Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel

Abstract Objective: To analyze color change, microhardness and chemical composition of enamel bleached with in-office bleaching agent with different desensitizing application protocols. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen polished anterior human enamel surfaces were obtained and randomly divided into nine groups (n = 13). After recording initial color, microhardness and chemical composition, the bleaching treatments were performed as G1: Signal Professional White Now POWDER&LIQUID FAST 38% Hydrogen peroxide(S); G2: S+Flor Opal/0.5% fluoride ion(F); G3: S+GC Tooth Mousse/Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste(TM); G4: S+UltraEZ/3% potassium nitrate&0.11% fluoride(U); G5: S+Signal Professional SENSITIVE PHASE 1/30% Nano-Hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) suspension(SP); G6: S-F mixture; G7: S-TM mixture; G8: S-U mixture; G9: S-SP mixture. Color, microhardness and chemical composition measurements were repeated after 1 and 14 days. The percentage of microhardness loss (PML) was calculated 1 and 14 days after bleaching. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett T3 tests (p<0.05). Results: Color change was observed in all groups. The highest ΔE was observed at G7 after 1 day, and ΔE at G8 was the highest after 14 days (p<0.05). A decrease in microhardness was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after 1 day. The microhardness of all groups increased after 14 days in comparison with 1 day after bleaching (p>0.05). PML was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after bleaching and none of the groups showed PML after 14 days. No significant changes were observed after bleaching at Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratios at 1 or 14 days after bleaching (p>0.05). F mass increased only in G2 and G6, 1 day after bleaching (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of desensitizing agents containing fluoride, CPP-ACP, potassium nitrate or n-HAP after in-office bleaching or mixed in bleaching agent did not inhibit the bleaching effect. However, they all recovered microhardness of enamel 14 days after in-office bleaching.

Comparação de diferentes pré-tratamentos de superfície na remineralização de esmalte com flúor em tratamento de lesões com mancha branca e sua resistência após desafio ácido / Comparison of different pretreatments on remineralization of enamel white spot lesions with fluoride and its resistance after new acidic challenge

A aplicação de flúor tópico é a principal estratégia de natureza química para a remineralização de lesões incipientes (LI) clinicamente visíveis como manchas brancas (MB) por cárie. Abordagens para aumentar a retenção de F no substrato pode favorecer sua ação e para isso, tratamentos prévios da superfície do esmalte podem ser usados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de remineralização do flúor sem e com pré-tratamento do esmalte com ácido fosfórico e nitrato de alumínio e a sua resistência após novo desafio. Sessenta espécimes de esmalte bovino foram preparados (6mm x 4mm) e selecionados por meio de análise de microdureza de superfície (MS). LI foram produzidas através de ciclagem Desmineralização-Remineralização (DES-RE) e os espécimes divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos, de acordo com o tratamento (n=12): V- controle (verniz de fluoreto de sódio 5% por 4 horas), F (sem pré-tratamento); P-F(condicionamento ácido com ácido fosfórico por 30s); Al-F (nitrato de alumínio a 0,05M por 1min); P-Al-F (condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 37% + nitrato de alumínio a 0,05M). Os tratamentos foram repetidos semanalmente durante quatro semanas. Após o tratamento, os espécimes foram submetidos à nova ciclagem ácida. Após cada etapa, nova MS foi realizada e ao final das análises, um corte transversal dos espécimes foi realizado. Uma das metades foi submetida à análise da microdureza longitudinal (ML) e a outra preparada para realização da microrradiografia transversal (TMR) para a análise de conteúdo mineral perdido. O percentual de perda de dureza de superfície (%PDS) foi analisado por ANOVA a 2 critérios de medidas repetidas e Tukey e o percentual de perda de dureza longitudinal (%PDL) por ANOVA a 3 critérios de medidas repetidas e Tukey (p<0,05). Os dados de TMR no parâmetro LD (profundidade da lesão) foram analisados por ANOVA a dois critérios (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que a ciclagem DES-RE resultou em significante %PDS e %PDL em todos os grupos. Grupo F revelou menor perda de MS após tratamento e, F, Al-F e P-Al-F, mostraram menor perda de dureza final, após o novo desafio ácido. Na análise de %PDL, o grupo V apresentou menor perda de dureza final quando comparado com os demais grupos, nas diferentes profundidades. A análise do conteúdo mineral não revelou nenhuma diferença entre os tratamentos e fases. Nenhum dos pré tratamentos propostos foram capazes de otimizar a atuação do gel APF na remineralização de MB.(AU)

