Biometría del nervio para el músculo sóleo y sus implicancias clínicas / Nerve biometry for the soleus muscle and its clinical implications

RESUMEN: Las lesiones del nervio fibular común y/o sus ramos derivados trae como consecuencia, pérdida total o parcial de la capacidad para realizar flexión dorsal del complejo tobillo-pie, una opción viable para tratar esta patología es la transferencia nerviosa, que consiste en utilizar un nervio donante para restaurar la función de un nervio dañado. Es frecuente la utilización del nervio para el músculo sóleo (NS) como donante para restaurar la función del nervio fibular común o profundo, por lo cual es indispensable conocer en detalle la anatomía de este nervio. Se utilizaron 22 miembros inferiores pertenecientes a las Unidades de Anatomía de las Universidades de Chile y de Santiago, Chile. Se realizó disección del nervio para el músculo sóleo, se observó número de ramos principales y secundarios, así como también se registró su origen y la longitud de ellos, además se dividió a la pierna en cuadrantes para determinar la localización de los puntos motores. El nervio para el músculo sóleo en la mayoría de los casos (95,4 %) es único y se origina desde el nervio tibial o en tronco común con otro ramo muscular. La distancia promedio entre el origen de NS y la línea biepicondilar fue de 28,77 mm; la longitud promedio de NS hasta su división en ramos secundarios o penetración directa fue de 52 mm. El NS se dividió en ramos secundarios (RS), observándose que en 12 casos fue en 2 RS, en 3 casos en 3 RS y en 7 casos no hubo RS. Los puntos motores se localizaron en el quinto proximal de la pierna, 23 casos en el primer cuadrante lateral y 4 casos en el primer cuadrante medial; en el cuarto proximal de la pierna, 7 casos en el segundo cuadrante lateral y 4 casos en el segundo cuadrante medial. Los datos obtenidos serán un aporte al conocimiento anatómico y a la cirugía reconstructiva de los nervios de la región.

SUMMARY: Injuries to the common fibular nerve and/or its derived branches result in total or partial loss of the ability to dorsiflex the ankle-foot complex. A viable option to treat this pathology is nerve transfer, which consists of using a donor nerve to restore function to a damaged nerve. The use of the nerve for the soleus muscle (SN) is frequent as a donor to restore the function of the common or deep fibular nerve, for which it is essential to know in detail the anatomy of this nerve. Twenty-two lower limbs belonging to the anatomy units of the Universities of Chile and Santiago were used. Dissection was performed until the SN was reached, the number of main and secondary branches (SB) was observed, as well as their origin and length, and the leg was divided into quadrants to determine the location of the motor points. The SN in most cases (95.4 %) is unique and originates from the tibial nerve or from the common trunk with another muscular branch. The average distance between the origin of the NS and the biepicondylar line was 28.77 mm; the average length of NS until its division into SB or direct penetration was 52 mm. The NS was divided into SB, observing that in 12 cases it was in 2 branches, in 3 cases in 3 branches and in 7 cases there were no SB. The motor points were located in the proximal fifth of the leg, 23 cases in the first lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the first medial quadrant; in the proximal quarter of the leg, 7 cases in the second lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the second medial quadrant. The data obtained will be a contribution to anatomical knowledge and reconstructive surgery of the nerves of the region.

Comparison of transcutaneous electrical tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: a multi-arm randomized controlled trial with blinded assessment

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of tibial nerve transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for an overactive bladder, considering the sites of application and frequency of attendance. METHODS: This multi-arm randomized controlled trial enrolled 137 adult women (61.0±9.0 years) with overactive bladder from a university hospital. They underwent 12 sessions of 30-min TENS application and were assigned to five groups: one leg, once a week (n=26); one leg, twice a week (n=27); two legs, once a week (n=26); two legs, twice a week (n=28); and placebo (n=30). Symptoms of overactive bladder and its impact on quality of life were evaluated before and after 6 or 12 weeks of treatment using the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire-V8 and voiding diary. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01912885. RESULTS: The use of one leg, once a week TENS application reduced the frequency of urgency episodes compared with the placebo (1.0±1.6 vs. 1.4±1.9; p=0.046) and frequency of incontinence episodes compared with the placebo (0.7±1.4 vs.1.4±2.2; p<0.0001). The one-leg, twice a week protocol decreased the urinary frequency compared with the two legs, once a week protocol (8.2±3.5 vs. 9.0±5.1; p=0.026) and placebo (8.2±3.5 vs. 7.9±2.7; p=0.02). Nocturia improved using the two legs, once a week protocol (1.5±1.8) when compared with the one leg, twice a week protocol (1.9±2.0) and placebo (1.7±1.6) (p=0.005 and p=0.027, respectively). Nocturia also improved using the two legs, twice a week protocol when compared with the one leg, twice a week protocol (1.3±1.2 vs.1.9±2.0; p=0.011). CONCLUSION: One-leg stimulation improved the daily urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence, and the two-leg stimulation once and twice weekly improved nocturia.

Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus parasacral stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder in elderly people: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) and transcutaneous parasacral stimulation on the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) in elderly people and to compare the final results between groups. METHODS: Fifty female volunteers, mean age 68.62 (±5.9) years, were randomly allocated into two groups: those receiving TTNS (G1, N=25) and those receiving transcutaneous parasacral stimulation (G2, N=25). The primary outcome was the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-OAB) score, and secondary outcomes were the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - short form (ICIQ-SF) score and 3-day bladder diary measurements. Volunteers were assessed before and after the treatment. Clinical Trials (ReBeC): RBR-9Q7J7Y. RESULTS: Both groups' symptoms improved as measured by the ICIQ-OAB (G1 = <0.001; G2 = <0.001) and ICIQ-SF (G1 = <0.001; G2 = <0.001). In the 3-day bladder diary assessments after treatment, G1 showed a reduced number of nocturia (p<0.001), urgency (p<0.001) and urge urinary incontinence episodes (p<0.001), whereas G2 showed only a reduced number of nocturia episodes (p<0.001). No difference between groups was found. CONCLUSION: Both of the proposed treatments were effective in the improvement of OAB symptoms, but TTNS showed a reduction in a greater number of symptoms as measured by the 3-day bladder diary. No differences were found between groups.

Stem cells in end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Experimental study in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy, focusing in the nerve regeneration and the muscle reinnervation in acute trauma. Methods: 140 animals were randomly divided in seven groups: control, denervated, end-to-side neurorrhaphy between distal stump of common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve (ESN), ESN wrapped in fascia, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel, ESN wrapped in platelet gel, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel within stem cells (without culture) removed from the adipose tissue. Mass measurements of the animal and of cranial tibial muscles, electromyography, walking track analysis tests and histological examinations of the nerves and muscles after 180 days was performed. Results: In the groups where the ESN was performed, the results were always better when compared to the denervated group, showing reinnervation in all ESN groups. The most sensitive methods were walking track and histological analysis. Only the group with stem cells showed values similar to the control group, as well as the functional indices of peroneal nerve and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve. Conclusions: Stem cells were effective in ESN according with the functional index of the peroneal nerve, evaluated by walking track analysis and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve.

Schwannomatosis del nervio plantar interno. Presentación de caso / Schwannomatosis of the internal plantar nerve. Case presentation

Introducción: Las Schwannomatosis Mononeurales de los Miembros son entidades muy poco frecuentes, escasamente conocidas y raramente publicadas en la bibliografía internacional, éstas se encuentran caracterizadas por la existencia de múltiples formaciones nodulares o plexiformes con compromiso exclusivo de un solo nervio, todas con diagnóstico patológico de schwannoma, excluyéndose a otras entidades tumorales y fuera del contexto de una neurofibromatosis. Aquí se presenta un caso con compromiso del nervio plantar medial o interno. Material y método: Se evaluó y analizo el caso clínico, a nivel semiológico y Neurorradiológico, Neurofisilógico. Se definió la conducta terapéutica y quirúrgica. Se evaluaron resultados mediante: análisis semiológico y seguimiento con imágenes. Descripción y resultados: Paciente sexo masculino de 45 años de edad consulta por presentar múltiples tumoraciones palpables en región retromaleolar interna y plantar derecho y disestesias al apoyo, con antecedente de cirugía de schwannoma plantar. Al examen neurológico: masas palpables en los sectores previamente indicados y Tinel a nivel retromaleolar interno y plantar. RMN: múltiples nódulos con captación intermedia de contraste, hipertensos en T2.Se practicó resección quirúrgica mediante amplio abordaje, se identificaron múltiples nódulos, uno de ellos de aspecto plexiforme que involucraba la totalidad del nervio plantar interno imposibilitando la preservación del tronco por lo cual se practicó microneurorrafia con interposición de puente de safeno interno. Discusión y conclusión: Las Schwannomatosis Mononeurales de los Miembros son entidades extremadamente raras, se han reportado con una frecuencia un poco mayor a aquellas que involucran a los nervios mediano y cubital, en sus características macroscópicas las lesiones fueron publicadas como pertenecientes a la variante nodular para esa escasa mayoría. La configuración plexiforme de los schwannomas es menos frecuente que la nodular per se y, en general. está asociada a troncos menores, fuera de estos territorios, su rareza es extrema. Este caso clínico resulta aún más especial por tratarse de una Schwannomatosis Mononeural del Plantar Medial con variante de tipo mixto, es decir nodular con una masa plexiforme dominante. Esta entidad no la hemos encontrado en la bibliografía internacional.Por otro lado, la resección quirúrgica de estos tumores, cuando son nodulares es compatible con la preservación del tronco nervioso, sacrificando solamente, su fascículo de origen. Este caso, dada la configuración descripta del tumor principal, el cual involucraba la totalidad del tronco, se hizo imposible la preservación del nervio, para lo cual debió realizarse microneurorrafia con puente. Como consideración final, creemos que es de capital importancia la adecuada exploración y planificación pre e intraoperatoria de estos pacientes

