Diagnosis and treatment strategies of 56 cases of middle ear myoclonus / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment of middle ear myoclonus. Methods: Fifty-six cases of middle ear myoclonus were enrolled in Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University from September 2019 to August 2021, including 23 males and 33 females. The age ranged from 6 to 75 years, with a median age of 35 years; Forty-seven cases were unilateral tinnitus, nine cases were bilateral tinnitus. The time of tinnitus ranged from 20 days to 8 years. The voice characteristics, inducing factors, nature (frequency) of tinnitus, tympanic membrane conditions during tinnitus, audiological related tests, including long-term acoustic tympanogram, stapedius acoustic reflex, pure tone auditory threshold, short increment sensitivity test, alternate binaural loudness balance test, loudness discomfort threshold, vestibular function examination, facial electromyography, and imaging examination were recorded. Oral carbamazepine and/or surgical treatment were used. The patients were followed up for 6-24 months and the tinnitus changes were observed. Results: Tinnitus was diverse, including stepping on snow liking sound, rhythmic drumming, white noise, and so on. The inducing factors included external sound, body position change, touching the skin around the face and ears, speaking, chewing and blinking, etc. Forty-four cases were induced by single factor and 9 cases were induced by two or more factors. There was no definite inducing factor in 1 case. One patient had tinnitus with epilepsy. One case of traumatic facial paralysis after facial nerve decompression could induce tinnitus on the affected side when the auricle moved. Tympanic membrane flutter with the same frequency as tinnitus was found in 12 cases by otoscopy, and the waveform with the same frequency as tinnitus was found by long-term tympanogram examination. There were 7 patients with no tympanic membrane activity by otoscopy, the 7 cases also with the same frequency of tinnitus by long-term tympanogram examination, but the change rate of the waveform was faster than that of the patients with tympanic membrane flutter. All patients with tinnitus had no change in hearing. One case of tinnitus complicated with epilepsy (a 6-year-old child) was treated with antiepileptic drug (topiramate) and tinnitus subsided. One case suffered from tinnitus after facial nerve decompression for traumatic facial paralysis was not given special treatment. Fifty-four cases were treated with oral drug (carbamazepine), of which 10 cases were completely controlled and 23 cases were relieved; 21 cases were invalid. Among the 21 patients with no effect of carbamazepine treatment, 8 patients were treated by surgery, 7 patients had no tinnitus after surgery, 1 patient received three times of operation, and the third operation was followed up for 6 months, no tinnitus occurred again. The other 13 cases refused the surgical treatment due to personal reasons. Conclusions: Middle ear myoclonus tinnitus and the inducing factors manifestate diversity. Oral carbamazepine and other sedative drugs are effective for some patients, and surgical treatment is feasible for those who are ineffective for medication.

Mioclonia espinhal após anestesia subaracnoidea com bupivacaína / Spinal myoclonus after subarachnoid anesthesia with bupivacaine

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresenta-se neste relato de caso uma complicação muito rara após a anestesia espinhal, com o objetivo de oferecer algum subsídio ao manuseio e à conduta terapêutica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 63 anos, negro, ASA I, programado para a ressecção transuretral da próstata (RTU), foi submetido a uma anestesia subaracnoidea com bupivacaína (15 mg) sem adrenalina. A punção não apresentou intercorrências e o paciente foi posicionado para cirurgia. Logo após o posicionamento cirúrgico, o paciente reclamou de dor intensa na região perineal, acompanhada de movimentos involuntários, tipo contrações tônico-clônicas, nos membros inferiores. O paciente recebeu benzodiazepínico para controle das mioclonias, sem resultado. Em seguida, o paciente apresentou agitação importante e, submetido à intubação orotraqueal, foi mantido em ventilação controlada e encaminhado para a Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos. Apesar da realização de todos os exames bioquímicos e de imagem, nenhuma causa aparente foi detectada. Não houve troca de medicação e o mesmo lote de anestésico havia sido usado em outros pacientes naquele dia, sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: Com o afastamento de todas as causas possíveis, foi aceito, por exclusão, o diagnóstico de mioclonia espinhal pós-raquianestesia com bupivacaína.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is presented in this case report a very rare complication after spinal anesthesia to provide subsidies to the management and therapeutic conduct. CASE REPORT: This is a 63-year old African-Brazilian patient, ASA I, scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). He underwent subarachnoid anesthesia with bupivacaine (15 mg) without adrenaline. Intercurrences were not observed during puncture, and the patient was positioned for surgery. Soon after positioning the patient, he complained of severe pain in the perineum region followed by involuntary tonic-clonic movements of the lower limbs. The patient was treated with a benzodiazepine to control the myoclonus without response. This episode was followed by significant agitation and the patient was intubated. He was maintained in controlled ventilation and transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. Despite all biochemical and imaging tests performed, an apparent cause was not detected. The medication was not changed and the same batch of anesthetic had been used in other patients that same day without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: After ruling out all possible causes, the diagnosis of spinal myoclonus after spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine was made by exclusion.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: En este relato de caso, presentamos una complicación muy rara después de la anestesia espinal, con el objetivo de ofrecer algún subsidio para el manejo y la conducta terapéutica. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente de 63 años, negro, ASA I, programado para la resección transuretral de la próstata (RTU), que fue sometido a una anestesia subaracnoidea con bupivacaína (15 mg), sin adrenalina. La punción no presentó intercurrencias y el paciente fue posicionado para la cirugía. Inmediatamente después del posicionamiento quirúrgico, el paciente se quejó de un intenso dolor en la región perineal, seguido de movimientos involuntarios, como contracciones tónico-clónicas en los miembros inferiores. El paciente recibió benzodiazepínico para el control de las mioclonías, sin resultados. Enseguida, debutó con una agitación importante y fue sometido a la intubación orotraqueal y mantenido bajo ventilación controlada. Posteriormente fue derivado a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. A pesar de la realización de todos los exámenes bioquímicos y de imagen, no se detectó ninguna causa aparente. No hubo cambio de medicación y se usó el mismo lote de anestésico que había sido usado en otros pacientes aquel día, sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: Al descartar todas las posibles causas, se aceptó, por exclusión, el diagnóstico de la mioclonía espinal postraquianestesia con bupivacaína.

