Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in GABAergic Neurons in the Rostral Anterior Insular Cortex Contributes to the Analgesia Following Common Peroneal Nerve Ligation / 神经科学通报·英文版

The rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) has been associated with pain modulation. Although the endogenous cannabinoid system (eCB) has been shown to regulate chronic pain, the roles of eCBs in the RAIC remain elusive under the neuropathic pain state. Neuropathic pain was induced in C57BL/6 mice by common peroneal nerve (CPN) ligation. The roles of the eCB were tested in the RAIC of ligated CPN C57BL/6J mice, glutamatergic, or GABAergic neuron cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) knockdown mice with the whole-cell patch-clamp and pain behavioral methods. The E/I ratio (amplitude ratio between mEPSCs and mIPSCs) was significantly increased in layer V pyramidal neurons of the RAIC in CPN-ligated mice. Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition but not depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in RAIC layer V pyramidal neurons were significantly increased in CPN-ligated mice. The analgesic effect of ACEA (a CB1R agonist) was alleviated along with bilateral dorsolateral funiculus lesions, with the administration of AM251 (a CB1R antagonist), and in CB1R knockdown mice in GABAergic neurons, but not glutamatergic neurons of the RAIC. Our results suggest that CB1R activation reinforces the function of the descending pain inhibitory pathway via reducing the inhibition of glutamatergic layer V neurons by GABAergic neurons in the RAIC to induce an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain.

Análise bibliométrica da utilização do músculo fibular terceiro em retalhos cirúrgicos / Bibliometric analysis of the use of the fibular third muscle in surgical flaps / Análisis bibliométrico del uso del tercer músculo fibular en colgajos quirúrgicos

A bibliometria é uma excelente ferramenta que permite determinar as obras e autores mais citados, assuntos mais enfatizados, palavras-chave mais utilizadas, autores que mais publicaram, bem como suas respectivas áreas de formação, revelando, assim, parte da dinâmica de produção do conhecimento desse campo de pesquisas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análise bibliométrica sobre a utilização do músculo fibular terceiro como retalho em cirurgia ortopédica. Para tal, realizou- se uma pesquisa bibliométrica, de caráter observacional e abordagem quantitativa, utilizando como palavras-chave as seguintes combinações booleanas ("fibularis tertius" OR "peroneus tertius" OR "fibularis anterior" AND "surgery" OR "Plastic surgery" OR "surgical flap" OR "Lower extremity" AND "human") através da plataforma SCOPUS. A análise bibliométrica encontrou 33 artigos publicados em periódicos de grande impacto em nível mundial, principalmente nos anos de 2018 e 2020. Ao associar as palavras-chave através da Lei de Bradford, lei esta que estima o grau de relevância de periódicos que atuam em áreas do conhecimento específicas, a revista mais relevante foi a Surgical And Radiologic Anatomy, seguida da Journal Of Foot And Ankle Surgery e Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery. O pesquisador Arnold et al., 1999, do Setor de Cirurgia Plástica e Reconstrutiva dos Estados Unidos, publicou o artigo intitulado "Muscle flaps in osteomyelitis of the lower extremity: A 20-year account", no periódico Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, e obteve 61 citações e apresentou o maior fator H para a pesquisa realizada. As análises bibliométricas podem se configurar em uma metodologia tecnológica importante para a medicina, por revelar padrões de pesquisa e identificação de tendências, assim como podem também ser utilizadas em qualquer base de dados, sendo sugeridos novos estudos. O uso dos recursos disponíveis na base de dados SCOPUS se mostrou interessante para a realização de estudos desse tipo em curto espaço de tempo, além de propiciar a possibilidade de estudos posteriores com análise de outros indicadores, principalmente de um tema tão relevante para a cirurgia ortopédica.