Introduction: Mononeural Schwannomatosis located at limbs are very infrequent entities, the knowledge about its are very poor, and there are just a few publications related to them. This articles make reference multiple nodular or plexiform lesions with involvement oh only one nerve, every one whit diagnosis of schwannoma, excluding fibromatosis. In this article, we describe a patient with who suffered the involvement of multiples tumours with nodular and plexiform configuration. Material y method: The clinical case was analysed by different media, clinical, neuro physiological and by neuroimages. By this approaches were defined and evaluated the surgical outcomes and results. Clinical case: Male, 45 years old. Multiples tumours at plantar region. Tinel Sign with multiple palpable masses al retromaleolar sulcus and plantar region, plantar schwannoma operated on previously.RMN: multinodular configuration at level of medial plantar nerve, with intermediate contrast reinforcement.An extended approach was performed, from retromaleolar sulcus to medial aspect of the foot, and finishing inside the digital-plantar sulcus. Complete resection was performed, multiples nodulos were found, the bigger had a plexiform configuration, was imposible the preservation of the nerve trunk and the, the interposition of sural nerve was realized. With good evolution. Conclusions: For this very rare entities, the bigger frequency was reported et limbs.The most frequent locations was at medial nerve, second place occupied by the ulnar nerve, we didn't find on international literature a plexiform tumour inside the medial plantar nerve.On the other hand, we think that the complete resection for this tumours when are nodular, the complete resection with preservation of the main trunk, is feasible. Ehen the tumour has a plexiform pattern; complete resection is only feasible with trunk nerve resection and interposition of nerve graft

Características morfológicas y morfométricas del músculo aductor del hállux y sus ramos motores / Morphological and morphometric characteristics of the hallux adductor muscle and its motor branches

El hállux se encuentra en aducción en relación al eje del pie y para mantener esta posición requiere de una adecuada alineación ósea, la que está determinada principalmente por la actividad muscular. Una de las estructuras involucradas en esta función es el músculo aductor del hállux, el cual puede producir hállux valgus o hállux rígido cuando ocurre un desbalance en su actividad normal. A pesar de la importancia de este músculo, existen pocos estudios de su complejo neuromuscular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características morfológicas y morfométricas del músculo aductor del hállux y sus ramos motores en 30 miembros inferiores. Se disecó la planta del pie hasta alcanzar el plano del músculo aductor del hállux y sus ramos motores. La longitud media de la cabeza oblicua del músculo aductor del hállux fue de 78,16 mm (±13,35) con un ancho máximo promedio de 20,55 mm (±2,59) y un tendón de 25,87 mm (±7,97) de longitud. Respecto a las mismas medidas en la cabeza transversa, estas fueron 39,55 (±8,26), 15,04 (±3,52) y 18,51 (±10,04), respectivamente. La inervación de ambas cabezas del músculo aductor del hállux provenía del ramo profundo del nervio plantar lateral. En la mayoría de las muestras dicho nervio emitió un ramo para la cabeza oblicua y uno para la cabeza transversa. La cabeza oblicua presentaba uno o dos puntos motores, localizados generalmente en su tercio medio. La cabeza transversa presentaba sólo un punto motor localizado frecuentemente en su tercio lateral. El conocimiento de las características morfológicas y morfométricas del músculo aductor del hállux y de sus ramos motores son clínicamente significativos, puesto que permiten realizar una aproximación de la localización del punto motor en los procedimientos electromiográficos.

