Spatial distribution and habitat use by early fish stages in a dammed river basin, Southern Brazil / Distribución espacial y uso de hábitat de peces en estadios tempranos de una represa del sur de Brasil

Abstract Fish diversity loss is threatened by the construction of dams as they prevent the regular natural dispersal among populations. Thus, conservation of key riverine habitats for fish reproduction may be essential for the recruitment of new native species of fish. The present study aimed to identify key habitats for fish spawning and early development in the Paranapanema River basin, as well as to determine the taxonomic composition, reproductive and life-history strategy, and to report spatial distribution of eggs, larvae and juveniles. The importance of lagoons, tributaries, and sub-tributaries was evaluated in the Paranapanema River basin between October 2012 and March 2013. Eggs and larvae samples were collected at dawn and dusk with conical plankton nets (0.5 mm mesh size), whereas juveniles were captured during the day with seine and sieve (0.5 cm mesh size). A total of 547 eggs, 904 larvae and 1 228 juveniles were captured. We observed that 2 larvae and 288 juveniles of non-migratory species, parental care, and equilibrium life-history strategy, predominated in lagoons and tributaries. On the other hand, 13 larvae and 60 juveniles of short migratory distance, no parental care, and periodic life-history strategy predominated in sub-tributaries. The highest densities of eggs were recorded in tributaries and sub-tributaries (Tukey's test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), and the highest densities of larvae were recorded for lagoons and tributaries (P = 0.005 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Captures of eggs and larvae were higher at night; while the highest catches per unit effort of juveniles were recorded for tributaries and sub-tributaries. Fish species that adopt different life-history strategies can use diverse types of habitats during the early stages. Lagoons, tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Paranapanema River play different roles in the reproductive success of fish fauna in a heavily modified basin. The preservation of spawning and nursery areas trapped between reservoirs is necessary for Neotropical fish species recruitment and survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 605-621. Epub 2018 June 01.

Resumen Los riesgos de pérdida de diversidad de peces aumentan con la construcción de represas, ya que impide la dispersión de individuos entre las poblaciones. Por lo tanto, la conservación del habitat ribereño clave para la reproducción de peces puede ser esencial para el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos de especies nativas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar hábitats clave para el desove y el desarrollo temprano de peces en la cuenca del río Paranapanema, así como determinar la composición taxonómica, la estrategia reproductiva y la historia de vida, y reportar la distribución espacial de huevos, larvas y juveniles. Se evaluó la importancia de lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes en la cuenca del río Paranapanema entre octubre de 2012 y marzo de 2013. Se recogieron muestras de huevos y larvas al amanecer y al atardecer con redes de plancton cónico (tamaño de malla de 0,5 mm), mientras que los juveniles fueron capturados durante el día con redes de cerco y tamiz (tamaño de malla de 0,5 cm). Se capturaron un total de 547 huevos, 904 larvas y 1 228 juveniles. Como resultado fue observado que 2 larvas y 288 juveniles de especies no migratorias, cuidado parental y estrategia de vida de equilibrio son predominantes en lagunas y afluentes. Por otro lado, 13 larvas y 60 juveniles de espécies migratorias de corta distancia, sin cuidado parental y estrategia de vida periódica predominaron en subafluentes. Se registraron las densidades más altas de huevos para afluentes y subafluentes (Prueba de Tukey, P = 0.001 y P = 0.03, respectivamente), y se registraron las densidades más altas de larvas para las lagunas y afluentes (P = 0.005 y P = 0.0001, respectivamente). Las capturas de huevos y larvas eran más altas por la noche. Las mayores capturas por unidad de esfuerzo de juveniles se registraron para los afluentes y subafluentes. Las especies de peces que adoptan diferentes estrategias de historia de vida pueden utilizar diversos tipos de hábitats durante las primeras etapas. Lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes del río Paranapanema desempeñan diferentes papeles en el éxito reproductivo de la fauna de peces en una cuenca fuertemente modificada. La preservación de áreas de desove y cría atrapadas entre el embalse es necesaria para el reclutamiento de especies de peces neotropicales.

Plasticity in the shape and growth pattern of asteriscus otolith of black prochilodus Prochilodus nigricans (Teleostei: Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) freshwater Neotropical migratory fish

Using morphometric measurements and wavelets functions, the asterisci otoliths of curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans were analysed to identify the variation in shape and growth increment of individuals from Solimões, Japurá and Negro rivers of the Amazon basin, Brazil. The morphometric and morphological analyses did not reveal evidences of population segregation among rivers, but variations were found in the estimation of otolith growth increment. Also, the otolith shape showed a high variability between individuals, identifying four morphotypes. Morphotype 1 shows a more oval shape with a posterior zone clearly rounded; Morphotype 2 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated; Morphotype 3 shows a completely different shape, elliptic-pentagonal and Morphotype 4 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated and it is the pattern with antirostrum and rostrum more pointed and a deep notch. Therefore, the otolith shape exhibited a phenotypic plasticity that it was not associated with the metabolism of otolith growth. Whereas the otolith shape indicated a homogeneity in the sound perception through Amazon basin, the growth rates revealed an adaptive mechanism to environmental conditions or migratory process of this species.(AU)

Medidas e funções wavelets dos otólitos asteriscus de curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans foram analisados para identificar a variação da forma e do incremento de crescimento dos indivíduos dos rios Solimões, Japurá e Negro da bacia Amazônica, Brasil. As análises morfométricas e morfológicas não revelaram evidências de segregação populacional entre os rios, mas foram encontradas variações na estimativa do incremento do crescimento dos otólitos. Além disso, a forma do otólito mostrou uma alta variabilidade entre os indivíduos, identificando quatro morfotipos. O Morfotipo 1 mostra uma forma mais oval, com zona posterior levemente arredondada; Morfotipo 2 mostra a zona posterior arredondada, mas a extremidade anterior é mais alongada; Morfotipo 3 mostra uma forma completamente diferente, elíptico-pentagonal e Morfotipo 4 mostra a zona posterior arredondada, mas a extremidade anterior mais alongada e ele tem padrão com antirostrum e rostrum mais pontiagudos e abertura profunda. Portanto, a forma do otólito exibiu uma plasticidade fenotípica que não foi associada ao metabolismo do crescimento do otólito. No entanto a forma do otólito indicou uma homogeneidade através da percepção do som na bacia Amazônica, e as taxas de crescimento revelaram um mecanismo adaptativo às condições ambientais ou ao processo migratório da espécie.(AU)

Population structure and reproduction of a migratory fish Leporinus piau (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in a semiarid tropical reservoir, Brazil / Estructura poblacional y reproducción del pez migratorio Leporinus piau (Characiformes: Anostomidae) en una represa tropical semiárida, Brasil