Bibliometrics is an excellent tool that allows you to determine the most cited works and authors, the most emphasized subjects, the most used keywords, the most published authors, as well as their respective areas of training, thus revealing part of the dynamics of knowledge production of this field of research. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis on the use of the third peroneus muscle as a flap in orthopedic surgery. To this end, a bibliometric research was carried out, with an observational character and a quantitative approach, using the following Boolean combinations as keywords ("fibularis tertius" OR "peroneus tertius" OR "fibularis anterior" AND "surgery" OR "Plastic surgery" OR "surgical flap" OR "Lower extremity" AND "human") through the SCOPUS platform. The bibliometric analysis found 33 articles published in high-impact journals worldwide, mainly in the years 2018 and 2020. By associating the keywords through the Bradford Law, this law estimates the degree of relevance of journals operating in areas of specific knowledge, the most relevant journal was Surgical And Radiologic Anatomy, followed by Journal Of Foot And Ankle Surgery and Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery. Researcher Arnold et al., 1999, from the US Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Sector, published the article entitled "Muscle flaps in osteomyelitis of the lower extremity: A 20-year account", in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and obtained 61 citations and presented the biggest H factor for the research performed. Bibliometric analyzes can be configured as an important technological methodology for medicine, for revealing research patterns and identifying trends, as well as being used in any database, with further studies being suggested. The use of resources available in the SCOPUS database proved to be interesting for carrying out studies of this type in a short period of time, in addition to providing the possibility of further studies with analysis of other indicators, especially on a topic so relevant to orthopedic surgery.

La bibliometría es una excelente herramienta para determinar los trabajos y autores más citados, los temas más destacados, las palabras clave más utilizadas, los autores que más han publicado, así como sus respectivas áreas de formación, revelando así parte de la dinámica de producción de conocimiento en este campo de investigación. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre el uso del tercer músculo fibular como colgajo en cirugía ortopédica. Para ello, se realizó una investigación bibliométrica, observacional y cuantitativa utilizando como palabras clave las siguientes combinaciones booleanas ("fibularis tertius" OR "peroneus tertius" OR "fibularis anterior" AND "surgery" OR "Plastic surgery" OR "surgical flap" OR "Lower extremity" AND "human") a través de la plataforma SCOPUS. El análisis bibliométrico encontró 33 artículos publicados en revistas de alto impacto a nivel mundial, principalmente en los años 2018 y 2020. Al asociar las palabras clave mediante la Ley de Bradford, una ley que estima el grado de relevancia de las revistas que operan en áreas de conocimiento específicas, la revista más relevante fue Surgical And Radiologic Anatomy, seguida de Journal Of Foot And Ankle Surgery y Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery. El investigador Arnold et al. 1999, del Departamento de Cirugía Plástica y Reconstructiva de los Estados Unidos, publicó un artículo titulado "Muscle flaps in osteomyelitis of the lower extremity: A 20-year account" (Colgajos musculares en la osteomielitis de la extremidad inferior: un relato de 20 años), en la revista Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, y obtuvo 61 citas y presentó el factor H más alto para la investigación realizada. Los análisis bibliométricos pueden configurarse como una importante metodología tecnológica para la medicina, al revelar patrones de investigación e identificar tendencias, así como también pueden utilizarse en cualquier base de datos, con la sugerencia de nuevos estudios. La utilización de los recursos disponibles en la base de datos SCOPUS resultó interesante para realizar estudios de este tipo en un corto periodo de tiempo, además de ofrecer la posibilidad de realizar estudios posteriores con análisis de otros indicadores, especialmente en un tema tan relevante para la cirugía ortopédica.

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Diagnóstico clínico de la incontinencia pigmentaria en dos neonatos con lesiones cutáneas vesículo-pustulosas / Clinical diagnosis of pigment incontinence in two neonates with vesicle-pustulous skin lesions

Introducción: La incontinencia pigmentaria es un trastorno neuroectodérmico sistémico que en el recién nacido se diagnostica por la presencia de lesiones cutáneas de tipo eritemato-vesiculosas o vesículo-pustulosas, con distribución según las líneas de Blaschko, asociadas a eosinofilia en muestra de sangre. Objetivo: Mostrar que es factible diagnosticar la incontinencia pigmentaria en el período neonatal, aún en casos esporádicos, mediante un adecuado ejercicio del método clínico. Presentación de los casos: Se trata de dos recién nacidas femeninas, nacidas a término, con peso adecuado para la edad gestacional y sin antecedentes pre- y perinatales de interés; la primera de las cuales se presenta al tercer día de nacida con lesiones en piel, de aspecto vesículo-pustuloso, que seguían el recorrido del nervio ciático poplíteo externo. El segundo caso se presenta al 11no día de nacida con lesiones de tipo vesículo-ampulosas, en región externa de los cuatro miembros, con mejoría a los 26 días de vida. En ambos casos se plantea el diagnóstico de incontinencia pigmentaria esporádica. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de la incontinencia pigmentaria en el período neonatal constituye un reto, el cual es posible asumir si se lleva a cabo un adecuado uso del método clínico, con un minucioso diagnóstico diferencial. Para el diagnóstico, resulta útil establecer consenso a partir de un enfoque multidisciplinario(AU)

