheres apresentam maior incidência de metaplasia intestinal. Conclusão: Existe relação inversa entre HP e as áreas de epitelização colunar em esôfago distal, independente da presença ou não de metaplasia intestinal. Já em relação à idade e gênero, independente do HP, notou-se que em mulheres e com maior a idade há aumento no número de casos com metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal.

The role of high sensitive C-reactive protein and histopathological evaluation in chronic gastritis patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in chronic gastritis patients to predict Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, inflammatory activity, and precancerous lesions. Methods: A total of 811 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and histopathological diagnosis of chronic gastritis were enrolled in the study. On endoscopy, five gastric biopsies were taken according to Modified Sydney protocol, which were stained with hematoxylin & eosin and Giemsa Results: HP infection was found in 28.6% of patients, being significantly more common in specimens with acute and chronic inflammatory activity. Mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia were found in 20.2%, 18.8% and 2.7% of biopsy specimens. Mean hs-CRP was 1.9±1.6 mg/dl for males and 2.2±1.9 mg/dl for females. hs-CRP average were significantly higher in patients with severe acute inflammation (p:0.049), in patients with severe chronic inflammation (p:0.015) and in those with HP (p: 0.001) . The severity of HP infection increased significantly with the increased degree of acute inflammation, chronic inflammation and hs-CRP level (p=0.001 for both). Conclusion: Serum hs-CRP level increases in patients with chronic gastritis, it could be an indicator of severity of acute or chronic mucosal inflammation, and presence of HP infection. Therefore, hs-CRP may aid the diagnosis of chronic gastritis, but it is not associated with pre-cancerous lesions.

La alta prevalencia de lesiones premalignas gástricas y el bajo rendimiento diagnóstico de la visión endoscópica son argumentos a favor de la toma sistemática de biopsias gástricas por Protocolo Sydney / The high prevalence of gastric premalignant lesions and the low diagnostic performance of endoscopic vision advocate towards a systematic gastric biopsy sampling using Sydney Protocol

Background: Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are stages that appear in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Their presence requires programmed endoscopic vigilance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of AG and IM in gastric biopsies (GB) taken according to Sydney Protocol and to correlate them with endoscopic findings. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis of 233 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with GB per Sydney Protocol. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) scores were calculated based on the GB description. Endoscopic findings were analyzed for atypical findings and compared to the GB report. Statistic analysis for Kappa and ANOVA was performed via Stata 12. Results: Mean age of patients was 58 ± 12 years. 69% were women. The frequency of AG and IM was 44% and 33% in the antrum, 31% and 20% in the angular incisure and 14% and 9% in the body, respectively. AG and IM were more frequent in the antrum (p < 0.05). AG and IM were more severe in the angular incisure and body (p < 0.05). We were unable to calculate OLGA and OLGIM in 6% and 9% of cases, respectively, due to absence of severity description in GB. 53% were OLGA 0, 42% OLGA I-II and 5% OLGA III-IV. 70% were OLGIM 0, 25% OLGIM I-II and 5% OLGIM III-IV. Agreement between endoscopic and histological findings was best for IM in the antrum (75.5%, Kappa 0.4). Sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic findings were 39% and 70% for AG, and 30% and 85% for IM, respectively. Conclusion: AG and IM are frequent findings in our patients. Due to the low endoscopic sensitivity for AG and IM, we suggest a systematic GB sampling using Sydney Protocol in patients over 40 years old.

