Antimicrobial activities and phytochemicals of Murraya paniculata L. flowers, leaves and bark crude extracts

Aims@#Murraya paniculata (L.) has been widely employed in medicine, has also been modified to serve as an ingredient in health foods and found application in cosmetics. This study was aimed to assess the biological activities of M. paniculata by analyzing the chemical compositions of its flowers, leaves and bark.@*Methodology and results@#Crude extracts drawn from the flowers, leaves and bark of M. paniculata underwent testing to determine the antibacterial properties in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as the overall chemical composition, total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Crude extract of leaves exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity when tested against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The crude extract from bark delivered the most significant antibacterial activity when tested against Micrococcus luteus TISTR 9341, Escherichia coli ATCC 1261, Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. and Methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). For all crude extracts, the MIC value against M. luteus TISTR 9341 was 12.5 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the MBC value for the crude extract of leaves against B. subtilis ATCC 6633 was 12.5 mg/mL, whereas, for flower and bark crude extracts, the MBC value against S. aureus TISTR 1466 was 25 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was at its highest for the crude extract from bark (IC50 = 1.36 mg/mL). The highest phenolic content was recorded for the crude extract from bark, while the highest flavonoid content came from the crude extract of leaves (70.81 ± 0.31 mgGAE/g extract and 115.73 ± 1.18 mgQE/g extract, respectively).@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The research findings suggest that the crude extracts of M. paniculata leaves and bark show greater significant levels of bioactivity than was the case for crude extracts from flowers. The research findings could help in exploring the possibilities of using M. paniculata for pharmaceutical purposes and in aquaculture.

Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L. ) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits against bacterial genera Mycobacterium and Streptococcus

This study aims to investigate chemical composition of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits and determine their in vitro antibacterial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack ripe and unripe fruits collected in the Cerrado, in Rio Verde, southwestern Goiás, Brazil. They were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sesquiterpenes, which represent the most abundant class of compounds in oils, predominated in both ripe and unripe fruits. Major constituents of essential oils extracted from ripe fruits (RF-EO) were (-caryophyllene (21.3%), (-ylangene (13.3%), germacrene-D (10.9%) and (-zingiberene (9.7%) whereas the ones of unripe fruits (UF-EO) were sesquithujene (25.0%), (-zingiberene (18.2%), germacrene-D (13.1%) and (-copaene (12.7%). In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Both essential oils under investigation showed moderate anti-streptococcal activity against the following bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. MIC values ranged between 100 and 400 µg/mL. Regarding the antimycobacterial activity, essential oils from M. paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits were active against Mycobacterium kansasii (MIC = 250 µg/mL), moderately active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 500 µg/mL) and inactive against M. avium (MIC = 2000 µg/mL). This study was pioneer in revealing similar chemical profiles of both essential oils extracted from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits, besides describing their in vitro anti-streptococcal and antimycobacterial activities.

Occurrence and distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Pará state, Brazil / Ocorrência e distribuição de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) no estado do Pará

This study presents and discusses the results of a survey for the presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its natural enemies in Citrus spp. citrus and Murraya sp. myrtle plants in Pará State, Brazil. From 2013 to 2017, observations were made in five mesoregions of the State, and where D. citri was present, branches were examined to quantify eggs, nymphs and mummies with parasitoid emergence holes and to obtain parasitoids. D. citri adults were used to detected the bacterium through nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). Psyllids were found in citrus and myrtle plants. A total of 583 parasitoid specimens of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were obtained. The bacterial detection test was negative for Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Psyllids and parasitoids were present in the Lower Amazon, Metropolitan area, Northeastern Pará, Southeastern Pará and Southwestern Pará mesoregions. The presence of D. citri in citrus, with was previously absent in this host, alters the risk situation for Huanglongbing (HLB) in the State. These results will aid in developing preventive or containment measures through phytosanitary protection.(AU)

No presente estudo, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados de levantamento para a presença de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama e inimigos naturais em plantas de citros Citrus spp. e murta Murraya sp. no estado do Pará. No período de 2013 a 2017 foram realizadas observações em cinco mesorregiões do estado. Na presença de D. citri, ramos foram coletados com a quantificação de ovos, ninfas, múmias com orifício de emergência de parasitoide e obtenção de parasitoides. Adultos de D. citri foram analisados para a detecção da bactéria por meio de nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). O psilídeo foi constatado em citros e murta. Foram obtidos 583 exemplares do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). O teste de detecção da bactéria foi negativo, indicando ausência de Candidatus Liberibacter spp. O psilídeo e o parasitoide estão presentes nas mesorregiões do Baixo Amazonas, Metropolitana, Nordeste Paraense, Sudeste Paraense e Sudoeste Paraense. A presença de D. citri em citros, até então ausente nesse hospedeiro, altera a situação de risco do Huanglongbing (HLB) para o Estado. Esses resultados auxiliarão na formulação de medidas preventivas ou de contenção pela defesa fitossanitária.(AU)