The hallux is adducted in relation to the axis of the foot and to maintain this position requires adequate bone alignment, which is determined mainly by muscle activity. One of the structures that is involved in this function is the adductor muscle of the hallux, which can produce hallux valgus or rigid hallux when an imbalance occurs in its normal activity. Despite the importance of this muscle, there are few studies of its neuromuscular complex. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the adductor muscle of the hallux and its motor branches in 30 lower limbs. The sole of the foot was dissected until it reached the plane of the muscle and its motor branches. The average length of the oblique head of the adductor muscle of the hallux was 78.16 mm (± 13.35), with an average maximum width of 20.55 mm (± 2.59) and a tendon of 25.87 mm (± 7, 97) in length. Regarding the same measurements of the transverse head were 39.55 (± 8.26), 15.04 (± 3.52) and 18.51 (± 10.04), respectively. The innervation of both heads came from the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve. In most of the samples, said nerve emitted a bouquet for the oblique head and one for the transverse head. The oblique head had one or two motor points, generally located in its middle third. The transverse head had only one motor point that was usually in its lateral third. The knowledge of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the adductor muscle of the hallux and its motor branches are clinically significant, since they allow an approximation of the location of the motor point in electromyographic procedures.

Comparação entre oxibutinina, eletroestimulação do nervo tibial posterior e exercícios perineais no tratamento da síndrome da bexiga hiperativa / Comparación entre oxibutinina, electroestimulación del nervio tibial posterior y ejercicios perineales en el tratamiento del síndrome de la vejiga hiperactiva / Comparison of oxybutynin, electrostimulation of the posterior tibial nerve and perineal exercises in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia dos exercícios perineais, da eletroestimulação transcutânea do nervo tibial posterior (ETNTP) e da oxibutinina em mulheres com síndrome da bexiga hiperativa, que é a segunda causa mais comum de incontinência urinária, com sintomas urinários extremamente incômodos que prejudicam a qualidade de vida. Foram randomizadas 65 mulheres, das quais 57 completaram o tratamento. Formaram-se três grupos: o de exercícios perineais, ETNTP e o grupo controle, que utilizou oxibutinina. Os exercícios foram realizados em grupo, nas posições em pé, supino e sentado, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 30 minutos cada sessão, totalizando 12 sessões. Na ETNTP utilizou-se eletrodo transcutâneo posicionado em maléolo medial e outro 10cm acima, com frequência de 10Hz e largura de pulso de 200 microssegundos, por 30 minutos, duas vezes por semana, totalizando 12 sessões. Na medicação as pacientes receberam oxibutinina de 10mg/dia de liberação imediata divididos e duas doses de 5mg/dia, durante 12 semanas consecutivas. Antes e depois dos tratamentos, as pacientes passaram por uma avaliação composta pela análise do diário miccional, avaliação funcional do assoalho pélvico e aplicação de questionário de qualidade de vida OAB-V8. Houve redução da incontinência de urgência em 50%, 70,5% e 41% nos grupos de exercício, ETNTP e oxibutinina, respectivamente, com significância estatística somente da eletroestimulação. As três modalidades de tratamento foram eficazes na melhora da qualidade de vida para a terapêutica em curto prazo, estatisticamente semelhantes entre si.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la eficacia de los ejercicios perineales, de la electroestimulación transcutánea del nervio tibial posterior (ETNTP) y de la oxibutinina en mujeres con síndrome de la vejiga hiperactiva, la segunda causa más común de incontinencia urinaria, con síntomas muy incómodos, que perjudican la calidad de vida. Sesenta y cinco mujeres, de las cuales 57 completaron el tratamiento, formaron tres grupos: el de ejercicios perineales, ETNTP y el grupo de control, que utilizó oxibutinina. Los ejercicios se realizaron en grupo, en las posiciones en pie, supino y sentado, dos veces por semana, con duración de 30 minutos cada sesión, totalizando 12 sesiones. En la ETNTP se utilizó electrodo transcutáneo posicionado en el maléolo medial y otro 10 cm arriba, con frecuencia de 10Hz y ancho de pulso de 200 microsegundos, por 30 minutos, dos veces por semana, totalizando 12 sesiones. En la medicación las pacientes recibieron oxibutinina de 10 mg/día de liberación inmediata, divididos en dos dosis de 5mg/día, durante 12 semanas consecutivas. Antes y después de los tratamientos, las pacientes pasaron por una evaluación compuesta por el análisis del diario miccional, la evaluación funcional del piso pélvico y la aplicación del cuestionario de calidad de vida OAB-V8. Se observó una reducción de la incontinencia de urgencia en un 50%, 70,5% y 41% en los grupos de ejercicio, ETNTP y oxibutinina, respectivamente, con significancia estadística solamente de la electroestimulación. Las tres modalidades de tratamiento fueron eficaces en la mejora de la calidad de vida para la terapéutica a corto plazo y estadísticamente similares.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of perineal exercises, transcutaneous electrostimulation of the posterior tibial nerve (TPTNS) and oxybutynin in women with overactive bladder syndrome, which is the second most common cause of urinary incontinence, with extremely uncomfortable urinary symptoms which impair their quality of life. A total of 65 women were randomized, of whom 57 completed treatment. Three groups were formed: the perineal exercises group, the TPTNS group and the control group, which used oxybutynin. The exercises were performed in groups, in the standing, supine and sitting positions, twice a week in 30-minute sessions, totaling 12 sessions. In the TPTNS group, carried out with 10Hz frequency and 200 microsecond pulse width, a transcutaneous electrode was positioned on the patients' medial malleolus, and another was positioned 10cm above it. The patients of the control group received 10 mg/day doses of immediate release oxybutynin, divided into two 5mg/day doses for 12 consecutive weeks. Before and after the treatments, the patients' voiding diary was analyzed, their pelvic floor was functionally evaluated and they were asked to fill in an OAB-V8 quality of life questionnaire. Urge incontinence was reduced by 50%, 70.5% and 41% in the exercises, TPTNS and oxybutynin groups, respectively, and statistical significance was detected for stimulation only. The three treatment modalities were effective for improving quality of life in the short-term therapy, and were statistically similar to each other.