Abstract:Migratory fishes have been seriously impacted by the building of reservoirs and because of the negative effects of these projects such as the interruption of migratory routes, reduction or elimination of spawning/ feeding areas, and initial development can influence the population structure the migratory fishes, resulting in reduction in abundance. Leporinus piau is migratory fish widely distributed in the watersheds of the Brazilian semiarid and it is of importance for artisanal and sport fishing. The goal of the study was to evaluate the population structure and reproductive dynamics of the migratory species Leporinus piau in the Pau dos Ferros Reservoir, which is located in the semiarid region of Brazil. The CPUE, length structure, length-weight relation-ship, length at first maturity, sex ratio, gonad development and IGS were analyzed. Collections were performed quarterly between February 2011 and November 2012 using gillnets. The captured fish were counted; the standard length (cm) and total weight (g) were measured, and dissected to determine the sex and gonad maturity stage. The rainfall and reservoir water levels were recorded, and their correlations with the reproductive period and CPUE were analyzed. A total 549 individuals were captured. The average CPUE varied between 0.0259 individuals/m2*h (May/2011) and 0.0008 individuals/m2*h (August/2012), and significant differences were observed; however, significant correlations were not observed between rainfall and reservoir levels. The standard length varied between 5.9 cm and 20.7 cm, and the weight varied between 4.16 g and 271.5 g. A histogram analysis revealed that the 5-10 cm standard length class was the most abundant for juveniles and that the 10-15 cm class was the most abundant for adult females and males. The weight-length relationship was best fit by the equation log10Wt = -1.57711 + 3.00707 Log10 Ls, and the species presented isometric growth. The estimated length at first maturity was 12.76 cm. A total of 148 males and 82 females were collected (1.81:1, M:F), and these values were significantly different. The highest GSI was observed in February 2011 for both females (10.69) and males (5.72), and the GSI was significantly and positively correlated with rainfall. We concluded that the L. piau population is established in the reservoir and found that its reproduction period occurred during the rainy season between February and May. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1369-1381. Epub 2016 December 01.

Resumen:Los peces migratorios se han visto gravemente afectados por la construcción de embalses y los efectos negativos de estos proyectos, tales como la interrupción de rutas migratorias, reducción o eliminación de desove / áreas de alimentación. El desarrollo inicial puede influir en la estructura de la población de los peces migratorios, lo que resulta en la reducción en la abundancia de los mismos. El Leporinus piau es un pez migratorio que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en las cuencas del semiárido brasileño y es de importancia para la pesca deportiva y artesanal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la estructura de la población y la dinámica de reproducción de la especie migratoria Leporinus piau en el embalse Pau dos Ferros, región semiárida de Brasil. La relación estructura de tallas y talla-peso de la CPU la talla de la primera la madurez, proporción de sexos, el desarrollo gonadal y el IGS se analizaron. Con redes de enmalle se llevaron a cabo recolecciones trimestralmente entre febrero 2011 y noviembre 2012. Se contaron los peces capturados; se midieron la longitud estándar (cm) y peso total (g), y se disectaron para determinar el estadio del sexo y la madurez de las gónadas. Los niveles de agua de lluvia y los embalses se registraron y se analizaron sus correlaciones con el período reproductivo y la CPUE. Un total de 549 individuos fueron capturados. La CPUE promedio varió entre 0.0259 individuos/m2 * h (mayo/ 2011) y 0.0008 individuos/m2 * h (Agosto/2012), y se observaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, ninguna correlación significativa se observo entre los niveles de lluvia y el nivel de la represa. La longitud estándar varió entre 5.9 y 20.7 cm, y el peso entre 4.16 y 271.5 g. Un análisis de histogramas, reveló que la clase estándar de 5-10 cm de longitud fue la más abundante de los jóvenes y que la clase 10-15 cm fue la más abundante de las hembras y machos adultos. La relación peso-talla se ajusta más adecuadamente a la ecuación log10Wt = -1.57711 + 3.00707 Log10 Ls, donde la especie presenta un crecimiento isométrico. La medida estimada de la primera madurez fue 12.76 cm. Se recogieron un total de 148 machos y 82 hembras (1.81: 1, M: F), y estos valores fueron significativamente diferentes. El más alto GSI se observó en febrero 2011, tanto para las mujeres (10.69) como para hombres (5.72), y el GSI fue significativa y positivamente correlacionado con la precipitación. Se llegó a la conclusión de que la población L. piau está establecida en la represa y encontramos que su periodo de reproducción se produjo durante la época de lluvias entre febrero y mayo.

Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

This research investigates local ecological knowledge of fishers in communities along a latitudinal gradient in the coast of the Santa Catarina State, regarding the life cycle of mullets Mugil liza (migration, feeding, and reproductive behavior). Our sampling encompassed eight Santa Catarina coastal cities (nine artisanal fishing sites) and engaged 45 key informants (28- 86 years of age) through semi-structured interviews from August/2011 to March/2012. This fish species feeds and grows in lagoon and estuarine systems, migrating to the sea for reproduction, and spawning. Fishers acknowledged the Patos Lagoon and the Plata River as the main source of mullet schools. Migration occurs from South to North and the routes vary according to climatic and oceanographic conditions (e.g., low temperatures, south winds, rainfall, currents, salinity). These conditions influence the abundance of mullets (and therefore fisheries success), their migration and stops in locations such as beaches, rocky shores, and islands. According to fishers, mullet spawning occurs throughout the coast of the Santa Catarina State and they feed in lagoons and riverine systems but also out at sea during migration. In conclusion, fishers possess a detailed knowledge about mullet life cycle and they identify intra and interannual variations in migration routes, a pattern that should be considered in managing the fishery.

O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar o conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal no litoral de Santa Catarina, sobre o ciclo de vida da tainha Mugil liza (aspectos migratórios, alimentares, reprodutivos e comportamentais). Nossa amostragem abrangeu oito cidades costeiras de Santa Catarina (nove locais de pesca artesanal) e engajou 45 informantes chave (28 -86 anos de idade) a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas entre Agosto/2011 e Março/2012. Este peixe se alimenta e cresce em sistemas lagunares e estuarinos, migrando para o mar para a reprodução e desova. Pescadores reconhecem a Laguna dos Patos e o rio da Prata como as principais fontes de cardumes. A migração ocorre do Sul para o Norte e as rotas variam em função de condições climáticas e oceanográficas (e.g., baixa temperatura, vento Sul, chuva, correntes e salinidade). Estas condições influenciam a abundância de tainhas (e portanto o sucesso pesqueiro), a sua migração e as paradas em locais como praias, costões rochosos e ilhas. De acordo com os pescadores, a desova das tainhas ocorre ao longo do litoral catarinense e se alimentam em sistemas lagunares e rios, mas também em mar aberto durante a migração. Em conclusão, pescadores possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre o ciclo de vida da tainha e identificam variações intra e interanuais nas rotas migratórias, um padrão que precisa ser considerado no manejo da pescaria.