Validación de un método por CLAR para la cuantificación de L-prolina en la tintura al 20 por ciento de Murraya paniculata L. Jack / Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for quantitation of L-proline in 20 percent tincture from Murraya paniculata L. Jack

INTRODUCCIÓN: la búsqueda de técnicas analíticas para el control de la calidad de los medicamentos constituye un aspecto de gran interés en el campo farmacéutico, más si van dirigidas al estudio del o los marcadores químicos de las plantas medicinales, sus extractos y fitomedicamentos. OBJETIVO: validar un método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) para la determinación cuantitativa del aminoácido L-prolina como sustancia marcador en la tintura de Murraya paniculata L. Jack. MÉTODOS: en el método por CLAR, la separación se realizó en una columna C-18 (UP5ODB-150/046), se utilizó como fase móvil una mezcla de solución buffer fosfato, pH ajustado a 2,4 y acetonitrilo (70:30 v/v), con una velocidad de flujo de 0,6 mL/min, modo isocrático, con detección ultravioleta a 440 nm. El volumen de inyección de la muestra fue de 20 µL. El método fue validado según la categoría I, siguiendo las exigencias internacionales. RESULTADOS: la curva de calibración fue lineal en el rango de concentraciones ensayadas (30 a 375 µg/mL), se observó una buena precisión con coeficientes de variación menores del 2 por ciento. Los valores de recobrado estuvieron dentro de los límites establecidos para los métodos cromatográficos (98-102 por ciento). Se demostró la especificidad del método, al no presentarse interferencias de picos adicionales en la zona de elusión del compuesto de interés (L-prolina). CONCLUSIONES: el método analítico por CLAR, validado para la cuantificación del aminoácido L-prolina en la tintura de M. paniculata, demostró ser lineal, preciso, exacto y específico bajo las condiciones de estudio(AU)

INTRODUCTION: the search for analytical methods that may monitor the quality of drugs is an issue of great interest in the pharmaceutical field, even more if they are directed to studying chemical markers of medicinal plants, their extracts and phytomedicines. OBJECTIVE: to validate a high-resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of the L-proline amino acid as a marker substance in Murraya paniculata L. Jack tincture. METHODS: in the HPLC, the separation was performed on a C-18 (UP5ODB-150/046) column, with a mixture of phosphate buffer solution, pH adjusted to 2.4 and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) used as mobile phase, the flow rate was 0.6 mL/min, isocratic mode with UV detection set at 440 nm. The injection volume of the sample was 20 µL. The method was validated according to category I, following international requirements. RESULTS: the calibration curve was linear over the concentration range tested (30-375 mg/mL), good precision was observed with a variation coefficient less than 2 percent. Recovery values were within the limits for chromatographic methods (98-102 percent). The method was specific since there was no-interference by additional peaks in the elution zone of the compound in question (L-proline). CONCLUSIONS: the HPLC analytical method, validated for the quantification of L-proline amino acid in M. paniculata tincture, proved to be linear, precise, accurate and specific under the study conditions(AU)

Construction and application of natural products LC-MS-DS / 药学学报

To overcome the defects of current research methods of natural products, an LC-MS-DS that consisted of more than 600 natural products was constructed with HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS. The database searching results of LC-MS-DS were validated to be reliable, which indicated that LC-MS-DS could be successfully applied for the effective identification and target isolation of natural products. The study will provide an effective method for fast identification and efficient isolation of natural products.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of roots of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. (Rutaceae)

Murraya koenigii, family Rutaceae, commonly known as Curry leaf plant is a highly valued plant for its medicinal value and characteristic aroma. The plant is a rich source of carbazole alkaloids. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of roots of the plant were screened for phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids in the root extracts of the plant. The study shows that all the extracts possess remarkable antibacterial activity. Additionally, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts also had antifungal activity.

Acercamiento al género Murraya (Rutaceae) y a la especie Murraya paniculata (L) Jack / Approach to Murraya (Rutaceae) genus and Murraya paniculata (L) Jack species

Introducción: Murraya paniculata (L) Jack (Rutaceae) es empleada tradicionalmente en algunas provincias de Cuba para el alivio del dolor y la inflamación asociados a enfermedades osteomioarticulares. No se reportan estudios en el país que profundicen en la composición química de esta especie o del género Murraya, ni tampoco relacionados con información etnomédica y actividades biológicas comprobadas. Objetivos: reunir y analizar información científica actualizada referente al género, y a esta especie en particular, como fuente natural de compuestos biológicamente activos que determinan sus potencialidades medicinales. Métodos: se incluyeron en el análisis artículos científicos y libros relacionados con los temas de composición química, usos tradicionales y evaluaciones farmacológicas, así como otros elementos de interés de plantas medicinales. Resultados: la información analizada puede servir de base para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones que avalen el empleo en la terapéutica de productos fitoterápicos de elevada eficacia, seguridad y calidad. La revisión de los resultados de otros grupos de investigación permite establecer estrategias racionales de investigación científica, que contribuyan al uso racional de los recursos que se encuentran en universidades y centros de investigación y salud. Conclusiones: los elementos encontrados en la bibliografía consultada permiten asegurar que la especie Murraya paniculata puede ser potencialmente empleada en fitoterapia, debido entre otras cosas, al importante número de metabolítos secundarios identificados con actividad farmacológica reconocida