Os benefícios da eletroestimulação transcutânea via nervo tibial posterior e parassacral no tratamento de bexiga hiperativa / The benefits of transcutaneous electrostimulation via the posterior tibial and parasacral nerves in the treatment of overactive bladder

Introdução: A fisioterapia é uma das possibilidades de tratamento para hiperatividade do detrusor e um dos recursos que se destacam é a eletroestimulação transcutânea. Objetivos: Comparar os benefícios da eletroestimulação transcutânea via nervo tibial posterior com a via parassacral na sintomatologia e na qualidade de vida. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado com amostra de 15 mulheres, subdivididas em dois grupos, realizado na clínica escola de fisioterapia da EMESCAM, duas vezes por semana, totalizando vinte sessões. Resultados: Observou-se relevância estatística em ambos os grupos nos itens qualidade de vida e frequência miccional diurna. No entanto, quando avaliados os sintomas de urge-incontinência somente o grupo de eletroestimulação transcutânea do nervo tibial posterior apresentou melhora significativa e quando comparados entre si não houve diferença estatística. No que diz respeito ao sintoma de noctúria, estatisticamente não houve melhora nos dois grupos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os resultados obtidos com esse estudo foram estatisticamente relevantes na melhora sintomatológica e qualidade de vida de ambos os grupos, no entanto o grupo ETNTP obteve resultados mais satisfatórios quando comparado ao grupo ETP. (AU)

Introduction: One of the possibilities of treatment for detrusor hyperactivity is physiotherapy, and one of the features that stands out is transcutaneous electrostimulation. Objectives: Comparing the influence of electrostimulation transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve with parasacral transcutaneous electrostimulation in symptomatology and quality of life. Methods: This is an applied, explanatory and experimental study with a sample of 15 women, subdivided into two groups, performed at the clinic physiotherapy school of EMESCAM, twice a week, totaling twenty sessions. Results: We observed a statistical relevance in both groups in the items of quality of life and diurnal voiding frequency. However, when the urge-incontinence symptoms were evaluated, only the transcutaneous electrostimulation group of the posterior tibial nerve showed a significant improvement and when compared (with each other) there was no statistical difference. Regarding the nocturia symptom, we did not observe statistically improvement in the two groups. Conclusion: We concluded that the results obtained with this study were statistically relevant in the improvement of the symptoms and quality of life of both groups, however the TSPTN group obtained more satisfactory results when compared to the PTS group. (AU)

Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a still challenge condition / Síndrome do túnel do tarso: uma condição ainda desafiadora

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare, under diagnosed and often confused neuropathy with other clinical entities. There is a lack of population studies on this disease. Herein, we performed a non-systematic review of articles between January 1992 and February 2018. Although with a less complex anatomy comparing to the carpal tunnel, the tarsal tunnel is source of pain and some other conditions. Treatment involves conservative measures such as analgesics and physical therapy rehabilitation or surgical procedures in case of conservative treatment failure. Randomized control studies are lack and mandatory for uncover the best modality of treatment for this condition.

A Síndrome do túnel do tarso é uma rara e subdiagnosticada neuropatia geralmente confundida com outras entidades clínicas. Há falta de estudos populacionais sobre a doença. Assim sendo, realizamos uma revisão da literatura de artigos entre Janeiro de 1992 e fevereiro de 2018. Apesar de possuir uma anatomia de menor complexidade comparada ao túnel do carpo, o túnel do tarso é origem de dor e algumas outras condições. O tratamento envolve medidas conservadoras como analgésicos e terapia de reabilitação ou procedimentos cirúrgicos, em caso de falha do tratamento conservador. Estudos randomizados são escassos e necessários para descoberta da melhor modalidade de tratamento desta condição.