Feeding and migration habits of white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) from Isla Guadalupe inferred by analysis of stable isotopes δ15N and δ13C / Hábitos alimenticios y migratorios del tiburón blanco Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) de Isla Guadalupe inferidos por el análisis de isótopos estables de δ15N and δ13C

Stable isotope composition of marine top predator’s tissues provides insight information of its trophic ecology and migratory behavior. Previous reports have shown that dermal tissues could record longer patterns of hunting and movement. Based on this, the aim of this study was to describe the feeding and migratory habits of the white shark from Isla Guadalupe, using stable isotopic analysis of dermis. We considered a small subset of many possible prey taxa that the sharks could have eaten throughout their migration: pinnipeds, squid and tuna. We grouped the data in five focal areas: Gulf of California, Coast of California, Isla Guadalupe, SOFA and Hawaii. We performed a Bayesian mixing model to study the trophic ecology of this top predator. Average isotopic values for dermis tissue of white shark were δ13C (-14.5‰) and δ15N (19.1‰). Corrected white shark dermal mean values to resemble muscle were δ13C (-16.6‰) and δ15N (21.2‰). Mixing model data from dermis showed predation in offshore areas such the SOFA and a main importance of pinnipeds as prey of the white shark in Isla Guadalupe. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 637-647. Epub 2014 June 01.

La composición isotópica de los tejidos de los depredadores tope en el ambiente marino provee información sobre su ecología trófica y su comportamiento migratorio. Estudios previos han mostrado que el tejido dérmico puede registrar patrones largos de movimiento y caza. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los hábitos tróficos y migratorios de los tiburones blancos de Isla Guadalupe realizando un análisis de isótopos estables de su tejido dérmico. Consideramos un pequeño grupo de muchos posibles taxa que los tiburones pudieron haber comido a lo largo de su migración: pinípedos, calamares y atunes. Estas presas fueron agrupadas en cinco áreas focales: Golfo de California, Isla Guadalupe, Costa de California, SOFA y Hawái. Realizamos un modelo de mezcla bayesiano para estudiar la ecología trófica de este depredador tope. Los promedios del valor isotópico de la dermis del tiburón blanco fueron δ13C (-14.5‰) y δ15N (19.1‰). Los promedios del valor isotópico de la dermis transformada para semejar músculo fueron δ13C (-16.6 ‰) y δ15N (21.2‰). El modelo de mezcla mostró una probable depredación de los tiburones en áreas oceánicas como el SOFA y confirmó la importancia de los pinnípedos como presa principal del tiburón blanco en Isla Guadalupe.

Variación fenotípica de la concha en Neritinidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) en ríos de Puerto Rico

Phenotypic variability of the shell in Neritinidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) in Puerto Rican rivers. Gastropods of the Neritinidae family exhibit an amphidromous life cycle and an impressive variability in shell coloration in Puerto Rican streams and rivers. Various nominal species have been described, but Neritina virginea [Linné 1758], N. punctulata [Lamarck 1816] and N. reclivata [Say 1822] are the only broadly reported. However, recent studies have shown that these three species are sympatric at the river scale and that species determination might be difficult due to the presence of intermediate color morphs. Individuals (8 751) were collected from ten rivers across Puerto Rico, and from various segments and habitats in Mameyes River (the most pristine island-wide) during three years (2000-2003), and they were assigned to one of seven phenotypes corresponding to nominal species and morphs (non-nominal species). The “axial lines and dots” morph corresponding to N. reclivata was the most frequent island-wide, while the patelliform N. punctulata was scant, but the only found in headwater reaches. The “yellowish large tongues” phenotype, typical of N. virginea s.s. was the most frequent in the river mouth. The frequency of secondary phenotypes varied broadly among rivers, along the rivers, and among habitats, seemly influenced by salinity and predation gradients. The occurrence of individuals with coloration shifts after predation injuries, suggests phenotypic plasticity in the three nominal species, and urges for the use of molecular markers to unravel the possible occurrence of a species complex, and to understand the genetic basis of polymorphism. The longitudinal distribution of individual sizes, population density and egg capsules suggested the adaptive value of upstream migration, possibly to avoid marine predators. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 53-68. Epub 2014 April 01.

Los gasterópodos Neritinidae de Puerto Rico presentan un ciclo de vida anfídromo y exhiben polimorfismo en los patrones de coloración de la concha. Se identificó que la oviposición aumenta río arriba conforme los individuos alcanzan mayores tamaños, a pesar de que la densidad poblacional disminuye. La frecuencia de siete fenotipos previamente establecidos se analizó en diez ríos de la isla durante dos años (n=8 751 individuos). Debido a que el río Mameyes es el más conservado, se tomó como modelo para estudiar la variación a lo largo del río y entre hábitats durante tres años. El fenotipo de líneas axiales y puntos (N. virginea) fue el predominante en toda la isla y el fenotipo pateloide (N. punctulata) fue el menos frecuente. Se observaron diferencias significativas de las frecuencias de los fenotipos (principalmente en los secundarios) entre ríos, a lo largo de ellos y entre hábitats. Esta variabilidad espacial puede responder a gradientes de salinidad y depredación. Se observó plasticidad fenotípica en algunos individuos.

Nesting ecology of Chelonia mydas Testudines: Cheloniidae on the Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Cuba

The nesting colony of green sea turtles Chelonia mydas at Guanahacabibes Peninsula Biosphere Reserve and National Park is one of the largest in the Cuban archipelago; however, little information about its nesting ecology is available. Temporal and spatial variation in nesting and reproductive success as well as morphometric characteristics of gravid females were used to ecologically characterize this colony. Nine beaches of the Southernmost coast of Guanahacabibes Peninsula were monitored for 14 years 1998-2012 to determine green turtle nesting activity, from May to September peak nesting season in this area. Beach dimensions were measured to determine nest density using the length and the area. Afterward the beaches were divided in two categories, index and secondary. Females were measured and tagged to compare new tagged females 823 with returning tagged females 140. Remigration interval was also determined. Temporal variation was identified as the annual number of nesting emergences and oviposits per female, with apparent peaks in reproductive activity on a biennial cycle in the first six years followed by periods of annual increase in nest number 2003-2008 and periods of decreasing number of nests 2010-2012. We also found intra-seasonal variation with the highest nesting activity in July, particularly in the second half of the month. The peak emergence time was 22:00-02:00hr. In terms of spatial variation, smaller beaches had the highest nest density and nesting was more frequent 6-9m from the high tide line, where hatchling production was maximized although hatchling success was high on average, above 80. Morphometric analysis of females was made and newly tagged turtles were smaller on average than remigrants. Our results are only a first attempt at characterizing Guanahacabibes populations but have great value for establishing conservation priorities within the context of national management plans, and for efficient monitoring and protection of nesting beaches.