Introducción: La gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) y la metaplasia intestinal (MI) son etapas en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, su presencia requiere control endoscópico programado. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de GCA y MI en biopsias gástricas (BG) por protocolo de Sydney y relacionarlas con el hallazgo endoscópico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de 233 endoscopias digestivas altas con BG por Protocolo Sydney. Se graduó puntaje OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) y OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) según la descripción de la BG. Se definió el hallazgo endoscópico según su informe y se comparó con BG como patrón de referencia. Estadística: Stata 12 para Kappa y ANOVA. Resultados: Edad promedio 58 ± 12 años, 69% mujeres. La frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro fue de 44 y 33%, en ángulo 31 y 20% y en cuerpo 14 y 9%, respectivamente. Hubo mayor frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro (p < 0,05). La graduación de GCA y MI fue mayor en ángulo y cuerpo (p < 0,05). No se obtuvo OLGA en 6% y OLGIM en 9% por ausencia de graduación. La frecuencia de OLGA 0 fue de 53%, OLGA I-II 42%, OLGA III-IV 5%, OLGIM O 70%, OLGIM I-II 25% y OLGIM III-IV 5%. La mejor correlación se observó entre la MI antral endoscópica con la histológica (75,5%, Kappa 0,4). La sensibilidad y especificidad endoscópica fue de 39 y 70% para GCA y 30 y 85% para MI. Conclusión: GCA y MI son hallazgos frecuentes en nuestros pacientes. Por la baja sensibilidad endoscópica en la identificación de GCA y MI sugerimos la toma sistemática de BG por protocolo de Sydney en pacientes mayores de 40 años.

Cáncer de metaplásico de mama: revisión de dos casos clínicos / Metaplastic breast cancer: review of two clinical cases

RESUMEN El carcinoma metaplásico de mama es un tipo de cáncer infiltrante que asemeja un carcinoma de alto grado histológico, pero cuya incidencia es muy baja (< 1%). Desde el punto de vista anatomopatológico presenta un componente mixto epitelial y mesenquimal; siendo lo más característico su comportamiento clínico altamente agresivo junto con unas características anatomopatológicas, inmunohistoquímicas concordantes, como son el HER2/neu negativo, los receptores hormonales negativos, el tamaño tumoral grande y el alto grado histológico. Por todo ello, resulta de especial interés conocer esta entidad, con la finalidad de realizar un diagnóstico preciso y llevar a cabo un tratamiento adecuado en estas pacientes. En el presente artículo se presenta la revisión de dos casos clínicos de cáncer de mama metaplásico, diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro Hospital durante el año 2015 y 2018.

ABSTRACT The metaplastic breast cancer is a subtype of an infiltranting breast cancer and it's usually high grade. However it is a rare subtype of cancer (incidence <1%). This cancer has an epithelial and connective tissues, which has an epithelial invasor ductal breast cancer with high grade and sarcomas breast. The main characteristic of the metaplastic breast cancer is their high agressive behavior as clinical as anatomopathological, which immunohistochemical expression is like a triple negative breast cancer. Because of this we consider that their knowledge is very important with the purpose of being diagnosed in women. In this paper it is showed a revision of two cases of metaplastic breast cancer, whose diagnostic and treatment were reported in our Centre.

Transitional metaplasia in intestinal epithelium of rats submitted to intestinal cystoplasty and treatment with L -lysine

Abstract Purpose: To evaluated the effects of L-lysine on the intestinal and urothelial epithelia in cystoplasty in rats. Methods: Twenty-eight 9-week-old rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group A (n=8) cystoplasty followed by administration of L-lysine (150 mg/kg body weight by gavage) for 30 weeks; Group B (n=8) cystoplasty + water for 30 weeks; Group C (n=6) L-lysine for 30 weeks; Group D (n=6) water for 30 weeks. Results: On histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin, mild to moderate hyperplasia transitional was observed in at the site of anastomosis in all animals submitted to cystoplasty (Groups A and B), but "transitional metaplasia" of the intestinal glandular epithelium was more accentuated in Group A (p=0.045). No inflammatory cells, dysplasia or abnormalities were observed. Staining with Alcian blue revealed a substantial reduction of goblet cells and mucins in the colon segment (Groups A and B). Conclusion: The administration of L-lysine to rats accelerated the development of transitional metaplasia in the epithelium of the colon segment in cystoplasty.

Metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of the breast: A case report and literature review / Carcinoma metaplásico espinocelular da mama: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Summary Metaplastic tumors are rare and represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms showing dominant areas of non-glandular differentiation. Etiology and pathogenesis of this type of lesion in the breast is uncertain. The most common sources of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the breast are lung, esophagus, cervix, and urinary bladder. Squamous cell carcinomas may present clinically with inflammation and average size greater than breast adenocarcinoma. As for imaging studies, mammography shows no typical findings and ultrasound can show a complicated cyst or an inflammatory process, among the differential diagnoses. Therefore, knowing this pathological entity, its clinical course and imaging findings is important to safely treat such a rare and aggressive disease. We herein report a case of metaplastic carcinoma, squamous subtype, diagnosed by core needle biopsy.

Resumo Os tumores metaplásicos são raros e representam um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias que mostram áreas dominantes de diferenciação não glandular. A etiologia e patogenia desse tipo de lesão na mama é incerta. As causas mais comuns de carcinoma metastático de células escamosas na mama são o pulmão, o esôfago, o colo uterino e a bexiga urinária. Os carcinomas espinocelulares podem apresentar-se clinicamente com inflamação e tamanho médio maior do que o do adenocarcinoma da mama. A mamografia não apresenta achados típicos, e a ultrassonografia pode mostrar um cisto complicado ou um processo inflamatório, entre os diagnósticos diferenciais. Conhecer essa entidade patológica, seu curso clínico e os achados de imagem é importante para um manejo seguro, pois trata-se de entidade rara e agressiva. Este trabalho relata um caso de carcinoma metaplásico, subtipo espinocelular, diagnosticado por biópsia com agulha grossa.

Aumento de detección de lesiones gástricas premalignas mediante protocolo Sydney en comparación con biopsias no protocolizadas / Increased detection of premalignant gastric lesions through Sydney protocol in comparison with non-protocolized gastric biopsies

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Chile. The development ofgastric adenocarcinoma its preceded by a histopathologic cascade composed of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. Sydney protocol has been proposed as the standard method for diagnosingthese conditions. The aim of this research study was to establish whether Sydney protocol increase thedetection of premalignant gastric lesions, as gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, compared to non protocolizedendoscopies/biopsies. Methods: Upper gastroduodenal endoscopies (GDE) from Hospital Clí-nico Universidad Católica de Chile between April-May 2015 and April-May 2016 was analyzed. Patientswith histological study with 18 years-old or older were included. Patients with history of GC or malignantlesions at GDE where excluded. Detection of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and suggestive findingsof autoimmune gastritis where compared between Sydney protocol and non-protocolized endoscopies/biopsies...

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la principal causa de muertes por cáncer en Chile. El desarrollo del adenocarcinoma gástrico es precedido por una cascada histopatológica (gastritis; atrofia gástrica/AG; metaplasia intestinal/MI). Se ha propuesto la biopsia del cuerpo, ángulo y antro a través del protocolo de Sydney para la búsqueda de estas condiciones. Objetivo: Determinar la diferencia en la detección delesiones premalignas gástricas a través del protocolo de Sydney comparado con el estudio endoscópico habitual. Métodos: Se analizaron las endoscopias digestivas altas (EDA) realizadas en el Centro de Endoscopia Digestiva del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica en los períodos entre abril y mayo del 2015 y 2016. Se incluyeron las EDA de pacientes mayores de 18 años con estudio histológico. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con antecedente personal de CG o lesiones de aspecto maligno macroscópicas. Se comparó la detección de AG, MI y gastritis autoinmune (GA) en el estudio histológico entre los pacientes con protocolo Sydney y el estudio endoscópico no protocolizado...