Introduction: Murraya paniculata (L) Jacq (Rutaceae) is traditionally used in some Cuban provinces for pain relief and inflammation associated to osteomyoarticulary diseases. There has been no reported studied at domestic level, which delves into neither the chemical composition of this species or of Murraya genus nor the confirmation of etnomedical information and biological actions. Objectives: to gather and analyze updated scientific information about this genus, particularly this species, as likely natural source of biologically active compounds responsible for their medicinal potentialities. Methods: the analysis comprised scientific articles and books on chemical composition, traditional uses and pharmacological assessment, and other interesting elements of medicinal plants. Results: the analyzed information can provide the basis for the development of new research studies that will support the use of highly effective, safe and quality phytotherapeutic products. The review of the results achieved by other research groups allows drawing reasonable scientific research strategies to contribute to the rational use of resources by universities and research and health institutions. Conclusions: the elements found in the literature review allow assuring that Murraya paniculata species may be potentially used in phytotherapy because of the significant numbers of detected secondary metabolites with recognized pharmacological action

Determination of some toxic and essential trace metals in some medicinal and edible plants of Karachi city

Trace metals in eight different medicinal plants commonly available in Karachi namely Azadirachta indica [Neem], Syzygium aromaticum [Clove], Murraya koenigii [Curry Leaves], Trachyspermum ammi [Ajowan], Foeniculum vulgare [Fennal], Brassica oleracea [Cabbage], Brassica rapa [Turnip], and Pipper nigrum [Black pepper] have been quantitatively analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Flame Photometry. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of H[2]SO[4] [95%] and H[2]O[2] [35%] has been adopted to digest medicinal plants. Nine heavy metals [Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn] and two alkali metals [K and Na] were chosen on the basis of their effects upon health. In general the order of concentration of toxic metals in medicinal plants was found to follow the order Pb> Ni> Cr> Co> Cd. Sodium and Potassium content was found to be very high in all the samples. Concentration of sodium were recorded to be the highest in roots of Brassica rapa and Murraya koenigii i.e., more than 1000 micro g/g. Postassium concentrations are around 9038 micro g/g in Foeniculum vulgare. Plante samples of Trachyspermum ammi, leaves of Brassica rapa, and Foeniculum vulgare, Brassica oleracea [Cabbage], contained comparatively higher amounts of Fe i.e., > 100 micro g/g. Out of all toxic metals Lead is present at noticeable levels in all the samples that indicates higher soil pollution. Concentrations of Na, K and Mn and Cu are found to be very high in Brassica rapa roots as compared to its leaves while Fe levels are found to be high in leaves

Positive inotropic effect of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng extract on an isolated perfused frog heart.

Ethanolic extract of fresh leaves of M. koenigii (MKEE) showed a dose dependent positive inotropic effect on isolated frog heart. The responses to MKEE (62.5-1000 microg) were not affected in either way by theophylline, imidazole, propranolol and sildenafil. The change in potassium and sodium concentration did not alter MKEE-induced positive inotropic effect. Lignocaine did not alter the responses to MKEE significantly. Responses to MKEE were significantly inhibited when calcium concentration was reduced to half (from 1.58 to 0.79 mM) and were significantly potentiated when calcium concentration was doubled (from 1.58 to 3.16 mM). Verapamil was found to inhibit the responses significantly. The results suggest that M. koenigii induced positive inotropic effect possibly by increasing availability of calcium from extra cellular sites.

Larvicidal activity of plant extracts used alone and in combination with known synthetic larvicidal agents against Aedes aegypti.

Larvicidal activity of acetone and petroleum ether extracts of four plants Murraya koenigii, Coriandrum sativum, Ferula asafoetida, Trigonella foenum graceum and synthetic larvicides Fenthion and Temephos used alone and in combination was carried out against A. aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions. Optimum values were found out by using different concentrations of each plant (ranged 25 ppm-900 ppm) and both synthetic larvicides (ranged 0.01-7.5 ppm). The synergistic study was carried out by using 0.05 ppm of Temephos and Fenthion with 25ppm of M. koenigii, F. asafetida, T. foenum graceum and 100 ppm of C. sativum. All the plants showed potential synergistic activity although showed comparatively poor larvicidal activity when tested individually.

Effect of extracts of Murraya koenigii leaves on the levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

The effect of daily oral administration of aqueous extract (600 mg/kg b.wt.) and methanol extract (200 mg/kg b.wt.) of Murraya koenigii Spreng leaves for a period of eight weeks was studied on blood glucose and plasma insulin level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels of diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanol extracts of Murraya koenigii Spreng showed significant reduction (P<0.05) as compared to diabetic control groups. Plasma insulin showed significantly high on 43rd and 58th days of treatment in aqueous and methanol extracts of Murraya koenigii treated groups. This suggests that the hypoglycemic effect may be mediated through stimulating insulin synthesis and/or secretion from the beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans.