Ingestão Alimentar de Mulheres com Tumores Ginecológicos em Tratamento Oncológico: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Food Intake of Women with Gynecological Tumors Undergoing Cancer Treatment: Integrative Literature Review / Ingestión de Alimentos de Mujeres con Tumores Ginecológicos en Tratamiento Oncológico: Revisión Integradora de la Literatura

Introdução: Pacientes com câncer apresentam uma tendência à perda ponderal e à desnutrição energético-proteica. Isso ocorre em razão das modificações que o organismo sofre pelo desenvolvimento da doença e pelos efeitos adversos do tratamento oncológico que contribuem para a redução da ingestão alimentar. Objetivo: Identificar evidências disponíveis na literatura científica sobre a ingestão alimentar de mulheres com tumores ginecológicos em tratamento oncológico. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura cujas buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Embase, MEDLINE e LILACS por meio da associação de termos descritores e palavras livres. Foram incluídos nas análises estudos observacionais que avaliaram a ingestão alimentar de mulheres adultas com tumores ginecológicos durante o tratamento oncológico, redigidos em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Esta revisão analisou seis estudos que investigaram a mudança na ingestão alimentar dessa população. Identificou-se uma redução da ingestão em até 31% de energia, 39,9% de proteínas, 33,7% de lipídeos, 28,7% de carboidratos e uma inadequação da ingestão de determinados micronutrientes. Conclusão: Mulheres com tumores ginecológicos durante o tratamento oncológico apresentam redução significativa da ingestão de energia, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e micronutrientes. Considerando que a perda de peso e a desnutrição em pacientes com câncer está associada a desfechos clínicos negativos, a avaliação e a análise da ingestão alimentar desses indivíduos são fundamentais para possibilitar uma intervenção nutricional precoce, boa resposta ao tratamento e consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida

Introduction: Cancer patients tend to lose weight and energy-protein malnutrition because of the changes the organism undergoes caused by the progression of the disease and treatment-related adverse effects that contribute for the reduction of food intake. Objective: To identify scientific literature-based evidences on food intake of women with gynecological tumors undergoing cancer treatment. Method: Integrative literature review through searches at the Embase, MEDLINE and LILACS databases with the association of descriptive terms and free words. Observational studies in Portuguese, English and Spanish that evaluated the food intake of this population were included in the analyzes. Results: This review identified 6 studies that investigated the change in food intake of women with gynecological cancer undergoing cancer treatment. A reduction in intake was identified in until 31% of energy, 39.9% of proteins, 33.7% of lipids, 28.7% of carbohydrates and inadequate intake of certain micronutrients. Conclusion: Women with gynecological tumors during cancer treatment present significant reduction of energy, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and micronutrients intake. Considering that weight loss and malnutrition in cancer patients are associated with negative clinical outcomes, the evaluation and analysis of the food intake of this population individuals is essential for early nutritional intervention, good response to treatment and improvement of the quality of life

Introducción: Los pacientes con cáncer tienen tendencia a la pérdida de peso y a la desnutrición calórico-proteica. Esto ocurre debido a los cambios que sufre el organismo debido al desarrollo de la enfermedad y los efectos adversos del tratamiento del cáncer que contribuyen a la reducción de la ingesta alimentaria. Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica sobre la ingesta alimentaria de mujeres con tumores ginecológicos en tratamiento oncológico. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura cuyas búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Embase, MEDLINE y LILACS mediante la asociación de términos descriptivos y palabras libres. Se incluyeron en los análisis estudios observacionales que evaluaron la ingesta de alimentos de mujeres adultas con tumores ginecológicos durante el tratamiento del cáncer, escritos en portugués, inglés y español. Resultados: Esta revisión analizó seis estudios que investigaron el cambio en la ingesta de alimentos en esta población. Cuantificamos una reducción de la ingesta de hasta un 31% en energía, 39,9% en proteínas, 33,7% en lípidos, 28,7% en carbohidratos y una ingesta inadecuada de determinados micronutrientes. Conclusión: Las mujeres con tumores ginecológicos durante el tratamiento del cáncer tienen una reducción significativa en la ingesta de energía, proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos y micronutrientes. Teniendo en cuenta que la pérdida de peso en pacientes con cáncer se asocia con resultados clínicos negativos, la evaluación de la ingesta alimentaria de estos individuos es fundamental para permitir una intervención nutricional precoz, una buena respuesta al tratamiento y la consecuente mejora de la calidad de vida

examination of the sexual functions of patients who underwent a gynecologic cancer operation and received brachytherapy

Objective: This study was planned as a descriptive study for the purpose of examining the sexual functions of patients' who underwent a gynecological operation and received brachytherapy

Methods: The study was conducted with 118 women who attended the Radiation Oncology Unit at Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital in Izmir Province for Gynecological Oncology follow-up, who participated voluntarily and were assigned using the random sampling method. The participants were married, sexually active, had a diagnosis of gynecologic cancer, underwent an operation and received brachytherapy for four months after the operation. The Individual Identification Form and Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI] were used as the data collection tools

Results: The average age of women who participated in study was 50.90 +/- 7.98 and 41.5% of them had completed primary school. About 60% of the participants had cervical cancer and 69.5% had a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. The FSFI average score was determined to be 15.77 +/- 8.71. It was found that 97.5% of the participants received fewer than 30 points from the scale and these participants thus experienced sexual dysfunction

Conclusions: According to the findings obtained from the study, almost all the women that had an operation as a result of a diagnosis of gynecologic cancer and received brachytherapy experienced sexual dysfunction

Câncer ginecológico e gravidez: uma revisão sistematizada direcionada para obstetras / Gynecological cancer and pregnancy: a systematic review aimed to obstetricians

A estimativa de incidência de câncer em grávidas é baixa. Entretanto, com a procriação ocorrendo em idades mais avançadas nas últimas décadas, observou-se um aumento na incidência dos cânceres diagnosticados durante a gravidez. Neste artigo, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática sobre a ocorrência do câncer ginecológico concomitante à gravidez. O objetivo foi apresentar as evidências disponíveis sobre a triagem, diagnóstico, acompanhamento do tratamento oncológico, bem como a possibilidade de preservação da fertilidade nessas mulheres. A revisão de literatura foi realizada na base de dados Pubmed, de 2010 a 2014. Dos 352 artigos encontrados, 26 foram selecionados para leitura completa. Devido à baixa incidência de cânceres ginecológicos associado à gravidez a condução destas pacientes tem como base os relatos e séries de casos e poucas coortes históricas. Os cânceres ginecológicos mais frequentemente associados à gravidez são o câncer do colo do útero e o de ovário. Nestes grupos de pacientes, o obstetra desempenha papel fundamental na triagem, diagnóstico, avaliação inicial, e coordenação da equipe multidisciplinar de assistência. O tratamento deve ser individualizado, com o objetivo de alcançar as maiores taxas de cura. Entretanto, deve também vislumbrar a possibilidade de manter a gravidez, com mínimos danos ao feto e de preservar a fertilidade, se possível, o que é incentivado pela tendência de início tardio da vida reprodutiva.(AU)

Cancer incidence estimates during pregnancy are low. However, with procreation occurring at older ages in recent decades, an increased incidence of cancers diagnosed during pregnancy has been observed. In this article a systematic review on the occurrence of concomitant gynecological cancer to pregnancy was performed. The objective was to provide the available evidence on screening, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer treatment and preservation of pregnancy and fertility in these group of women. The literature review was performed in PubMed database from 2010 to 2014. Of the 352 reviewed articles, 26 were selected to complete reading. Due to the low incidence of gynecological cancers associated with pregnancy, the management of these patients is based on reports, case series, and a few historical cohorts. Gynecologic cancers most often associated with pregnancy are cervical cancer and the ovarian cancer. In these group, the obstetrician composes an important role in screening, diagnosis, initial evaluation, and coordination of the multidisciplinary team care. Treatment should be individualized in order to achieve the highest cure rates. However, it should also envisage the possibility to maintain the pregnancy, with minimal damage to the fetus and to preserve fertility, if possible, which is encouraged by the tendency of the late reproductive years.(AU)

Extramammary Paget's disease: Analysis of 17 Chinese cases.