La colonia de Tortuga verde Chelonia mydas que anida en la Península de Guanahacabibeses es una de las más grandes del archipiélago cubano pero existe poca información disponible sobre la misma. Por ello utilizamos la variación espacial y temporal de la anidación así como el éxito reproductivo y las características morfométricas de las hembras grávidas para realizar la primera caracterización ecológica de esta colonia. Se estudiaron nueve playas durante 14 años 1998-2012 desde mayo hasta septiembre pico de anidación. Estas se dividieron en dos categorías: índices y secundarias. Las hembras fueron medidas y marcadas para comparar las nuevas hembras marcadas 823 con las remigrantes 140. Se detectó una variación temporal en la anidación a tres niveles: interanual, dentro de la temporada y durante la noche. Se observa un ciclo bienal en los primeros seis años, luego un incremento anual 2003-2008 seguido por un período de decrecimiento en las anidaciones 2010-2012. Dentro de la temporada se encontró un pico en el mes de julio aunque cambia de la primera quincena a la segunda en años diferentes y la hora de emergencia preferentemente de 22:00-02:00hr. En la variación espacial, las playas pequeñas tuvieron mayor densidad de anidación, especialmente entre los 6-9m hasta la línea media de marea alta, donde se maximiza la producción de neonatos, aunque el éxito de emergencia de los neonatos se mantuvo como promedio por encima del 80 en toda la playa. Morfométricamente las hembras remigrantes resultaron mayores como promedio que las marcadas por primera vez. Estos resultados son una primera aproximación para la caracterización de la colonia de Guanahacabibes pero tienen gran valor para establecer prioridades de conservación dentro del contexto de los planes de manejo nacionales así como para garantizar un monitoreo eficiente y la protección de las playas de anidación.

Patrones de uso de sitios naturales y artificiales por Branta bernicla nigricans (Anseriformes: Anatidae) en Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, México / Habitat use patterns of the Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in natural and artificial areas of Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico

The Black Brant is a common inhabitant of the Western Artic American tundra, which migrates to Southern Pacific coasts during the winter season. Approximately, 31 000 birds (31%) constitute the Mexican population of Brants at Guerrero Negro, Ojo de Liebre, and Exportadora de Sal lagoon complex; nevertheless, there is little information about the distribution patterns and zone usage. At Guerrero Negro Lagoon (GNL), Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (OLL, both natural sites), and at Exportadora de Sal (ESSA, artificial site) we determined by monthly censuses (from November 2006 to April 2007, 08:00-16:00h) and observed: (1) season and site effects on population structure (age groups), and (2) the tide level relationship with the abundance and proportion of feeding birds. Within a total of 150 observation hours and 98 birds, our results showed a general 0.68 proportion of adults, that was higher in winter than in spring. The statistics analysis showed no effects by site on the proportion of feeding birds, but we observed a temporal decrease at ESSA and at GNL. In contrast the proportion of feeding birds at OLL was constant. We observed an increase in the juveniles between winter and spring. This increase is related with the differential migration, which mentions that the juveniles are the last to leave the wintering area. In winter the relations of the tide level with the abundance of Brant were: direct at ESSA, inverse at OLL and no relation found at GNL. In spring, no relation was observed in the sites. The proportion of Brants feeding at OLL (the site with the higher abundance) was independent of the tide level. This is related with two possible behaviors of the geese: (1) they can move through the lagoon and take advantage of the tidal lag, which is up to four hours; and (2) they can modify their feeding strategies, more on floating eelgrass (Zostera marina).

En el complejo lagunar Guerrero Negro-Ojo de Liebre-Exportadora de Sal inverna el 31% de la población de Ganso de collar (Branta bernicla nigricans) que utiliza México (31 000 aves en promedio). Nosotros realizamos censos de punto mensuales (noviembre 2006 a abril 2007) en tres sitios para determinar: (1) los efectos de la época del año y del sitio en la estructura poblacional (grupos de edad) y (2) la relación del nivel de marea con la abundan- cia y la proporción de aves alimentándose. La proporción general de adultos fue de 0.68. Esta proporción fue mayor en invierno que en primavera. Por sitio en LGN y ESSA disminuyó y en LOL se mantuvo constante. El incremento de aves inmaduras entre el invierno y la primavera se relaciona con su partida primaveral tardía. La alimentación del Ganso de collar en LOL (el sitio de mayor abundancia) fue independiente del nivel de marea, lo que se puede relacionar con dos conductas: (1) que las aves se muevan a lo largo de la laguna, para aprovechar el desfase, de hasta cuatro horas en el nivel de marea o (2) que modifiquen sus estrategias de alimentación, para consumir el pasto flotante.

Movement patterns of stream-dwelling fishes from Mata Atlântica, Southeast Brazil

The identification of mechanisms of spatial-temporal variation, obtained from the quantification of natural populations, is a central topic of ecological research. Despite its importance to life-history theory, as well as to conservation and management of natural populations, no studies concerning movement patterns and home range of small stream-dwelling fishes from Brazilian rain forests are known. In the present study we aimed to describe the longitudinal pattern of long distance movement as well as local patterns of short movement (daily home-range) of fishes from a Mata Atlântica stream from Southeast Brazil. We gathered information about movement dynamic in order to discuss the relationship between swimming ability, fish morphology and home range. Long distance movement data were obtained in a mark-recapture experiment held in the field between June and September - 2008, on five sites along the Ubatiba stream. For this study, we had one day to mark fishes, on June-19, and 14 events for recapture. Considering the ten species that inhabit the study area, our study showed that four species: Astyanax janeiroensis, Astyanax hastatus, Parotocinclus maculicauda and Pimelodella lateristriga, moved at least 6 000m in 60 days. The other six species did not present long distance movements, as they were recaptured in the same site 90 days after being marked. For short distance study, movement data were obtained in one mark-recapture experiment held in a 100m long site subdivided into five 20m stretches where fishes were marked with different elastomer colours. We marked 583 specimens that after recapture showed two groups of different movement patterns. The first group was called “Long Movement Group” and the second one was called “Short Movement Group”. The Long Movement Group showed, on average, 89.8% of moving fishes and 10.2% of non moving fishes, against 21.3% and 78.7%, respectively, for the Short Movement Group. It was concluded that fish movement could explain the previously mentioned community stability, and that it is correlated to specific morphological attributes.

A pesar de su importancia en la investigación ecológica, no se conocen estudios sobre patrones de movimiento y del ámbito de hogar de peces que habitan pequeños ríos de los bosques tropicales brasileños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir los patrones de movimiento de larga y corta distancia de peces de un arroyo de la Mata Atlântica (22°60” S - 42°48” W). Los datos de los movimientos de larga distancia se obtuvieron mediante un experimento de marcación-recaptura realizado en cinco sitios distribuidos a lo largo de 10km del río Ubatiba. Considerando las diez especies que habitan el área de estudio, observamos que cuatro se movieron por lo menos 6 000m en 60 días. Las otras seis especies no presentaron movimientos de larga distancia. Para los estudios de corta distancia se obtuvieron datos de marcación-recaptura en un sitio de muestreo con 100m de longitud subdividido en cinco tramos de río con 20m. Los especímenes recapturados presentaron dos grupos con patrones distintos de movimiento; un grupo con mayor movimiento y otro grupo de poco movimiento. Concluímos que el movimiento de los peces podría explicar la estabilidad de la comunidad previamente mencionada, y que está correlacionado a los atributos morfológicos específicos.

Reynolds shear-stress and velocity: positive biological response of neotropical fishes to hydraulic parameters in a vertical slot fishway

The barriers created by dams can cause negative impacts to aquatic communities, and migratory fish species are directly affected. Fishways have been developed to allow the upstream passage of fishes through dams. In Brazil, after the implementation of environmental laws, these structures have been built based on European and American fishway designs. Studies have shown selectivity for different neotropical fishes in some Brazilian fishways, and the main challenge has been to promote upstream passage of a large number of diverse fish species. The patterns of flow circulation within the fish ladder may explain fish selectivity although few studies detail the fish response to hydraulic characteristics of fish ladder flow. This paper presents a laboratory study, where a vertical slot fishway was built in a hydraulic flume and the behavior of two neotropical fish species (Leporinus reinhardti and Pimelodus maculatus) were analyzed. The structure of flow was expressed in terms of mean velocity, Reynolds shear-stress and velocity fluctuation fields. The individuals of Leporinus reinhardti had higher passage success than Pimelodus maculatus in the laboratory flume. Both species preferred areas of low to zero Reynolds shear-stress values. In addition, different preferences were observed for these species concerning the horizontal components of velocity fluctuation.

Interrupções em rios, como as causadas por barragens, provocam impactos negativos sobre as comunidades aquáticas e as espécies migratórias de peixes são diretamente afetadas. A fim de permitir a passagem de peixes, mecanismos de transposição são construídos junto a barramentos. No Brasil, após a implantação de leis ambientais, estas estruturas passaram a ser amplamente construídas e foram baseadas em projetos desenvolvidos na Europa e na América do Norte. Análises de mecanismos já construídos têm mostrado grande seletividade para espécies neotropicais e as demandas da diversa fauna de peixes neotropical são apresentadas como principal desafio ao projeto de passagens para peixes. Os padrões de escoamento dentro de escadas para peixes podem explicar a seletividade destes mecanismos, mas poucos estudos detalham a resposta dos peixes às características hidráulicas encontradas dentro das escadas. Este estudo apresenta uma análise realizada em um laboratório onde foi construída uma escada do tipo ranhura vertical e analisados os comportamentos de duas espécies neotropicais (Leporinus reinhardti e Pimelodus maculatus). O escoamento foi estudado considerando os campos de velocidade média, tensão cisalhante de Reynolds e flutuações de velocidades. Os indivíduos da espécie Leporinus reinhardti apresentaram maior sucesso de passagem do que os da espécie Pimelodus maculatus. Ambas as espécies preferiram áreas de tensão de Reynolds igual a zero. Além disso, diferentes preferências foram observadas para cada espécie em relação às componentes horizontais da flutuação da velocidade.

Genetic diversity of the species Leporinus elongatus (Teleostei: Characiformes) in the Canoas Complex - Paranapanema River

Dams constructed along waterways interrupt the dispersion and migration of aquatic organisms, affecting mainly the abundance of migratory fish species. Translocation mechanisms have been constructed at dams aiming to minimize their impact on fish species migration behavior. There is little information available about the effect of the construction of dams on the genetic structure of the Neotropical migratory fish fauna. Therefore, RAPD molecular markers and microsatellites were utilized to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of the migratory species Leporinus elongatus (piapara) in the Canoas Complex - Paranapanema River - Brazil. Ten groups were sampled in the fish ladders of the hydroelectric dam Canoas I and Canoas II during the reproductive period in three consecutive years. Both markers showed a high level of genetic diversity within these groups. The microsatellite markers demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity and a considerable level of inbreeding in the species. The genetic differentiation found among the groups with both markers utilized is within a range from low to moderate. The data obtained with the parameter of genetic diversity among the groups led to the conclusion that the groups of L. elongatus of the Canoas Complex are structured as a single population composed of sub-populations with low genetic diversity among them. The data on genetic diversity and population structure of L. elongatus are of great importance for the development of the species management and conservation programs in the Canoas Complex, which can also be utilized in aquaculture programs.

As barragens construídas ao longo de sistemas hídricos interrompem a dispersão e a migração dos organismos aquáticos, afetando principalmente a abundância das espécies de peixes migradores. Mecanismos para transposição foram construídos em barragens visando minimizar esses impactos. Poucas são as informações disponíveis sobre o efeito da construção de barragens na estrutura genética populacional da fauna neotropical de peixes migradores. Nesse contexto, marcadores moleculares RAPD e microssatélites foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade e a estrutura genética da espécie migradora Leporinus elongatus (piapara) no Complexo Canoas - rio Paranapanema - Brasil. Dez grupos foram amostrados nas escadas para transposição de peixes das UHEs Canoas I e Canoas II durante o período reprodutivo em três anos consecutivos. Ambos os marcadores evidenciaram uma alta diversidade genética para esses grupos. Os marcadores microssatélites mostraram uma perda de heterozigosidade e uma considerável taxa de endocruzamento para a espécie. A diferenciação genética encontrada entre os grupos, com ambos os marcadores utilizados, pode ser considerada de moderada a baixa. Os dados obtidos com os parâmetros de diversidade genética entre os grupos permitiram concluir que os grupos de L. elongatus do Complexo Canoas estão estruturados como uma única população composta por sub-populações com baixa diversidade genética entre elas. Os dados obtidos sobre a diversidade genética e estrutura populacional de L. elongatus são de grande importância para o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo e conservação da espécie no Complexo Canoas, podendo também ser utilizados em programas de aqüicultura.

Temporal variability of fish larvae assemblages: influence of natural and anthropogenic disturbances

Natural and induced disturbances greatly influence the temporal distribution of ichthyoplankton abundance. This study assesses and compares the temporal variability of fish larvae assemblages in controlled and free environments to determine the influence of environment variables on the main taxa in these systems. The study was conducted at the Chapecó (without dam impact) and Ligeiro (with dam impact) river mouths, which are located in the upper Uruguay River. Samples were made between October 2001 and March 2004 during three reproductive periods. The larvae assemblages were composed of small and medium-sized Characiformes and Siluriformes. The variation in the distribution of larvae was mainly temporal (>85%). When the three reproductive periods were compared, it was observed in the second period, characterized by a larger water flow and a lower temperature, that there was a reduction in abundance, a lower number of taxa, an absence of stages in post-flexion and a high dissimilarity in larvae assemblage structure. In general, the environmental variables of water flow and temperature most influenced the distribution of egg and larvae abundance. In the studied area, a smaller temporal variability was observed in the structure of larvae assemblages at the sampling sites in the Chapecó River mouth than in in the Ligeiro River mouth under the influence of dams.