Introduction: Pigment incontinence is a systemic neuroectodermal disorder that in the newborn is diagnosed by the presence of skin lesions of erythematous-vesiculosus or vesicle-pustulous type, with distribution according to the Blaschko lines, associated with eosinophilia in the blood sample. Objective: Show that it is feasible to diagnose pigment incontinence in the neonatal period, even in sporadic cases, through proper performance of the clinical method. Presentation of cases: These are two female newborns, born full-term, with a suitable weight for gestational age and without a pre- and perinatal history of interest; the first case occurs on the third day of life, presenting skin lesions, vesicle-pustulous in appearance, which followed the path of the external popliteal sciatic nerve. The second case occurs on the 11th day of life with vesicle-ampulose lesions in the outer region of the four limbs, with improvement at 26 days of life. Diagnosis of sporadic pigment incontinence is stated in both cases. Conclusions: Diagnosing pigment incontinence in the neonatal period is a challenge, which can be assumed if proper use of the clinical method is carried out, with a thorough differential diagnosis(AU)

Relationship between fabella and posterolateral knee pain and common peroneal nerve injury / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the incidence and characteristics of fabella in the Chinese population and its correlation with pain in the posterolateral region of the knee joint and common peroneal nerve palsy.@*METHODS@#Total 732 patients including 405 males(450 knees) and 327 females(383 knees) who underwent unilateral or bilateral knee MR imaging from September 2015 to July 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. The basic information of all patients was extracted from the hospital's his system. The patient's medical records were checked by telephone follow-up or his system, and the number of patients with posterolateral knee pain and common peroneal nerve paralysis were recorded.@*RESULTS@#The overall prevalence of fabella was 48.38%, 23.53% in men and 24.85% in women, there was no significant difference between them (@*CONCLUSION@#The prevalence of fabella us in Chinese population is 48.38%. There is no relationship between the incidence of gastrocnemius and gender, but the incidence of fabella is positively correlated with age, pain in the posterolateral region of the knee joint and the occurrence of common peroneal nerve symptoms.

Stem cells in end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Experimental study in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy, focusing in the nerve regeneration and the muscle reinnervation in acute trauma. Methods: 140 animals were randomly divided in seven groups: control, denervated, end-to-side neurorrhaphy between distal stump of common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve (ESN), ESN wrapped in fascia, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel, ESN wrapped in platelet gel, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel within stem cells (without culture) removed from the adipose tissue. Mass measurements of the animal and of cranial tibial muscles, electromyography, walking track analysis tests and histological examinations of the nerves and muscles after 180 days was performed. Results: In the groups where the ESN was performed, the results were always better when compared to the denervated group, showing reinnervation in all ESN groups. The most sensitive methods were walking track and histological analysis. Only the group with stem cells showed values similar to the control group, as well as the functional indices of peroneal nerve and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve. Conclusions: Stem cells were effective in ESN according with the functional index of the peroneal nerve, evaluated by walking track analysis and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve.

Eficácia da estimulação elétrica com corrente russa após neurorrafia término-lateral do nervo fibular comum: análise eletroneuromiográfica e de força muscular / Eficacia de la estimulación eléctrica con la corriente rusa tras la neurorrafia término-lateral del nervio fibular común: análisis electroneuromiográfico y de fuerza muscular muscular / Efficacy of electrical Russian current stimulation after end-to-side neurorrhaphy of the common fibular nerve: electroneuromyography and muscle strength analysis