Do Failure of Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation Precludes to Use Sacral Neuromodulation in Patient With Overactive Bladder? / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) after failure of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (TPTNS) in patients with overactive bladder (OAB).METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 3 university hospitals and included all patients with OAB and treated with SNM after TPTNS had been tried between October 2008 and May 2018. The primary endpoint was the proportion of definitive SNM device implantation in patients with 50% objective and/or subjective improvement after a test period (stage 1). The secondary outcomes of interest were changes of the number of diurnal voids and nocturia episodes per 24 hours between the end of TPTNS and the end of stage 1.RESULTS: Overall, 28 of the 43 patients included achieved at least 50% objective and/or subjective improvement during stage 1 and underwent an Interstim II implantation (65.1%). The mean daytime frequency decreased significantly from 10.3/day at the end of TPTNS to 7.8 diurnal voids/day at the end of SNM stage 1 (P=0.01). The mean number of nocturia episodes decreased from 2.5/night at the end of TPTNS to 2.1/night at the end of stage 1, but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.18). There was no other parameter significantly associated with response to SNMCONCLUSIONS: SNM might improve OAB symptoms in most patients who experienced no or poor efficacy with TPTNS. History of failed TPTNS should not preclude the use of SNM in OAB patients.

Feasibility of Self-administered Neuromodulation for Neurogenic Bladder in Spinal Cord Injury / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: To determine if self-administered transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) is a feasible treatment option for neurogenic bladder among people with spinal cord injury (SCI) who utilize intermittent catheterization for bladder management. METHODS: Four-week observational trial in chronic SCI subjects performing intermittent catheterization with incontinence episodes using TTNS at home daily for 30 minutes. Those using anticholinergic bladder medications were given a weaning schedule to begin at week 2. Primary outcomes were compliance and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included change in bladder medications, efficacy based on bladder diary, adverse events, and incontinence quality of life (I-QoL) survey.

Recurred Plexiform Schwannoma of the Foot and Ankle / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Schwannomas are benign neoplasms with a Schwann cell origin. A plexiform schwannoma is a rare variant of a schwannoma with a plexiform or multinodular growth pattern. The condition occurs mostly as a solitary lesion in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or uncommonly located in the deep soft tissue. We report a rare case of recurred multiple plexiform schwannomas arising from the posterior tibial nerve and its branch, which was located in a deep anatomic location and accompanied by a bony deformity.

Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Cervical Myelopathy: A Prospective, Multicenter Study

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective study. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on surgical outcomes in patients with cervical myelopathy. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: To date, few studies have investigated the influence of postoperative blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on surgical outcomes. METHODS: The participants were patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The 61 cases were evaluated preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and the JOA Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ). The study variables included fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels measured preoperatively and at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively; the F-wave conduction velocity, latency, rate of occurrence, and M-wave latency in the ulnar and tibial nerves were measured preoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively. The patients were divided into a group without diabetes (N group, 42 patients) and a group with diabetes (DM group, 19 patients). We then assessed the associations between the surgical outcomes and each of the study variables. RESULTS: JOA scores significantly improved in both groups; however, no significant between-group differences were found. There was no significant improvement in the JOACMEQ scores, which assessed cervical function, upper and lower limb function, and bladder function in both groups. We then subdivided the DM group into those with a good control of HbA1c after 1 year (DMG group, 12 patients) and those with HbA1c deterioration after 1 year (DMB group, seven patients), prior to comparing the surgical outcomes. The JOACMEQ scores for upper and lower limb function significantly improved in the DMG group (p<0.01). Compared with the DMB group, there were no significant increases in upper or lower limb function scores in the DMG group. CONCLUSIONS: Poor glycemic control might prevent postoperative functional recovery of the spinal cord.

Superficial course of the medial plantar nerve: case report / 대한해부학회지

The medial and lateral plantar nerves are branched from the tibial nerve and move to the tip of the toes. A variation of medial plantar nerve was found on the left side of a 78-year-old Korean male cadaver. The tibial nerve was divided into the lateral and medial plantar nerves beneath the plantar flexor. The medial plantar nerve passed deep to plantar aponeurosis and superficial to the flexor digitorum brevis. It gave off a common plantar digital nerve and then divided into three proper plantar digital nerves near the metatarsal bases. In this article, we report a superficial course of the medial plantar nerve and describe its unique morphology and discuss the clinical significance of this variation.

Optimal location of local anesthetic injection in the interspace between the popliteal artery and posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK) for posterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty: an anatomical and clinical study / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the optimal location of local anesthetic injection in the interspace between the popliteal artery and posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK), using the anatomical pattern of the articular branch of tibial nerve (ABTN). We hypothesized that injection at the level of ABTN forming a popliteal plexus would mainly spread throughout the popliteal fossa without contacting the tibial or peroneal nerves. METHODS: The anatomical study included 30 soft cadavers. Ultrasound-guided dye injection was performed in legs of 10 cadavers after identifying the position of the ABTN and surrounding structures, followed by dissection to assess its spread. Clinical study was conducted in 15 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with ultrasound-guided injection in the iPACK. All patients also received continuous adductor canal block. Sensorimotor function of the tibial and common peroneal nerves was determined. RESULTS: In the distal portion of the popliteal fossa, the tibial nerve and popliteal vessels ran superficially and closely together. The trajectory of ABTN ran lateral to the popliteal vasculature, forming a plexus towards the posterior capsule of the knee below the medial side of the upper edge of lateral femoral condyle. In cadavers, the ABTN and surrounding area of the popliteal plexus were stained with dye after injection. In the clinical study, no patients experienced complete motor or sensory blocks. CONCLUSIONS: We described a modified iPACK technique injection at the level of the ABTN forming the popliteal plexus, and it may constitute an optional anesthetic regimen to promote early ambulation following TKA.

Architectural Changes in the Medial Gastrocnemius on Sonography after Nerve Ablation in Healthy Adults

Architectural changes in healthy muscle after denervation have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate architectural changes in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) after aesthetic tibial nerve ablation in healthy adults using ultrasonography (US). The effects of tibial nerve ablation were verified by visual observation and surface electromyography analysis. US images of medial GCMs were taken by one trained physician using B-mode and real-time US with a linear-array probe before nerve ablation, at 1 week after nerve ablation and at 3 months after nerve ablation in an anatomic standing position with the feet about shoulder-width apart in 19 healthy adults (17 females and 2 males). Muscle thickness was significantly reduced on the left side at 1 week and 3 months after the procedure and on the right side at 3 months after the procedure (p<0.050). Although fascicle length was not significantly changed, pennation angle was significantly reduced on both sides at 3 months after the procedure (p<0.050). Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the muscle fascicle were significantly reduced, although fascicle length was not significantly changed, after tibial nerve ablation in the medial GCM of healthy adults.

Análise da eletroestimulação transcutânea e percutânea do nervo tibial para tratamento da bexiga hiperativa em Parkinsonianos: revisão sistemática / Analysis of transcutaneous and percutaneous tibial nerve electrostimulation for treatment of overactive bladder in Parkinsonians: systematic review

Parkinson é uma doença de sintomas motores e não motores, podendo incluir neste último, a bexiga neurogênica, que se caracteriza por sintomas de urgência, com ou sem urge-incontinência, normalmente acompanhada de polaciúria e noctúria. Objetivo: Analisar a eletroestimulação transcutânea e a percutânea do nervo tibial para tratamento da bexiga hiperativa em Parkinsonianos. Metodologia: Foram incluí­dos todos os artigos que mencionaram o tratamento da bexiga hiperativa, com eletroestimulação transcutânea e percutânea do tibial posterior, em pacientes com Parkinson. Realizou-se a busca de março a novembro de 2017, nas bases de dados US National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Google acadêmico, sem limites de data. Foram utilizados como descritores contidos nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) as palavras-tí­tulo: bexiga hiperativa, Parkinson e eletroestimulação transcutânea e percutânea do tibial posterior. Foram utilizados como descritores contidos no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) as palavras-tí­tulo: overactivity bladder, Parkinson"™s disease, electrical stimulation transcutaneous, percutaneous electrical stimulation. Resultados: Dos 8 artigos recuperados, 1 estava duplicado e 2 foram excluí­dos por não estarem disponí­veis, restando cinco artigos: 2 ECRs, 2 experimentais e 1 estudo piloto. Conclusão: a terapia de eletroestimulação tibial, tanto transcutânea, quanto percutânea, se mostra benéfica para tratamento da bexiga hiperativa, em pacientes com Parkinson, porém, se faz necessário a realização de novos estudos, principalmente os de intervenção, para padronização do método. (AU)

Parkinson's disease is a disease of motor and non-motor symptoms, and may include neurogenic bladder, which is characterized by urgency symptoms, with or without urge incontinence. Objective: To analyze the transcutaneous and percutaneous electrostimulation of the tibial nerve for treatment of overactive bladder in Parkinsonians. Methodology: All articles mentioning the treatment of overactive bladder, with transcutaneous and percutaneous electrostimulation of the posterior tibial, were included in patients with Parkinson's disease. The search was carried out from March to November 2017, in the databases National Library of Medicine (Medline), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Google academic, without date limits. The descriptors included were: hyperactive bladder, Parkinson's and transcutaneous and percutaneous electrostimulation of the posterior tibial. The descriptors included in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were: overactivity bladder, Parkinson's disease, electrical stimulation transcutaneous, percutaneous electrical stimulation. Results: Of the 8 articles retrieved, 1 was duplicated and 2 were excluded because they were not available, leaving five articles: 2 RCTs, 2 experimental and 1 pilot study. Conclusion: Transcutaneous and percutaneous tibial electrostimulation therapy is beneficial for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients with Parkinson disease. However, it is necessary to carry out new studies, especially interventional ones, to standardize the method. (AU)

Efeito da eletroestimulaçao no nervo tibial posterior para bexiga hiperativa em mulheres: revisão sistemática / Effect of eletroestimulation in the posterior tibial nerve for hiperative bladder in women: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A bexiga hiperativa é uma condição que tem como principal causa a hiperatividade do músculo detrusor e que afeta muitas mulheres. Tem origem idiopática quando não está vinculada a outra patologia. Em contrapartida, quando possui origem neurogênica, tem como causas alterações neurológicas associadas ao mecanismo da micção. Os tratamentos utilizados para a bexiga hiperativa são medicamentoso, fisioterapia e terapia comportamental. Um dos métodos utilizados na fisioterapia é a eletroestimulação do nervo tibial posterior (PTNS), cujo objetivo é impossibilitar a contração involuntária do músculo detrusor de forma exacerbada. OBJETIVO: Identificar o efeito do uso da eletroestimulação percutânea no nervo tibial posterior como forma de tratamento em mulheres com diagnóstico de bexiga hiperativa associada à perda urinária. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática de literatura, que utilizou artigos de ensaios clínicos randomizados encontrados na base de dados Cochrane. A busca dos artigos foi realizada por dois revisores no período compreendido entre agosto e outubro de 2017, realizada de seguinte forma (Urinary Bladder, Overactive AND Tibial nerve AND Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 17 artigos; destes, 4 foram selecionados. As variáveis dos artigos analisados foram noctúria, urgência miccional, qualidade de vida, frequência urinária. O PTNS apresentou-se como um método eficaz para o controle da frequência urinária, a noctúria e a incontinência urinária de urgência. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento através da eletroestimulação percutânea no nervo tibial posterior (PTNS) torna-se um método eficaz, para o controle da frequência urinária, a noctúria e a incontinência urinária de urgência, garantindo a melhora dos sintomas da bexiga hiperativa referida pelos pacientes. [AU]

INTRODUÇÃO: A bexiga hiperativa é uma condição que tem como principal causa a hiperatividade do músculo detrusor e que afeta muitas mulheres. Tem origem idiopática quando não está vinculada a outra patologia. Em contrapartida, quando possui origem neurogênica, tem como causas alterações neurológicas associadas ao mecanismo da micção. Os tratamentos utilizados para a bexiga hiperativa são medicamentoso, fisioterapia e terapia comportamental. Um dos métodos utilizados na fisioterapia é a eletroestimulação do nervo tibial posterior (PTNS), cujo objetivo é impossibilitar a contração involuntária do músculo detrusor de forma exacerbada. OBJETIVO: Identificar o efeito do uso da eletroestimulação percutânea no nervo tibial posterior como forma de tratamento em mulheres com diagnóstico de bexiga hiperativa associada à perda urinária. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática de literatura, que utilizou artigos de ensaios clínicos randomizados encontrados na base de dados Cochrane. A busca dos artigos foi realizada por dois revisores no período compreendido entre agosto e outubro de 2017, realizada de seguinte forma (Urinary Bladder, Overactive AND Tibial nerve AND Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 17 artigos; destes, 4 foram selecionados. As variáveis dos artigos analisados foram noctúria, urgência miccional, qualidade de vida, frequência urinária. O PTNS apresentou-se como um método eficaz para o controle da frequência urinária, a noctúria e a incontinência urinária de urgência. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento através da eletroestimulação percutânea no nervo tibial posterior (PTNS) torna-se um método eficaz, para o controle da frequência urinária, a noctúria e a incontinência urinária de urgência, garantindo a melhora dos sintomas da bexiga hiperativa referida pelos pacientes. [AU]