Background/Objective: Extramammary Paget’s Disease (EMPD) seems to be more common in Caucasians than Chinese. We report the clinical manifestations, management, and prognostic characteristics in 17 Chinese patients. Methods: Medical records and biopsies of 17 patients who had been treated at a large university hospital in China between March 2005 and January 2012 were reviewed. Results: Of the 17 patients, 14 were men. They had lesions on the scrotum and the penis. Of the three women, two had vulvar and one had inguinal lesions. All patients underwent Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Three men had metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes and underwent an extensive local excision with inguinal lymphadenectomy. Eight patients who had positive excision margins received additional radiation therapy. The mean follow-up duration was 54 months (4-85 months). One patient had two recurrences. Three had metastasis to the inguinal lymph node. One had metastasis to the bone and concomitant prostate cancer. Two patients died of the disease. Conclusion: A striking difference in presentation of EMPD in Chinese compared with Caucasians is the male predominance and location on the penis and scrotum. Mohs micrographic surgery followed by radiotherapy is an effective treatment. Long-term follow-up suggests that the disease has a good prognosis when it does not metastasise.

Psychological repercussions related to brachytherapy treatment in women with gynecological cancer: analysis of production from 1987 to 2007: [review] / Repercusiones psicológicas relacionadas al tratamiento de braquiterapia en mujeres con cáncer ginecológico: un análisis de la producción de 1987 a 2007: [revisión] / Repercussões psicológicas relacionadas ao tratamento de braquiterapia em mulheres com câncer ginecológico: análise da produção de 1987 a 2007: [revisão]

One of the radiotherapeutic modalities for gynecological cancer treatment is brachytherapy, characterized by the placement of radioactive materials near the tumor. This treatment can bring side effects for patients. Due to the emotional issues involved, the objective of this research was to apprehend studies about psychological repercussions related to brachytherapy treatment in women with gynecological cancer, through a literature review. The results revealed an embryionic production, with only one study produced in Brazil. A higher concentration of studies was found in the Nursing area. Research focused on psychosocial repercussions, attempting to understand the patients' experiences before, during and after treatment, evidencing physical and psychological consequences that affect their quality of life. It is important to consider the expansion of this production through psychological research that furthers the comprehension about the experience of women submitted to brachytherapy.

Una de las modalidades de radioterapia para el tratamiento del cáncer ginecológico es la braquiterapia, caracterizada por la colocación de materiales radioactivos junto al tumor. Esta terapéutica puede traer efectos colaterales a los pacientes. Pensando en las cuestiones emocionales, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo, a través de la revisión de la literatura, revisar los estudios que se refiriesen a las repercusiones psicológicas relacionadas al tratamiento de braquiterapia en mujeres con cáncer ginecológico. Los resultados revelaron una producción embrionaria, con apenas un trabajo producido en Brasil. Hubo una mayor concentración de estudios en el área de Enfermería. Los trabajos se centraron en las repercusiones psicosociales, buscando comprender la experiencia de las pacientes antes, durante, y después del término de la aplicación del tratamiento, lo que colocó en evidencia consecuencias físicas y psicológicas que afectan la calidad de vida. Es importante pensar en un incremento de esta producción con investigaciones psicológicas que profundicen la comprensión de la vivencia de mujeres sometidas a la braquiterapia.

Uma das modalidades radioterápicas para tratamento do câncer ginecológico é a braquiterapia, caracterizada pela colocação de materiais radioativos junto ao tumor. Essa terapêutica pode trazer efeitos colaterais às pacientes. Pensando nas questões emocionais, este trabalho objetivou, através de revisão de literatura, apreender estudos que se referissem a repercussões psicológicas relacionadas ao tratamento de braquiterapia em mulheres com câncer ginecológico. Os resultados revelaram produção embrionária, com apenas um trabalho produzido no Brasil. Houve maior concentração de estudos na área de enfermagem. Os trabalhos centraram-se nas repercussões psicossociais, buscando compreender a experiência das pacientes antes da aplicação, durante essa, e após o término do tratamento, evidenciando conseqüências físicas e psicológicas afetando a qualidade de vida. É importante pensar no incremento dessa produção com pesquisas psicológicas que aprofundem a compreensão da vivência de mulheres submetidas à braquiterapia.