Os distúrbios naturais e induzidos têm notável influência na distribuição temporal da abundância do ictioplâncton. Este estudo visa avaliar e comparar a variabilidade temporal das assembleias de larvas de peixes, entre ambientes regulados e ambientes livres, bem como, determinar a influência das variáveis ambientais sobre os principais táxons presentes nestes ambientes. O trabalho foi conduzido na foz dos rios Chapecó (sem impacto de barramento) e Ligeiro (impactado por barragens), ambos localizados no alto rio Uruguai. As coletas foram realizadas entre outubro de 2001 e março de 2004 durante três períodos reprodutivos. As assembléias de larvas estiveram compostas principalmente por Characiformes e Siluriformes de pequeno e médio porte. A variação na distribuição de larvas foi principalmente temporal (>85%). Quando comparados os três períodos reprodutivos, foi observado que no segundo período, caracterizado por uma maior vazão da água e menor temperatura, houve redução na abundância, menor número de táxons, ausência de estágios em pós-flexão e elevada dissimilaridade na estrutura da assembléia de larvas. Em geral, as variáveis ambientais vazão e temperatura da água foram as que mais influenciaram a distribuição da abundância de ovos e larvas. Nos ambientes estudados, foi observado que existe uma menor variabilidade temporal na estrutura das assembléias de larvas das estações presentes na foz do rio Chapecó do que naquelas presentes na foz do rio Ligeiro, o qual esta sob influência dos barramentos.

Variación temporal y espacial de aves playeras en la laguna Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, en tres temporadas no reproductivas / Temporal and spatial variation of shorebirds in Barra de Navidad lagoon, Jalisco, during three non-breeding seasons

Resident and migratory shorebirds inhabit different kinds of wetlands such as lagoons, rivers and seashores among others. In recent years, these areas have been importantly affected by urban, agriculture and touristic activities, such as the Barra de Navidad lagoon, for which little information is available to support conservation programs. The aim of this work was to describe shorebirds temporal and spatial distribution in Barra de Navidad lagoon during three non-breeding seasons (1999-2000, 2006-2007 and 2008-2009). For this, monthly censuses were performed from November-April with the purpose of registering all the shorebirds species. We were able to identify 19 shorebirds species (three residents and 16 winter visitors), of which Charadrius wilsonia, Limosa fedoa and Tringa semipalmata were the most abundant. The greater number of species was registered for November, December and March of the first and third seasons. The greater number of individuals was registered when birds were feeding during low tides, mainly in December, January and February of the first and third seasons. At low tide, there was a great number of species and individuals in zone C. This area had muddy substrates that were exposed during low tides and were used to feed. Barra de Navidad lagoon provided suitable habitats for feeding and resting for resident and migratory birds. Twelve of the 19 species were considered as priority within the Mexican bird conservation strategy. However, these habitats are threatened by human activities performed in the nearby areas of the lagoon that may have negative consequences for the distribution, abundance and conservation of these species.

Hay un escaso conocimiento de las aves playeras en los humedales costeros de Jalisco, y en particular en la laguna Barra de Navidad. El presente trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de este grupo de aves y describe su distribución temporal y espacial en la laguna Barra de Navidad durante tres temporadas no reproductivas (1999-2000, 2006-2007 y 2008-2009). Se realizaron censos mensuales de noviembre-abril en las tres temporadas con el fin de registrar todas las especies de aves playeras. Se identificaron 19 especies (tres residentes y 16 visitantes de invierno), de las cuales Charadrius wilsonia, Limosa fedoa y Tringa semipalmata presentaron la mayor abundancia. Doce especies son consideradas como prioritarias en la “Estrategia para la Conservación y Manejo de las Aves Playeras y su Hábitat en México”. El mayor número de especies fue registrado en noviembre, diciembre y marzo en la primera y tercera temporada. El mayor número de individuos fue registrado alimentándose en marea baja, principalmente en diciembre, enero y febrero de la primera y tercera temporada. En marea baja hubo un mayor número de especies e individuos alimentándose en la zona C. Esta zona se caracterizó por tener sustratos lodosos expuestos durante marea baja y que fueron aprovechados por las aves para alimentarse. La laguna Barra de Navidad proporcionó hábitats de alimentación y descanso para las aves residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, estos hábitats se ven amenazados por las actividades humanas realizadas dentro de la laguna, que sin duda tendrán consecuencias negativas para la distribución y abundancia de las aves playeras.

Influencia del ciclo lunar en la captura de langosta espinosa Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) en el Golfo de Batabanó, Cuba

Influence of lunar cycle on catches of spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in the Gulf of Batabanó, Cuba. Many biological processes such as reproductive and migratory behaviours have been associated with moon cycles. In this study, the nocturnal light levels associated with lunar cycle (INT) were correlated with daily catch rate of lobster P. argus, during seven lunar months of 2002 fishing period, to determine a possible relationship between these variables. The lobster catches were obtained from three fishing companies that develop their activities in the Gulf of Batabanó: EPICOL that fishes in Coloma area; PESCAHABANA in Batabanó area and PESCAISLA in Isla area. Daily catch per boat (CDB) was used as a measurement of daily catch variations (catch rate). The correlation was analyzed showing it in chronological graphs based on average of CDB per lunar phases, comparing lobster catch rate per lunar phases -with the Kruskal-Wallis test-. Spearman rank correlation coefficient and cross correlation techniques were also applied. Similarities between lobster catch rate and the lunar cycle were not found. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was modularly smaller than 0.1 in all cases and demonstrated quantitatively that correlation between CDB and INT does not exist. Kruskal-Wallis test detected differences only in Batabanó area but not when making the analyses for the whole Gulf of Batabanó. Finally, the cross correlations do not detected significance in any zone, as well. It is concluded that, in opposition to what other authors have reported, the catch rates of P. argus and the lunar cycle did not show significant correlation in the Gulf of Batabanó. This trend was independent of the fishing art, which varied according to the time of the year that was analyzed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 207-216. Epub 2011 March 01.

Muchos procesos biológicos tales como los comportamientos reproductivos y migratorios se han asociado con los ciclos de la luna. Con el objetivo de determinar la relación entre las capturas de langosta espinosa Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) y el ciclo lunar, en la zona del Golfo de Batabanó, se correlacionaron los niveles de iluminación nocturna del ciclo lunar (INT) con la captura diaria por barco (CDB) durante siete meses lunares correspondientes al período de pesca del 2002. Los datos de captura provinieron de las tres empresas pesqueras que realizan su actividad en la zona del Golfo de Batabanó. La relación entre el ciclo lunar y las capturas de langostas fue examinada mediante varios procedimientos estadísticos. Los primeros gráficos realizados, cualitativos, mostraron que no existe relación entre las tasas de captura y el ciclo lunar. Los coeficientes de Spearman calculados, modularmente menores que 0.1 en todos los casos, demostraron cuantitativamente que no existe correlación entre las mencionadas variables. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis detectó diferencias sólo en una de las tres áreas estudiadas. Las correlaciones cruzadas no detectaron significación en ninguna de las zonas, con coeficientes de correlación cruzada modularmente inferiores a 0.1. A diferencia de lo reportado por otros autores, las capturas de P. argus y el ciclo lunar no presentan correlación significativa en el Golfo de Batabanó.