RESUMO Lesões de nervos periféricos levam a perda funcional elevada no tecido muscular. Assim, muitas pesquisas têm investigado técnicas cirúrgicas, como neurorrafias, e recursos terapêuticos, como eletroestimulação, para melhorar a funcionalidade de um músculo reinervado após lesão periférica. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos da eletroestimulação com corrente russa (2.500Hz, 4ms, 10 seg. de contração por 20 seg. de relaxamento, modulação de 10Hz e 100 Hz) na recuperação funcional após secção e neurorrafia término-lateral do coto distal do nervo fibular comum à face lateral do nervo tibial em ratos. Foram utilizados 25 ratos Wistar, machos, com 80 dias de vida, fornecidos pelo Biotério Central da Universidade Sagrado Coração (Bauru, SP, Brasil). Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: grupo-controle Inicial (GCI), grupo-controle final (GCF), grupo experimental não tratado (GENT), grupo neurorrafia término-lateral com estimulação russa (GNTLER) e grupo-controle desnervado (GCD). A corrente russa foi iniciada cinco dias após neurorrafia e aplicada no músculo tibial cranial do GNTLER, 3 vezes por semana, totalizando 36 sessões. A estimulação elétrica foi eficaz para aumentar a amplitude e diminuir a latência do músculo reinervado, além de aumentar a força muscular em comparação ao GCD. Diante disso, conclui-se que a eletroestimulação de média frequência (corrente russa) foi eficiente na recuperação funcional do músculo tibial cranial após neurorrafia término-lateral do nervo fibular comum.

RESUMEN Las lesiones de los nervios periféricos ocasionan una elevada pérdida funcional en el tejido muscular. De esta manera, en muchos estudios se han investigado técnicas quirúrgicas, como neurorrafias, y recursos terapéuticos, como la electroestimulación, para mejorar la funcionalidad del músculo reinervado tras una lesión periférica. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los efectos de la electroestimulación con corrente rusa (2.500Hz, 4ms, 10 seg. de contracción por 20 seg. de relajación, modulación de 10Hz y 100Hz) en la recuperación funcional tras la sección y neurorrafia término-lateral del muñón distal del nervio fibular común en la parte lateral del nervio tibial en ratas. Se utilizaron 25 ratas Wistar, machos, con 80 días de vida, proporcionadas por el Biotério Central de la Universidade do Sagrado Coração (Bauru, SP, Brasil). Se dividieron aleatoriamente los animales en cinco grupos: grupo de control inicial (GCI), grupo de control final (GCF), grupo experimental no tratado (GENT), grupo de neurorrafia término-lateral con estimulación rusa (GNTLER) y grupo de control denervado (GCD). La corriente rusa se inició cinco días tras la neurorrafia, siendo que la aplicó al músculo tibial craneal del GNTLER 3 veces a la semana, con un total de 36 sesiones. La estimulación eléctrica se mostró efectiva para aumentar la amplitud y disminuir la latencia del músculo reinervado, además de aumentar la fuerza muscular en comparación con el GCD. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la estimulación eléctrica de frecuencia media (corriente rusa) fue eficaz en la recuperación funcional del músculo tibial craneal tras la neurorrafia término-lateral del nervio fibular común.

ABSTRACT Peripheral nerve injury leads to a high functional loss of muscle tissue. Thus, many studies have investigated surgical techniques, such as neurorraphies, and therapeutic resources, such as electrical stimulation, to improve the functionality of reinnervated muscle after peripheral injury. This study aims to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation with Russian Current (2,500Hz, 4ms, 10:20 sec contraction/relaxation, modulated at 10Hz and 100Hz) in the functional recovery after section and end-to-side neurorrhaphy of the peroneal nerve distal stump common to the lateral face of the tibial nerve in rats. In this study, 25 male Wistar rats with 80 days of life were used, provided by the Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC), Bauru, SP, Brazil. The animals were randomly divided into five groups: Initial Control Group (ICG), Final Control Group (FCG), Untreated Experimental Group (UEG), End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy with Russian Stimulation Group (ENRSG), and Denervated Control Group (DCG). The Russian Current was started 5 days after neurorrhaphy and applied to the cranial tibial muscle of the ENRSG, 3 times a week, totaling 36 sessions. We observed that the electrical stimulation with Russian Current (ENRSG) was effective to increase amplitude (mV) and to decrease the latency (ms) of the reinnervated muscle, besides increasing the muscle strength when compared with the denervated control group. Therefore, we concluded that the average frequency electrical stimulation (Russian current) was efficient in the functional recovery of the cranial tibial muscle after the end-lateral neurorrhaphy of the common fibular nerve.

Clinical importance of tensor fasciae suralis arising from linea aspera along with short head of biceps femoris: a rare anomaly / 대한해부학회지

Tensor fasciae suralis, also known as ischioaponeuroticus is a clinically relevant muscle variant located in the popliteal fossa. Though rare, when present the muscle may arise from any of the hamstrings and gets inserted to the crural fascia of leg or tendocalcaneus and is innervated by the tibial component of sciatic nerve. Here we report a variant of tensor fasciae suralis originated from the lowermost part of linea aspera along with the fibers of short head of biceps femoris in the left lower limb of a male cadaver aged approximately 58 years. The muscle was 16 cm in length and 1 cm breadth in its widest part. It was found inserted to the crural fascia over the lateral head of gastrocnemius and was found innervated by common peroneal nerve. To the best of our knowledge, the tensor fascia suralis muscle originated from linea aspera along with short head of biceps femoris and innervated by common peroneal nerve has not been reported in either cadaveric or imaging studies.

Intermediate-Term Clinical Outcomes after Total Ankle Arthroplasty for End-Stage Rheumatoid Arthritis with Modification of Perioperative Anti-Rheumatic Medication / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: This retrospective study reports the intermediate-term clinical outcomes including the practical function in daily and sports activities after total ankle arthroplasty for end-stage rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the effects of modification of perioperative anti-rheumatic medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years after total ankle replacement for end-stage rheumatoid arthritis. Perioperative anti-rheumatic medications in all patients were modified based on a specific guideline. Clinical evaluations consisted of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores. Periodic radiographic evaluation was conducted to detect changes in ankle alignment and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Mean AOFAS, FAOS, and FAAM scores improved significantly from 37.5 to 81.2, 39.1 to 72.4, and 33.8 to 64.0 points at final follow-up, respectively (p<0.001). Functional outcomes in daily and sports activities at final follow-up were found to be 76.5 and 55.8 points for the FAOS and 70.5 and 57.5 points for the FAAM, respectively. As early postoperative complications, there was one case of local wound necrosis, one case of medial malleolar fracture, and one case of deep peroneal nerve injury. Radiological evaluation revealed two cases of asymptomatic heterotopic ossification and one case of progressive arthritis in the talonavicular joint. Reoperation was performed in only one patient (8.3%) with a medial soft tissue impingement at a mean of 35.6 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Total ankle arthroplasty appears to be an effective surgical option for end-stage rheumatoid arthritis. Practical functions in daily and sports activities were significantly improved at intermediate-term follow-up. Modification of perioperative anti-rheumatic medications can be one of the solutions to reduce the postoperative complication rate.

Optimal location of local anesthetic injection in the interspace between the popliteal artery and posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK) for posterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty: an anatomical and clinical study / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the optimal location of local anesthetic injection in the interspace between the popliteal artery and posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK), using the anatomical pattern of the articular branch of tibial nerve (ABTN). We hypothesized that injection at the level of ABTN forming a popliteal plexus would mainly spread throughout the popliteal fossa without contacting the tibial or peroneal nerves. METHODS: The anatomical study included 30 soft cadavers. Ultrasound-guided dye injection was performed in legs of 10 cadavers after identifying the position of the ABTN and surrounding structures, followed by dissection to assess its spread. Clinical study was conducted in 15 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with ultrasound-guided injection in the iPACK. All patients also received continuous adductor canal block. Sensorimotor function of the tibial and common peroneal nerves was determined. RESULTS: In the distal portion of the popliteal fossa, the tibial nerve and popliteal vessels ran superficially and closely together. The trajectory of ABTN ran lateral to the popliteal vasculature, forming a plexus towards the posterior capsule of the knee below the medial side of the upper edge of lateral femoral condyle. In cadavers, the ABTN and surrounding area of the popliteal plexus were stained with dye after injection. In the clinical study, no patients experienced complete motor or sensory blocks. CONCLUSIONS: We described a modified iPACK technique injection at the level of the ABTN forming the popliteal plexus, and it may constitute an optional anesthetic regimen to promote early ambulation following TKA.