Does hyperbaric oxygen administration decrease side effect and improve quality of life after pelvic radiation?

AIM: to evaluate the influence of HBOT to the side effect and quality of life after pelvic radiation. METHODS: this is an open randomized, parallel, prospective study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oncology Division and Department of Radiotherapy. Endoscopy procedure was performed in Department of Internal Medicine and tissue biopsy in Department of Pathology Anatomy. The hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) was done in Dr. Mintohardjo, Navy Seal Hospital Jakarta. The side effect was measured using LENT SOMA scale ratio, the quality of life used the Karnofsky score. The difference of two mean was analyzed using student t test. RESULTS: of 32 patients undergoing HBOT and 33 patients as control, the ratio of ASE of control group was 44.1+/-28.2%, HBOT group was 0.7+/-30.1%; p<0.001; the LSE of control group was 33.6+/-57.6%, HBOT group was -19.6+/-69.4%; p=0.008. Quality of life of control group after intervention was 4.5+/-10.7%; HBOT group was 19.7+/-9.6%; p <0.001. After 6 months of intervention the quality of life was 2.5+/-16.1% in the control group, and HBOT group was 15.2+/-14.7%; p =0.007. CONCLUSION: the study showed that HBOT decreased acute and late side effect, also improved the quality of life of patients with proctitis radiation.

Retrospective analysis of role of interstitial brachytherapy using template (MUPIT) in locally advanced gynecological malignancies.

AIM: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess treatment outcomes for patients with locally advanced gynecological malignancies being treated with interstitial brachytherapy using Martinez universal perineal interstitial template (MUPIT) and to study the acute and late sequelae and survival after treatment by this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety seven patients untreated with histopathological confirmation of carcinoma of cervix (37) vault (40) and vagina (20) were treated by combination of external beam RT (EBRT) using megavoltage irradiation to pelvis to dose of 4000-5000 cGy followed by interstitial brachytherapy using MUPIT between September 2001 to March 2005. Median age was 46 years. Only those patients who were found unsuitable for conventional brachytherapy or in whom intracavitatory radiotherapy was found to be unlikely to encompass a proper dose distribution were treated by interstitial template brachytherapy using MUPIT application and were enrolled in this study. The dose of MUPIT was 1600-2400 cGy in 4-6# with 400 cGy/# and two fractions a day with minimum gap of six hours in between two fractions on micro-HDR. Criteria for inclusion of patients were as follows: Hb minimum 10 gm/dl, performance status--70% or more (Karnofsy scale), histopathological confirmation FIGO stage IIB-IIIB (excluding frozen pelvis). RESULTS: Among the 97 patients studied, 12 patients lost to follow-up and hence they were excluded from the study. Follow-up of rest of the patients was then done up to September 2006. The duration of follow-up was in the range of 20-60 months. Parameters studied were local control rate, complication rate, mortality rate and number of patients developing systemic metastasis. Local control was achieved in 56/85 (64.7%) and complication rate was 15/85 (17.6%). Local control was better for nonbulky tumors compared bulky tumors irrespective of stage of disease. Local control was better in patients with good regression of disease after external beam radiotherapy. Time of gap between EBRT and implant also had an impact on the outcome. CONCLUSION: Interstitial template brachytherapy by MUPIT is a good alternative to deliver high dose radiation in locally advanced gynecological malignancies where conventional brachytherapy application is either not feasible or likely to give optimal dose distribution. Loco regional control obtained is definitely better than EBRT alone and within the accepted range of complications.

Complicaciones rectosigmoideas en el tratamiento radiante del cáncer ginecológico / Rectosigmoid complications in radiation treatment of gynecological cancer

Antecedentes: La radioterapia mediante irradiación intracavitaria y externa solas o asociadas a cirugía o quimioterapia es considerada el tratamiento de elección del cáncer ginecológico. Las dosis radiantes efectivas que se requieren para tratar adecuadamente procesos neoplásicos es lindante con aquellas toleradas por los tejidos circundantes. Objetivos: Analizar las complicaciones rectosigmoideas relacionadas al tratamiento radiante del cáncer ginecológico. Diseño: Trabajo retrospectivo. Población: Se presentan 55 pacientes con complicaciones rectosigmoideas del tratamiento radiante por cáncer ginecológico tratados durante junio 1990 a junio 1999. Método: El tratamiento radiante se implementó en 27 pacientes (49 por ciento), 17 casos por cáncer de cuello uterino y los restantes 10 por cáncer de endometrio. A la radioterapia, en 28 casos se le asoció cirugía (Op. de Wertheim Meigs) con diagnóstico de: cáncer de cuello uterino en 9 casos, cáncer de endometrio en 17 y de ovario en 2 casos. La dosis radiante utilizada osciló entre los 4500 y 13200 cGy. Resultados: Se presentaron complicaciones tempranas en 21 casos (38,2 por ciento) y las tardías ocurrieron en 34 pacientes (68,8 por ciento). Estas fueron fistulosas en 15 casos, hemorrágicas en 7 casos, obstructivas en 10 y ulcerativas en 2 casos. Se implementó tratamiento médico en 27 casos (49 por ciento), tratamiento quirúrgico en 31 pacientes (56,4 por ciento) todos ellos con complicaciones tardías. La morbilidad quirúrgica fue de 58 por ciento y la mortalidad cercana al 40 por ciento. Conclusiones: Consideramos un llamado de atención a las indicaciones del tratamiento radiante para que se tomen todas las medidas preventivas para reducir la frecuencia de sus severas complicaciones. Es necesario un manejo artesanal de cada paciente por el radioterapeuta evitando la estandarización del proceso.

Programa de garantia da qualidade em braquiterapia ginecológica: baixa taxa de dose / Quality assurance: brachytherapy

Este trabalho propöe um Programa de Qualidade em Braquiterapia Ginecológica de Baixa Taxa de Dose, com a técnica "remote afterloading" visando estabelecer procedimentos operacionais, de forma a assegurar a prescriçäo do tratamento e garantir a segurança dos pacientes e trabalhadores. A melhor interaçäo entre a equipe multiprofissional envolvida facilita a criaçäo de um sistema operacional que, com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e sistemas de tratamento, auxilia a transiçäo de uma técnica para outra, como, por exemplo, da Braquiterapia de Baixa para a de Alta Taxa de Dose. Este Programa de Garantia da Qualidade foi realizado no Hospital de Referência Nacional, o Instituto nacional de Câncer _ INCa...

Tratamiento de la Cistitis Radiogéna Hemorrágica con Formalina. Reporte de 5 casos / Treatment of hemorrhagic radiogenic cystitis with formaldehyde. Report of 5 cases

Se informan los resultados del tratamiento con formalina al 5 por ciento utilizada intravesical en 5 pacientes portadores de hematuria vesical masiva por cistitis radiógena hemorrágica. Se obtuvo remisión completa en el 100 por ciento de los casos, dada por el cese inmediato del sangramiento. Como complicación se presentó espasmo vesical moderado en todos los pacientes. Se recomienda este proceder terapéutico para el sangramiento incontrolable producido por cistitis radiógena hemorrágica con riesgo para la vida

Manejo del cáncer de ovario en un hospital general. actualización / Ovarion cancer managment in a general hospital.

Presentamos el manejo del Cáncer de Ovario en un Hospital General, como es el Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional del Perú, haciendo un estudio de todos los casos presentados en el transcurso de 25 años 1959-1983, sobre un total de 296, 704 pacientes que han tenido examen de detección de cáncer (Papanicolau), habiéndose diagnosticado 647 casos de cánder ginecológico, con 61 casos de cáncer de ovario y una incidencia de 9.5 por ciento, de los cuales correspondieron a estadios avanzados el 70 por ciento y el 30 por ciento a los estadios iniciales. Presentamos una supervivencia del 21.3 por ciento para cinco años sin enfermedad. Mostrabamos el nuevo enfoque del tratamiento del cáncer de ovario, el cual debe ser conocido por todo cirujano que incursiona en el abdomen, Recomendamos la presencia del Ginecólogo Oncólogo en todo Hospital General

Cistopatía posradiación: análisis de 467 pacientes / Posradiation cistopaty: analysis of 467 patients

Análisis retrospectivo de 467 expedientes clínicos de pacientes radiadas por padecer cáncer ginecológico. Como resultados se señalan la mayor incidencia de complicaciones en mujeres operadas como parte de su tratamiento, sin establecer en la mayoría de los casos una correlación entre las características del tratamiento aplicado y la aparición de complicaciones.

Actinic rectitis--the role of colostomy

From 4132 patients treated with radiation therapy due to gynecological malignancy from 1974 to 1988, 527 (12.75%) developed some grade of actinic rectitis with clinical manifestation. The authors analyzed the efficacy of colostomy in the management of 10 women with actinic rectitis grades I and II (Sherman classification) submitted to clinical treatment without response. Pelvic radiation therapy, clinical findings, proctoscopy and rectal biopsy were the basis for the diagnosis and staging of the actinic rectitis. All colostomies were made in the transverse colon and the median follow up from colostomy to last review was 53 months. Eight patients had complete remission of clinical findings after colostomy, but one had recurrence of symptoms 2 years later. One patient had incomplete remission but with clinical improvement and one patient had tumor recurrence. From 8 patients with complete clinical remission, 2 had the colostomies closed, but in 1 was restored 3 months later due to rectum-vaginal fistula

Sistema de carga diferida con radium 226 en el tratamiento de las neoplasias ginecológicas / Defered charge system with Radium 226 in the treatment og gynecological neoplasms

Se analizaron 148 casos consecutivos de pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino en tratamiento en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en el año 1992 con indicación de aplicación de radio intracavitario. La mitad de las pacientes fueron tratadas con el sistema de Manchester modificado y la otra mitad con el sistema de carga diferida manual con los aplicadores de Fletcher-Suit-Delclos, realizándose en forma secuencial un número aproximado de 15 aplicaciones por semana, de los cuales la mitad correspondía a cada uno de los sistemas de aplicación. No se encontró ningún tipo de problema para realizar las aplicaciones con cuaquiera de los 2 sistemas, ambos sistemas son lo suficientemente versátiles para adaptarse a las variantes anatómicas que presentaban las pacientes( como por ejemplo amplitud de vagina, cirugía previa, histerometría, etc). Ambos sistemas son bien tolerados y requieren tan solo de analgesia leve a moderada. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a complicaciones de tipo local. Se observó una distribución más homogénea y se pudo determinar mejor las cargas necesarias para el tratamiento en las pacientes tratadas con el sistema de carga diferida, aunque no hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto a dosis administradas con ambos sistemas. En vista de que no se observaron mayores dificultades ni complicaciones con empleo del nuevo sistema (carga diferida), se recomienda su uso en las pacientes a ser tratadas ya que sí se logra disminuir considerablemente la exposición a radiación del personal involucrado en la aplicación del mismo.

Pap smear examinations in women post-treated for genital organ diseases by operation and radiation.

A total of 846 Pap smears in women post-treated for genital organ diseases by operation and radiation (1.7% of all those made) at the Cytological Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital between April 4, 1983 and July 4, 1984, were examined. The women were aged 21-75 years (mean age 43.1 +/- 9.7 years). Sixty-seven point two per cent of the women had Wertheim operations and 30.1 per cent total abdominal hysterectomies, due to invasive carcinoma (68.1% of cases) and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix (15.2%). Cytological findings revealed 72.8 per cent normal smears, 26.0 per cent infections (17.7% with mixed bacteria), one case of carcinoma in situ and one case of postirradiation dysplasia (both cases were post Wertheim operation). Hormonal conditions were 53.2 per cent in early menopause, 11.7 per cent in crowded menopause, 11.9 per cent in late menopause and 23.2 per cent had no hormonal evaluation. Pap smears of women post-treated for genital organ diseases by operation and radiation were examined for consideration of treatment of choice.