Experiments on the influence of Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald, 1901 (Diptera: Chaoboridae) on the diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre, Brazil / Experimentos sobre a influência de Chaoborus brasiliensis (Diptera: Chaoboridae) sobre a migração vertical de microcrustáceos do Lago Monte Alegre, Brasil

The aim of this work was to evaluate whether diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre is related to invertebrate predators, namely larvae of Chaoborus brasiliensis. The hypothesis tested in the experiments was that the migratory behaviour of prey would depend on physical contact with Chaoborus brasiliensis larvae or with kairomones released by them. Two experiments were undertaken in the laboratory, with two treatments and three replicates each. Experiments were carried out in acrylic cylinders 1.5 m high and 0.20 m in diameter. Treatments in Experiment I were: A) predator and kairomones present and B) predator and kairomones present, but predator isolated in net tube inside the cylinder, having no physical contact with prey. Treatments in Experiment II were: A) predator and kairomones absent and B) the same as in experiment I. Physical and chemical factors (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity) and food (algae) did not influence vertical distribution of prey, as they were almost homogeneously distributed in the water column in both experiments; food concentrations were not limiting. Adult copepods (Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis and Thermocyclops decipiens) showed reverse migration in the treatment B of both experiments; the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri migrated nocturnally in the treatment A of the Experiment I; vertical migration was undetectable for copepodites, as well as for Chaoborus larvae. The experiments indicated that Daphnia responded to physical contact with Chaoborus larvae but not to kairomones alone. Adult copepods seemed to be more sensitive to kairomones.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a migração vertical dos microcrustáceos do Lago Monte Alegre é relacionada aos predadores invertebrados, nomeadamente larvas de Chaoborus brasiliensis. A hipótese testada no experimento foi a de que o comportamento migratório da presa seria dependente do contato físico com as larvas de Chaoborus ou dos "kairomones" liberados por elas. Dois experimentos foram realizados no laboratório, com dois tratamentos e três réplicas cada. Os experimentos foram feitos dentro de cilindros de acrílico de 1,5 m de altura e 0,20 m de diâmetro. Os tratamentos do Experimento I foram: A) predador e "kairomones" presentes e B) predador e "kairomones" presentes, mas o predador isolado em tubos de rede dentro do cilindro, não tendo contato físico com a presa. Os tratamentos do Experimento II foram: A) predador e "kairomones" ausentes e B) igual ao Experimento I. Fatores físicos e químicos (temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica) e alimento (algas) não influenciaram a distribuição vertical das presas, pois eles estavam quase homogeneamente distribuídos na coluna d'água em ambos os experimentos; as concentrações de alimento não foram limitantes. Copépodos adultos (Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis e Thermocyclops decipiens) realizaram migração reversa no tratamento B dos dois experimentos; o cladócero Daphnia gessneri migrou de modo noturno no tratamento A do Experimento I; migração vertical não foi detectada para copepoditos, bem como para larvas de Chaoborus. Os experimentos indicaram que Daphnia respondeu ao contato físico com as larvas de Chaoborus e não aos "kairomones". Copépodos adultos foram aparentemente mais sensíveis aos "kairomones".

Swimbladder abnormalities in piapara (Leporinus obtusidens) captured downstream of the Funil Dam

Fish damage in hydroelectric stations has been extensively reported, but further investigations focusing on Brazilian migratory species, especially large fish, are needed. The present study describes swimbladder abnormalities in piapara Leporinus obtusidens, a migratory physoclistous species, collected downstream from the Funil Hydroelectric station dam, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The 117 specimens collected were dissected for swimbladder evaluation in the coelomic cavity. The abnormalities detected in 14 of the fish (12 percent) were swimbladder rupture with exteriorization (N = 12) and formation of sac-like projections (N = 2). The specimens that had swimbladder abnormalities weighed over 1300 g for both sexes. These abnormalities may be caused by bladder infections, however, inflammation process were not detected in these fish. The presence of anomalies in swimbladder suggests that the individuals were subjected to sudden depressurization, possibly related to passage through the turbines. Further comparative studies are needed to corroborate this hypothesis.

Os danos que as usinas hidrelétricas causam na fauna aquática tem sido relatados, mas novos estudos focando as espécies nativas, especialmente os peixes de grande porte são necessários. O presente estudo descreve as anomalias de bexiga natatória em piapara Leporinus obtusidens, uma espécie de peixe migratório, coletados a jusante da barragem da estação Hidrelétrica do Funil, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os 117 exemplares coletados foram dissecados para avaliação da bexiga natatória na cavidade celomática. As anormalidades detectadas em 14 dos peixes capturados (12 por cento) foram ruptura do tecido com exteriorização da bexiga natatória (N = 12) e formação de projeções da bexiga (N = 2). Os exemplares que apresentavam anormalidades de bexiga, possuíam peso superior a 1300 g em ambos os sexos. Este tipo de anomalia pode ser causado por processo infeccioso da bexiga, no entanto, não foram detectados processos inflamatórios nesses peixes. O quadro de anomalias em bexiga natatória em piapara sugere que os indivíduos foram submetidos a uma brusca despressurização, possivelmente relacionada à passagem pelas turbinas. Outros estudos comparativos são necessários para corroborar esta hipótese.

Is vertical migration in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) influenced by an underlying circadian rhythm?

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a keystone species in the southern ocean ecosystem where it is the main consumer of phytoplankton and constitutes the main food item of many higher predators. Both food and predators are most abundant at the surface, thus krill hide in the depth of the ocean during the day and migrate to the upper layers at night, to feed at a time when the predatory risk is lowest. Although the functional significance of this diel vertical migration (DVM) is clear and its modulation by environmental factors has been described, the involvement of an endogenous circadian clock in this behaviour is as yet not fully resolved. We have analysed the circadian behaviour of Euphausia superba in a laboratory setting and here we present the first description of locomotor activity rhythms for this species. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the circadian clock plays a key role in DVM. They also suggest that the interplay between food availability, social cues and the light:dark cycle acts as the predominant Zeitgeber for DVM in this species.

Predispersal home range shift of an ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama

Home range shifts prior to natal dispersal have been rarely documented, yet the events that lead a subadult to abandon a portion of its home range and venture into unfamiliar territories, before eventually setting off to look for a site to reproduce, are probably related to the causes of dispersal itself. Here, we used a combination of manual radio-tracking and an Automated Radio Telemetry System to continuously study the movements of a subadult male ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), a solitary carnivore with sex-biased dispersal, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, for 18 months from May 2003 through October 2004. The subadult ocelot’s parents were also radio-tracked to record possible parent-offspring interactions within their home ranges. At the age of ca. 21 months the subadult gradually began to shift its natal home range, establishing a new one used until the end of the study, in an area that had previously been used by another dispersing subadult male. Only three parent-offspring interactions were recorded during the four months around the time the range-shift occurred. The apparent peaceful nature of these encounters, along with the slow transition out of a portion of his natal home range, suggest the subadult was not evicted from his natal area by his parents. The timing of the shift, along with the subadult’s increase in weight into the weight range of adult ocelots four months after establishing the new territory, suggests that predispersal home range shifts could act as a low risk and opportunistic strategy for reaching adult size, while minimizing competition with parents and siblings, in preparation for an eventual dispersal into a new breeding territory. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 779-787. Epub 2008 June 30.