Branching Patterns and Anatomical Course of the Common Fibular Nerve

OBJECTIVE: To present the branching patterns and anatomical course of the common fibular nerve (CFN) and its relationship with fibular head (FH).METHODS: A total of 21 limbs from 12 fresh cadavers were dissected. The FH width (FH_width), distance between the FH and CFN (FH_CFN), and thickness of the nerve were measured. The ratio of the FH_CFN to FH_width was calculated as follows: < 1, cross type and ≥1, posterior type. Angle between the CFN and vertical line of the lower limb 5 cm proximal to the tip of the FH was measured. Branching patterns of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf (LCNC) were classified into four types according to its origin and direction as follows: type 1a, lateral margin of the CFN; type 1b, medial margin of the CFN; type 2, lateral sural cutaneous nerve (LSCN); and type 3, CFN and LSCN.RESULTS: In the cross type (15 cases, 71.4%), the ratio of FH_CFN/FH_width was 0.83 and the angle was 13.0°. In the posterior type (6 cases, 28.6%), the ratio was 1.04 and the angle was 11.0°. In the branching patterns of LCNC, type 2 was the most common (10 cases), followed by types 1a and 1b (both, 5 cases).CONCLUSION: Location of the CFN around the FH might be related to the development of its neuropathy, especially in the cross type of CFN. The LCNC showed various branching patterns and direction, which could be associated with difficulties of electrophysiologic testing.

Estudio biométrico de la distribución de los ramos motores del nervio fibular superficial en el compartimiento lateral de la pierna en individuos brasileiros: implicancias clínicas y variaciones / Biometric study of the distribution of the motor branches of the superficial fibular nerve in the lateral compartment of the leg in Brazilian individuals: clinical implications and variations

El propósito del presente estudio fue conocer la distribución de los ramos motores del nervio fibular superficial (NFS) y de sus respectivas penetraciones en los músculos fibulares en relación al ápice de la cabeza de la fíbula, dividiendo el compartimiento lateral de la pierna en tres regiones a fin de hacer posible una visión más segura de sus correlaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas. A través de disección, se estudiaron 60 piernas pareadas de 30 cadáveres adultos, de ambos sexos, Brasileños, con edad promedio de 44,9 años, siendo 8 de sexo femenino y 22 del masculino. Después de la disección se registraron las distancias de los puntos de penetración de los ramos del NFS en los músculos fibular largo (mFL) y corto (mFC), localizándolos en los tercios proximal, medio o distal, según fuere el caso. Se observó que el mayor número de ramos penetraron en el mFL a nivel de la parte distal del tercio proximal de la pierna, mientras que en el mFC lo hicieron en las partes proximal y distal del tercio medio de la pierna. Los ramos motores para el mFL penetraban en el vientre muscular entre 48,06 y 141,56 mm, y los ramos para el mFC lo hicieron entre 163,34 y 209,67 mm del origen del nervio. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas ni entre los lados derecho e izquierdo ni entre genéros. Independiente de las diferencias metodológicas entre los estudios disponibles, el detalle de la distribución nerviosa en este compartimiento, permitirá una mayor precisión en el momento de elegirse un área para colgajo de injerto autólogo y una menor chance de lesiones iatrogénicas durante cirugías de la región.

The purpose of the present study was to know the distribution of the motor branches of the superficial fibular nerve (SFN) and their respective motor points in the fibular muscles in relation to the apex of the head of the fibula, dividing the lateral compartment of the leg in three regions in order to make possible a safer view of your clinical and surgical correlations. Through dissection, 60 paired legs of 30 adult cadavers, of both sexes, Brazilians, with an average age of 44.9 years, 8 being female and 22 male, were studied. After the dissection, the distances of the motor points of the NFS branches in the fibularis longus (FLm) and brevis (FBm) muscles were recorded, locating them in the proximal, middle or distal thirds. It was observed that the largest number of branches penetrated the FLm at the level of the distal part of the proximal third of the leg, while in the FBm they did so in the proximal and distal parts of the middle third of the leg. The motor branches for the FLm penetrated into the muscular belly between 48.06 and 141.56 mm, and the branches for the FBm did between 163.34 and 209.67 mm of the origin of the nerve. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides or between genres. Regardless of the methodological differences between the available studies, the detail of the nervous distribution in this compartment will allow a greater precision at the time of choosing an area for autologous graft flap and a lower chance of iatrogenic injuries during surgeries of the region.

Anatomical Variants of “Short Head of Biceps Femoris Muscle” Associated with Common Peroneal Neuropathy in Korean Populations : An MRI Based Study

OBJECTIVE: In Asians, kneeling and squatting are the postures that are most often induce common peroneal neuropathy. However, we could not identify a compatible compression site of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) during hyper-flexion of knees. To evaluate the course of the CPN at the popliteal area related with compressive neuropathy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of healthy Koreans. METHODS: 1.5-Tesla knee MRI scans were obtained from enrolled patients and were retrospectively reviewed. The normal populations were divided into two groups according to the anatomical course of the CPN. Type I included subjects with the CPN situated superficial to the lateral gastocnemius muscle (LGCM). Type II included subjects with the CPN between the short head of biceps femoris muscle (SHBFM) and the LGCM. We calculated the thickness of the SHBFM and posterior elongation of this muscle, and the LGCM at the level of femoral condyles. In type II, the length of popliteal tunnel where the CPN passes was measured. RESULTS: The 93 normal subjects were included in this study. The CPN passed through the “popliteal tunnel” formed between the SHBFM and the LGCM in 36 subjects (38.7% type II). The thicknesses of SHBFM and posterior portions of this muscle were statistically significantly increased in type II subjects. The LGCM thickness was comparable in both groups. In 78.8% of the “popliteal tunnel”, a length of 21 mm to < 40 mm was measured. CONCLUSION: In Korean population, the course of the CPN through the “popliteal tunnel” was about 40%, which is higher than the Western results. This anatomical characteristic may be helpful for understanding the mechanism of the CPNe by posture.

Anatomical Variants of “Short Head of Biceps Femoris Muscle” Associated with Common Peroneal Neuropathy in Korean Populations : An MRI Based Study

OBJECTIVE: In Asians, kneeling and squatting are the postures that are most often induce common peroneal neuropathy. However, we could not identify a compatible compression site of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) during hyper-flexion of knees. To evaluate the course of the CPN at the popliteal area related with compressive neuropathy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of healthy Koreans.METHODS: 1.5-Tesla knee MRI scans were obtained from enrolled patients and were retrospectively reviewed. The normal populations were divided into two groups according to the anatomical course of the CPN. Type I included subjects with the CPN situated superficial to the lateral gastocnemius muscle (LGCM). Type II included subjects with the CPN between the short head of biceps femoris muscle (SHBFM) and the LGCM. We calculated the thickness of the SHBFM and posterior elongation of this muscle, and the LGCM at the level of femoral condyles. In type II, the length of popliteal tunnel where the CPN passes was measured.RESULTS: The 93 normal subjects were included in this study. The CPN passed through the “popliteal tunnel” formed between the SHBFM and the LGCM in 36 subjects (38.7% type II). The thicknesses of SHBFM and posterior portions of this muscle were statistically significantly increased in type II subjects. The LGCM thickness was comparable in both groups. In 78.8% of the “popliteal tunnel”, a length of 21 mm to < 40 mm was measured.CONCLUSION: In Korean population, the course of the CPN through the “popliteal tunnel” was about 40%, which is higher than the Western results. This anatomical characteristic may be helpful for understanding the mechanism of the CPNe by posture.

Undiagnosed Peripheral Nerve Disease in Patients with Failed Lumbar Disc Surgery

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study (level of evidence=3). PURPOSE: We examine the relationship between residual symptoms after discectomy for lumbar disc herniation and peripheral nerve (PN) neuropathy. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Patients may report persistent or recurrent symptoms after lumbar disc herniation surgery; others fail to respond to a variety of treatments. Some PN neuropathies elicit symptoms similar to those of lumbar spine disease. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data for 13 patients treated for persistent (n=2) or recurrent (n=11) low back pain (LBP) and/or leg pain after primary lumbar discectomy. RESULTS: Lumbar re-operation was required for four patients (three with recurrent lumbar disc herniation and one with lumbar canal stenosis). Superior cluneal nerve (SCN) entrapment neuropathy (EN) was noted in 12 patients; SCN block improved the symptoms for eight of these patients. In total, nine patients underwent PN surgery (SCN-EN, n=4; peroneal nerve EN, n=3; tarsal tunnel syndrome, n=1). Their symptoms improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant PN disease should be considered for patients with failed back surgery syndrome manifesting as persistent or recurrent LBP.