Botulinum toxin injection for objective tinnitus from palatal myoclonus: a case report.

Objective tinnitus may be caused by many etiologies-palatal myoclonus being one of them. We report one patient of voluntary palatal myoclonus presenting with objective tinnitus treated with botulinum toxin injection. Five units of botulinum toxin A were injected into each side of the soft palate at the palatal muscles (levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscle). The tinnitus disappeared within two days of injection and no side effect was observed.

Tratamento cirúrgico de zumbido objetivo de origem muscular: relato de caso / Surgical treatment of muscular objective tinnitus: a case report

Zumbido objetivo é qualquer ruído produzido pelo corpo de um indivíduo (dentro da cabeça ou pescoço) ouvido por outro observador, podendo ser de origem vascular, por fluxo sanguíneo turbulento ou muscular (contrações musculares involuntárias). Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 44 anos, em que se fez o diagnóstico de zumbido objetivo de causa muscular por mioclonia de palato através do exame clínico (ruído audível), associado a nasofibroscopia (a qual evidenciou movimentos mioclônicos de palato sincrônicos com o zumbido) e imitanciometria (a agulha do balance mostrou pulsação sincrônica com o zumbido). Tal paciente foi submetido a procedimento cirúrgico (secção do músculo tensor do tímpano), com regressão completa e permanente do quadro.

Opsoclonus mioclonus como manifestación a distancia de un neuroblastoma oculto / Opsoclonus myoclonus as distance manifestation of an hidden neuroblastoma

En dos de lactantes mayores con síndrome de opsoclonus mioclonus (ataxia, opsoclonus y polimioclonías), la búsqueda dirigida con métodos de laboratorio e imágenes, permitió detectar sendos ganglioneuroblastomas retroperitoneales en etapas II y III de Evans, repectivamente, uno y doce meses después del inicio de los síntomas neurológicos. Ambos fueron tratados con cirugía y quimioterapia, con regresión del sindrome neurológico y evolución posterior satisfactoria. Se han comunicado alrededor de 110 casos de opsoclonus mioclonus, 50 por ciento de ellos asociados a neuroblastoma oculto. La asociación tiene un pronóstico más favorable que el de otros neuroblastomas. Cuando se identifica el síndrome debe buscarse exhaustivamente el tumor

Segmental myoclonus and basilar artery giant aneurysm: case report

Os autores se referem ao caso de um homem de 70 anos, hipertenso e coronariopata, que apresentara, dois anos antes, hemiplegia direita como consequência de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico. O exame neurológico, na vigência da internaçäo hospitalar, mostrou desorientaçäo espacial, instabilidade emociaonal (choro imotivado), hemiplegia com sinal de Babinski à direita e mioclona segmentar comprometendo o lábio superior e o palato (nistagno palatal) à direita. A tomografia computadorizada do crânio revelou aneurisma gigante da artéria basilar. Concluimos que a mioclonia segmentar poderia estar relacionada às lesöes isquêmicas no triângulo de Guillain-Mollaret

Alternating dissociated nystagmus with palatal myoclonus: a case report

An extraordinary eye movement was seen in a vegetative patient. His eyeballs were exotropic in the primary position and showed dissociated nystagmus which appeared alternately in each eye every few seconds. He also had palatal myoclonus quite asynchronous with the nystagmus. To our knowledge, there has been no such nystagmus documented in the literature. We report the new nystagmus with his EOG and brain MRI.

Tinitus objetivos e mioclonias velopalatinas na criança: uma análise de quatro casos / Objective tinnitus and palatal myoclonus in children: an analysis of 4 cases

Säo relatadas quatro observaçöes concernentes a crianças com quadro de tinitus objetivo e miocloniais velopalatinas. Os aspectos etiopatogênicos, evolutivos e terapêuticos säo analisados e comparados com os da literatura

Mioclonia, revisión clinica / Myoclonus, clinical review

Se presenta una revisión sobre las mioclonias. Se discuten las confusiones en terminología, clasificación, y los distintos síndromes mioclónicos tanto epilépticos como no epilépticos. Se presentan esquemas terapéuticos para los distintos síndromes mioclónicos