Los desplazamientos del ámbito hogareño de mamíferos subadultos previos a la dispersión natal rara vez han sido documentados. Sin embargo, los eventos que llevan a un animal subadulto a abandonar una parte de su ámbito natal, antes de buscar un sitio definitivo donde reproducirse, pueden estar relacionados con las causas de la dispersión en si. En este estudio, utilizamos una combinación de radio-telemetría manual y un Sistema de Radio-Telemetría Automatizado para estudiar de manera continua los movimientos de un ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) macho subadulto, un carnívoro solitario con dispersión sesgada sexualmente, en la Isla de Barro Colorado, Panamá, durante 18 meses (mayo 2003 hasta octubre 2004). Los padres del ocelote subadulto también fueron monitoreados por radio-telemetría para registrar posibles interacciones entre padres e hijo en sus ámbitos hogareños. A la edad aproximada de 21 meses, el ocelote subadulto comenzó a desplazar gradualmente su ámbito hogareño natal, estableciendo uno nuevo que fue ocupado hasta el final del estudio, en un área que había sido ocupada previamente por otro macho subadulto en dispersión. Se registraron solamente tres interacciones entre padres e hijo en los cuatro meses del desplazamiento. La aparente naturaleza pacífica de estos encuentros, junto con el lento abandono de una parte de su ámbito hogareño natal, sugieren que el subadulto no fue expulsado de su área natal por sus padres. El momento del desplazamiento, junto con el incremento en peso del subadulto (al peso propio de un adulto) cuatro meses después de haber establecido su nuevo territorio, sugiere que los desplazamientos del ámbito hogareño previos a la dispersión natal podrían actuar como una estrategia oportunista y de bajo riesgo para alcanzar el tamaño adulto, minimizando la competencia con padres y hermanos, en preparación para una dispersión final a un nuevo territorio para reproducirse.

Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae

The reproductive strategy of two congeneric species (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ and Astyanax hastatus - AH) was assessed, in order to address the costs imposed by different investment patterns, on four major life history characters: migratory behaviour, breeding time, fecundity and egg size. Altitudinal segregation of young and adult individuals plus data from the literature indicated that AJ is a migratory species, whereas AH is non migratory. Breeding season (BS) analysis revealed that AH was reproductively active year-round (12 months), whereas AJ breeds during 9 months. Brood costs (Ovarian Investment) were almost the same for both species (AJ - 364 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.52 mm³; AH -702 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.27 mm³). Reproductive costs (RC), considered as product of gamete production (OI) and gamete output (BS), were 1,703.7 for AJ and 2,274.0 for AH; thus RC is 25 percent higher in AH. It is concluded that the costs with OI (egg size and egg numbers) are equal for both species but as breeding season is larger for AH the overall strategy is 25 percent more expensive in AH. Thus, it is hypothesized that this 25 percent should be considered as the extra costs that AJ uses during migration and is compensated by its shorter breeding time (9 months versus 12 months of AH).

A estratégia reprodutiva de duas espécies congenéricas (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ e Astyanax hastatus - AH) foi analisada a fim de se determinar os custos energéticos impostos por diferentes padrões de investimento em quatro dos principais caracteres da história de vida de peixes: comportamento migratório, estação reprodutiva, fecundidade e tamanho dos ovócitos. A segregação espacial dos indivíduos jovens e adultos associada a informações da literatura indicaram que AJ é uma espécie migratória enquanto AH não migra. A análise sobre a estação reprodutiva (ER) revelou que AH se reproduz ao longo de todo o ciclo anual (12 meses) enquanto AJ se reproduz durante 9 meses. Os custos com a desova (Investimento Ovariano - IO) foram similares nas duas espécies (AJ - 364 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,52 mm³; AH - 702 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,27 mm³). O custo da reprodução (CR), considerado como o produto da produção de gametas (IO) e o tempo de liberação dos gametas (ER), foram 1.703,7 para AJ e 2.274,0 para AH; assim CR é 25 por cento superior em AH. Concluímos assim, que os custos com IO (tamanho e número de ovócitos) são iguais para as duas espécies, mas como a estação reprodutiva é maior para AH, a estratégia como um todo é mais custosa para AH. Dessa forma, sugerimos que os 25 por cento excedentes podem ser considerados como os custos extras que AJ necessita para a migração e são compensados pelo menor tempo da estação reprodutiva (9 meses em AJ versus 12 meses em AH).

Desplazamientos de la iguana verde, Iguana iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae) durante la estación seca en La Palma, Veracruz, México

Displacements of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) (Squamata: Iguanidae) during the dry season in La Palma, Veracruz, Mexico. The green iguana (Iguana iguana) is said to be primarily sedentary, although the females travel long distances to nest. Displacement patterns must be known to help predict the effects of environmental disturbance on iguanas’ survival. We studied nesting season (February-July) movements in La Palma, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico (18°33’ N, 95°03’ W). Individual movements and activity were monitored by radio tracking. The transmitters were implanted surgically in eight adult iguanas (four males and four females). Snout vent length (SVL) was used to determine the relationship between size of the body and size of home range. To estimate the size of home range, three or more points were used. Minimum convex polygons estimates of home range were calculated with McPAAL. The iguanas were radio-located between 23 and 30 occasions, mainly in trees (56 % between 3-9 m); only 4 % were localized under a height of 3 m (forest floor). The occupation area mean was larger for males (9 158.06±3 025.3m² vs. 6 591.24±4 001.1 m²) although the differences were not significant (t= 0.51, p>0.05). SVL was correlated with home range (r= 0.76; gl= 7; p<0.05). Breeding males defended their home range vigorously against other adult males. We observed one separate male home range and large portions of overlap between the sexes. The home range generally formed a conglomerate of polygons and only two had linear shapes along the river: apparently iguanas use the riparian vegetation for foraging. The females display two strategies for nesting: 1) moving to the sandy area near the sea or, 2) laying eggs near the river, in loam. Iguanas responded to habitat fragmentation and reduction by modifying their nesting strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 709-715. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Usamos radiotransmisores para determinar los desplazamientos de la iguana verde (Iguana iguana) en el periodo de anidación (febrero-julio) en La Palma, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México (18°33’ N, 95°03’ W). Las iguanas fueron radiolocalizadas entre 23 y 30 ocasiones, principalmente en árboles (56 % entre 3-9 m); sólo 4 % fueron localizadas en el suelo. El tamaño del ámbito hogareño de machos y de hembras fue similar (9 158.06±3 025.3 m² vs. 6 591.24±4 001.1 m², respectivamente; t= 0.51, p>0.05). Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la LHC y el ámbito hogareño (r= 0.76, gl= 7, p<0.05). Las hembras tienen dos estrategias para anidar: 1) viajan para depositar los huevos a la arena de la playa, o 2) permanecen cerca de su ambiente ribereño y anidan en suelo arenoso-arcilloso. Al parecer, el ambiente fragmentado de la zona de la Palma, influye en la estrategia de anidación de la iguana verde.