Muscular Variations of Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle Related with Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome / 체질인류학회지

During routine dissection, additional muscular head of extensor digitorum brevis muscle attaching to the third toe and accessory muscle perforated by the branch of the deep peroneal nerve were observed in the right foot of a 71-year-old male cadaver. The additional muscular head originated from the dorsal surface of cuboid bone, and ran parallel with the third tendon of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. It was conjoined with the third tendon of extensor digitorum brevis at the middle of its course. The accessory muscle was a small muscle which was covered with the muscle belly of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle. It originated from the dorsal surface of the calcaneus, and inserted to the lateral one-third of transverse retinacular band. These two variants were innervated by the branches of deep peroneal nerve. The branches of deep peroneal nerve were compressed under the tendon of extensor hallucis brevis and around the site where the nerve branch perforated the small muscle. The clinical significances of these variations and tendon of extensor hallucis brevis muscle were discussed.

Common Peroneal Nerve Palsy Associated with Multiple Knee Ligament Injury / 대한스포츠의학회지

Common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury associated with multiple-ligament knee injury is relatively rare. A 38-year-old male presented with left knee pain occurred during ssireum (Korean wrestling). The patient exhibited positive Lachman, grade 3 varus stress, and also positive dial testing at 30°. Sensory loss of some area of left foot and foot drop were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and posterolateral corner (PLC) injury. Motor nerve conduction velocity indicated left CPN palsy. ACL and PLC reconstructions were performed 10 days after injury and nerve exploration was done simultaneously. Neurolysis and primary repair were also performed. At 26 months after injury, muscle power of the tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus improved to grade 3, and sensation in CPN area recovered to about 60%. There was good stability in injured knee. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing CPN palsy with multiple-ligament knee injury during ssireum.

End-to-side versus end-to-end neurorrhaphy at the peroneal nerve in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate three different kinds of neurorrhaphy of the peroneal nerve. Methods: Eigthy rats were divided into 5 groups. Control: nerve had no intervention. End-to-end (EE): nerve was cut and elongated with a nerve graft with two end-to-end neurorrhaphies. End-to-side (ES): nerve was cut and sutured to the graft with at the lateral side of the nerve. Side-to-end (SE): the nerve was cut and sutured to the graft with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Denervated: nerve was cut and both endings were buried into the muscle. The evaluation was done by walking track analysis, electrophysiology, body mass, cranial tibial muscle mass, nerve and muscle fibers morphometry. Results: The EE, ES and SE have the same potential of reinnervation. Conclusion: There is no functional or histological difference between these different types of neurorrhaphy.

A Comparison of Interside Asymmetries of Lower Extremity Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Patients with Unilateral Lumbosacral Radiculopathy

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PURPOSE: This study was to investigate interside asymmetries of three lower extremity somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in anesthetized patients with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Although interside asymmetry is an established criterion of abnormal SSEP, little is known which of the lower SSEPs is more sensitive in detecting interside asymmetry in anesthetized patients. METHODS: Superficial peroneal nerve SSEP (SPN-SSEP), posterior tibial nerve SSEP (PTN-SSEP), and sural nerve SSEP were obtained in 31 lumbosacral surgery patients with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy, and compared with a group of 22 control subjects. RESULTS: The lumbosacral group showed significant larger interside asymmetry ratios of P37 latencies in SPN-SSEP and PTN-SSEP, and significant larger interside asymmetry ratio of P37-N45 amplitude in SPN-SSEP, when comparing with the control group. Within the lumbosacral group but not the control group, SPN-SSEP displayed significant larger interside asymmetry ratio in P37 latency. When referencing to the control group, more patients in the lumbosacral group displayed abnormal interside SPN-SSEP latency asymmetries which corroborated the symptom laterality. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that SPN-SSEP was more sensitive in detecting interside latency asymmetry in anesthetized patients.

Secondary Chondrosarcoma from an Osteochondroma of the Proximal Tibia Involving the Fibula

There are few reports on the surgical treatment of secondary malignancy arising from an osteochondroma on the lateral side of the proximal tibia. From March 2008 to December 2011, 3 patients were treated for a secondary chondrosarcoma from an osteochondroma of the proximal tibia involving the fibula. The operative procedure can be summed up as follows: (1) resection of the tumor including the fibula; (2) preservation of the peroneal nerve and the fibular head; and (3) arthrodesis of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Serial radiological studies showed successful fusion in the proximal tibiofibular joint in all patients. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional scores were excellent in all 3 patients. No patients showed instability of the ipsilateral knee joint in any direction. All 3 patients could return to sports activities. Until the last follow-up, there was no evidence of disease recurrence. We suggest that the operative procedure described in this article would provide satisfactory oncological and functional outcomes.