Growth Patterns of Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Stomach for Endoscopic Resection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is difficult to precisely detect the lateral margin during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) because SRC often expands to lateral direction through the lamina propria. Thus, the aim of this study was to classify the intramucosal spreading patterns of SRC and to analyze the patients' clinicopathological findings according to the spreading patterns. METHODS: The intramucosal spreading patterns of SRC were classified as expansive or infiltrative types. A total of 100 surgical and 42 ESD specimens were reviewed. RESULTS: In the surgical specimens, the proportions of expansive and infiltrative types were 44% and 56%, respectively. The infiltrative type was more commonly associated with old age, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia in surrounding mucosa and the absence of Helicobacter pylori compared with the expansive type. In ESD specimens, the proportions of expansive and infiltrative types were each 50%. When lateral margin-positive lesions were compared with -negative lesions, larger size, residual lesion, and the lack of a neutrophil infiltration were more significantly associated with lateral margin-positive lesions. All cases with residual tumors in lateral margin-positive lesions were classified as the infiltrative type. CONCLUSIONS: SRC surrounded with atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia often spreads subepithelially in the margin. This finding may suggest that a larger safety margin is necessary in this type during ESD.

Retalho autólogo de grande omento como estrutura cirúrgica de reparo extraperitoneal. Estudo experimental comparativo, pareado e controlado de suas propriedades adaptativas / The autologous greater omental flap as a structure for extraperitoneal surgical repair: a comparative, paired, and controlled experimental study of its adaptive properties

Introdução: O grande omento vem sendo utilizado como estrutura de reparo desde o século XIX e a partir do século XX tem sido descrito, em meio extraperitoneal, para o tratamento de diversas afecções em várias especialidades cirúrgicas. Apesar de amplamente estudado a partir da década de 1960, não há descrição de estudos comparativos sobre o seu retalho em meio extra peritoneal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as características adaptativas do grande omento em meio extra peritoneal para identificar a real aplicabilidade cirúrgica desta estrutura. Métodos: Estudo experimental comparativo, pareado e controlado de 20 amostras teciduais de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) fêmeas obesas, irmãs da linhagem Sprague- Dawley. De cada animal foram analisados e comparados, macroscopicamente e microscopicamente, através das técnicas de Hematoxilina-eosina (HE) amostras de: (1) omento sem manipulação, (2) omento manipulado intraperitoneal, (3) omento manipulado extraperitoneal e (4) tecido adiposo subcutâneo. Resultados: omento extraperitoneal, macroscopicamente, apresentou uma coloração amarelado mais intenso, semelhante à gordura subcutânea adjacente, com alto grau de contração se comparado ao omento intraperitoneal de controle. Pela técnica de HE, foi identificado alto grau de fibrose e tamanho médio dos adipócitos semelhante ao omento de controle e inferior ao do subcutâneo (p<0,001). Conclusão: O omento extraperitoneal não se mostra capaz de promover regeneração tecidual, uma vez que não foi observado metaplasia à histologia do retalho translocado. Entretanto, pode servir para a correção de pequenas deformidades, para o tratamento de áreas isquêmicas, como estrutura carreadora para a reconstrução cirúrgica e como plataforma germinadora para o desenvolvimento de novos órgãos.

Introduction: The greater omentum was initially used in the repair of gastrointestinal defects in the 19th century; during the 20th century, it has been used extraperitoneally in the treatment of various disorders, in several surgical specialties. Despite the fact that the greater omentum was studies in detail in the 1960s, there are no reported comparative studies concerning the use of omental flaps extraperitoneally. The present study analyzed the adaptive features of the greater omentum in the extraperitoneal space, with the aim of identifying its surgical applicability. Methods: A paired, controlled comparative study was conducted using 20 tissue samples from 5 obese female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). The following specimens from each animal were analyzed and compared, macroscopically and microscopically, using the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) technique: (1) omentum without manipulation; (2) intraperitoneally manipulated omentum; (3) extraperitoneally manipulated omentum; and (4) subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results: Macroscopically, the extraperitoneal omentum exhibited a more intense yellowish color and a higher degree of contraction than the control (intraperitoneal) omentum. The extraperitoneal omentum was similar in color to the adjacent subcutaneous adipose tissue. HE staining revealed a high degree of fibrosis and an average adipocyte size, similar to that in the control omentum, but lower than that in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the extraperitoneal omentum was not able to promote tissue regeneration, as metaplasia of the translocated flap was not observed in the histological analysis. However, this structure may be used to correct small deformities, in the treatment of ischemic areas, as a carrier structure for surgical reconstruction and as a germination platform for the development of new organs.

Carcinoma de endometrio: revisión clínico-patológica de 6 años en relación con los factores pronósticos / Endometrial carcinoma: Clinico-pathological revision after 6 years, related to prognostic factors

Los carcinomas de endometrio se dividen en dos categorías mayores (I y II), según los datos clínico-patológicos y las alteraciones genéticas. Los de tipo I se asocian con hiperestimulación estrogénica, obesidad, tratamiento hormonal exógeno y reconocen como lesión precursora a la hiperplasia endometrial con desarrollo de carcinomas endometrioides (CE). Los de tipo II predominan en mujeres postmenopáusicas, de subtipos histológicos más frecuentes serosos y de células claras. El objetivo es realizar una revisión anátomo-clínica de los carcinomas de endometrio, estudiados en nuestra institución entre el periodo comprendido entre 1/01/2005 y 31/12/2010. Se realizó estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 234 casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma endometrial. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue de 68,6 años. El motivo de la consulta en la mayoría de los casos fue metrorragia de la postmenopausia (91,2 por ciento). El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue hipertensión arterial (22 pacientes). El 67,5 por ciento de las pacientes tenían antecedentes de biopsia previa por videohisteroscopía realizada en nuestra institución, observándose concordancia diagnóstica en un 91 por ciento. Se clasificaron según la OMS en CE (79 por ciento), adenocarcinoma seroso (9 por ciento) y mixtos (12 por ciento). El grado histológico (GH) FIGO fue en el 86 por ciento tipo I (exclusión de carcinomas serosos) y el estadío más frecuente fue el I ( 65 por ciento). La metaplasia (Me) más frecuente observada en estas neoplasias fue la mucinosa (35 por ciento). Las mórulas se presentaron en 2 casos comprobados por IHQ con positividad para CD 10 y CDX-2 y negatividad para p63. Se evidenciaron cambios reactivos en el 26 por ciento. El patrón MELF (glándulas microquísticas, elongadas y fragmentadas), de infiltración en la pared miometrial, se identificó en 3 casos. El CE fue el tipo histológico más frecuente y su presentación (mayoritariamente en estadios tempranos de enfermedad), se asoció en un alto porcentaje con las metaplasias mucinosa y tubaria...

Endometrial carcinomas are divided into two major categories (I and II), according to clinicopathologic and genetic alterations. The type I is associated with estrogen hyperstimulation, obesity, exogenous hormonal treatment, and endometrial hyperplasia is recognized as a precursor lesion, with the consecuent endometroid carcinoma. The type II predominate in post-menopausal women, most common histologic subtypes are serous and clear cell. The aim is to review the anatomical and clinical characteristic of endometrial carcinomas, studied at our institution between 01/01/2005 and 31/12/2010. We performed a retrospective and descriptive study of 34 cases of patients with endometrial carcinoma. The average age was 68.6 years. The reason for consultation in most cases was post-menopausal's metrorrhagia (91.2 percent) Hypertension (22 patients) was the more prevalent risk fctor. 67.5 percent of the patients had a history of prior biopsy (histeroscopy) performed at our institution; diagnostic concordance was observed in 91 percent. Were classified according to the WHO in endometrioid carcinomas (79 percent), serous adenocarcinoma (9 percent) and mixed (12 percent). FIGO histologic grade was 86 percent in type I (excluding serous carcinomas) and stage I was the most frequent (65 percent). Mucinous metaplasia was the most frequently observed (35 percent). The morulae were presented in 2 cases (IHC positive for CDX-2 and CD10, and negative for p63). Reactive changes were in 26 percent. The MELF pattern of myometrial infiltration was identified in 3 cases. Endometrioid carcinoma was the most common histological type and presentation (mostly in early stages of disease). Was associated with a high percentaje of tubal and mucinous metaplasia (this would indicate malignancy attenuated). Not yet known meaning of morulae in carcinomas. While it must be record horns infiltration, the presence or not of the same does not change the treatment.

Carcinoma metaplásico de mama en una paciente menor de 30 años / Breast metaplasic carcinoma in patient less than 30 yeard old

Los carcinomas metaplásicos de mama son un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias malignas poco frecuentes poco diferenciadas; que representan menos del 1% de todos los tumores de mama invasivos, en los que un segmento de células epiteliales ha sufrido metaplasia, son bifásicos, capaces de adoptar un fenotipo variable, con receptores de estrógeno, progesterona, Her2 negativos. Los carcinomas metaplásicos de mama son más frecuentes en mujeres mayores de 55 años. Su pronóstico es peor que los carcinomas convencionales se relaciona con el tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico, y grado de componente mesenquimático. El tratamiento inicial es quirúrgicoy se considera imprescindible el empleo de técnicas de inmunohistoquímica para diagnosticarlos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente joven de 28 años de edad a quiense le realizó en clínica particular, una mastectomía parcial que reportó carcinoma metaplásico, acudiendo a nuestro servicio, donde se le realiza mastectomía radical modificada tipo Madden preservadora de piel.

Metaplastic breast carcinomas are heterogeneous group of malignancies poorly differentiated and rare, representing less than 1% of all invasive breast tumors, in which a segment has undergone metaplasia epithelial cells are biphasic which can take a variable phenotype, with negative estrogen and progestagen receptors Her2 negative. Metaplastic breast carcinomas are more common in women over 55 years, however, most reports ascribed different characteristics to those of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, found larger tumors, high grade, lymphatic glandular less affected with hormone receptor negative. The prognosis is worse than conventional carcinomas is related to tumor size, histological type, type degree of mesenchymal component.The treatment is surgical is considered essential to the use of immunohistochemistry for diagnosis. We report the case of 28 year woman who was held in private clinic, a partial mastectomy reported metaplastic carcinoma, going to our service, which performs modified radical mastectomy Madden type of skin sparing.

Utilidad de las biopsias gástricas rutinarias y de la tinción con azul de metileno en el diagnóstico de la metaplasia intestinal en mayores de 40 años / [Utility of routine gastric biopsies and staining with methylene blue in the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia in patients over 40 years].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of routine gastric biopsies taken at random versus targeted biopsies with methylene blue staining for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a validation study in 376 patients. We performed 2 antral biopsies, 2 gastric body biopsies, 1 biopsy for urease test and additional biopsies if demanded. One hundred and one patients underwent 2 biopsies after methylene blue staining. A total of 1,486 biopsies were analyzed. Frequencies of histological and endoscopic diagnosis and the validation of endoscopic diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia with and without staining against histology, which followed updated Sydney and Vienna criteria, were determined RESULTS: Metaplasia was found in 37.23

ofcases and in 6.38

was incomplete in antrum and body, moderate or severe. The endoscopic diagnosis had: sensitivity 46

. The low sensitivity indicates the need for gastric biopsies. Staining had: sensitivity 95

, with significant difference for staining (P < 0.05). The typical endoscopic appearance of intestinal metaplasia always coincided with staining and histology. Dysplasia was found in 0.53

ofcases, gastric cancer in 1.8

and Helicobacter pylori in 56

. CONCLUSION: Directed biopsy staining is superior to those taken at random for diagnosing metaplasia. Metaplasia was not found when endoscopy was normal and typical endoscopic appearance of metaplasia agreed with staining and histology.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Subsequent Dysplasia Development after Endoscopic Resection of Gastric Dysplasia / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduces the incidence of gastric cancer, and may inhibit gastric dysplasia progression into gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eradication of Helicobacter on the incidence of subsequent gastric dysplasia development after endoscopic resection. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent endoscopic resection for gastric dysplasia were retrospectively reviewed. Presence of H. pylori was assessed by the Campylobacter-like organism test and histology. The rate of subsequent dysplasia development after endoscopic resection between the eradication group and non-eradication group was compared. RESULTS: Total of 129 patients positive for H. pylori infection were included for analysis. Of these, 85 patients received successful eradication therapy and 44 patients did not receive eradication therapy or failed to achieve successful eradication. Sex, mean age and pathologic grade of dysplasia did not differ between the two groups. In univariate analysis, the grade of intestinal metaplasia (p=0.013) significantly differed between metachronous dysplasia group and non-metachrounous dysplasia group. In multivariate analysis, eradication of H. pylori (p=0.014) was related to reduced incidence of subsequent gastric dysplasia development after endoscopic resection. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of H. pylori likely has a beneficial effect in preventing the development of subsequent gastric dysplasia, a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer, after endoscopic resection.

Metaplasia intestinal en esófago: diagnóstico con magnificación endoscópica y “flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement” (FICE) corroborado por histología / Intestinal metaplasia in esophagus: diagnosis With magnifying endoscopy and flexible Spectral imaging colour enhancement (fice) Corroborated by histology

La endoscopia estándar no identifica esófago de Barrett. Esta limitación disminuye con magnificación endoscópica, coloración vital y/o virtual que permite observar los patrones de mucosa sugestivos de metaplasia intestinal. Identificar metaplasia intestinal con magnificación endoscópica y cromoscopia virtual realizada con "Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement" (FICE) corroborándola con histología. Pacientes: Previo consentimiento se incluyeron a los individuos con indicación electiva de endoscopia digestiva superior. Se realizó endoscopia digestiva superior con equipo Fujinon Inc. EG 590 ZW, y procesador EPX 4400. Consecutivamente se practicó endoscopia con: a) alta resolución, b) FICE, c) alta resolución, d) magnificación, e) FICE y f) alta resolución. Cada patrón encontrado se grabó, se fotografió y se guardó en JPEG en programa Power Point. Los patólogos evaluaron la biopsia del patrón observado sin tener datos del paciente. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes: 11 hombres y 19 mujeres con rango de edad 20-83 años y promedio 51,73 años. Solo con magnificación sola o con cromoscopia virtual se observaron los patrones de mucosa. En el tipo 3 se diagnosticó esófago de Barrett en 33,33% y en ninguno de los otros. Conclusión: La magnificación endoscópica y cromoscopia virtual con FICE identifica metaplasia intestinal y diagnostica esófago de Barrett

Standard endoscopy does not identify Barrett's esophagus or mucosa patterns suggestive of intestinal metaplasia. Endoscopic magnification, vital and or virtual chromoscopy reduces this limitation. Aim: Identify intestinal metaplasia with endoscopic magnification and Flexible Spectral Imaging Colour Enhancement (FICE) corroborating it with histology. Patients: Individuals scheduled to undergo routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed with Fujinon Inc. 590 EG ZW and EPX 4400 processor. Endoscopy was consecutively performed with: a) high resolution, b) FICE, c) high resolution, d) magnification, e) FICE, f) high resolution. Each found pattern was recorded, was photographed and was saved in JPEG in program Power Point. Biopsy was obtained of the predominant pattern and the pathologist assessed without patient information. Results: 30 patients were included, 11 men and 19 women with 20-83 years and 51.73 years average age range. Patterns of mucosa were observed only with magnification and virtual chromoscopy, Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed in 33.33% of type 3 and none in type 1 and 2. The endoscopic magnification and virtual chromoscopy with FICE identifies intestinal metaplasia and let diagnose Barrett's esophagus.

Remoción histeroscópica de material óseo en cavidad uterina: reporte de un caso de metaplasia ósea endometrial / Hysteroscopic removal of uterine cavity material: report of a case of endometrial osseous metaplasia

Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 33 años que acude con infertilidad y un ultrasonido que reporta una gran imagen compatible con cuerpo extraño endometrial. Se le realiza una resección histeroscópica del material endometrial. La patología confirma material óseo (metaplasia ósea).