The topical fluoride is the main chemical strategy to remineralize incipient caries lesions (ICL) visible as carious white spot lesions (WSL). Approaches to increase the fluoride retention may favor its action and therefore, enamel pretreatments can be used for this purpose. The aim of this study was to compare the potential of fluoride remineralization with and without previous enamel pretreatment with aluminum nitrate and phosphoric acid as well as their resistance after a new acid challenge. Sixty bovine enamel specimens were prepared (6mm x 4mm) and selected by the surface hardness (SH) analysis. The ICL were produced using DE-RE cycling and the specimens were randomized in five groups, according to the treatment (n=12): Vcontrol (5% sodium fluoride varnish during 4h), and four groups previously preatreated with topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) during 4min: F (without pretreatment), P-F (phosphoric acid etching during 30s), Al-F (0.05M aluminum nitrate during 1min); P-Al-F (phosphoric acid etching + aluminum nitrate). The treatments were performed weekly during four weeks. After the treatment, the specimens were submitted to the new acid challenge. After each step, a new SH analysis was performed followed by the transversal cut of the specimens. A half was submitted to the longitudinal cross-sectional hardness analysis (LH) and the other half was prepared to transverse microradiography assessments (TMR) to determine the loss of mineral content. The percentage of surface mineral loss (%SH) was analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and the percentage of crosssectional mineral loss (%LH) by the three-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey (p<0.05). Data of TMR analysis by LD (lesion depth) parameter was analyzed with two-way ANOVA (p<0.05). The results showed significant %SH and %LH after DE-RE cycling for all groups. F group showed the lowest %SH after treatment, with no significant difference to Al-F and P-Al-F after the new acid challenge. V group showed the lowest %LH compared to the other groups, in the different depths, suggesting more resistance. Mineral content assessment did not reveal any difference among treatments and phases. None pretreatments were able to increase the potential of fluoride remineralization.(AU)

Evaluación de métodos cromatográficos para la estabilidad química del nitrato de miconazol en una nueva crema / Assessment of chromatographic methods for the chemical stability of a new miconazol nitrate cream

Objetivo: evaluar los métodos cromatográficos para la estabilidad química del nitrato de miconazol en una nueva crema al 2 por ciento. Métodos: en primer lugar se aplicaron diferentes condiciones degradativas al nitrato de miconazol materia prima a fin de obtener los posibles productos de degradación del fármaco y evaluarlos por un método diseñado por cromatografía en capa delgada, el cual se validó para identificar productos de degradación en la crema. Se evaluó el desempeño del método oficial informado en la Farmacopea Británica 2010 por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución para la valoración del nitrato de miconazol en la crema, analizando su selectividad frente a los posibles productos de degradación. Ambos métodos cromatográficos fueron aplicados al análisis de muestras de crema procedentes de los tres lotes pilotos sometidos a estrés térmico durante 30 días. Resultados: ambos métodos mostraron elevada selectividad frente a los excipientes y los productos de degradación del fármaco. Se obtuvo degradación del nitrato de miconazol frente a hidrólisis ácida, termólisis y fotólisis y el límite de detección fue de 1 µg para cromatografía en capa delgada. No se mostró degradación del analito según los resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos en ninguno de los tres lotes analizados. Conclusiones: los métodos utilizados son válidos para el objetivo con el cual se proponen, por lo que pueden emplearse en el estudio de estabilidad química de las cremas de nitrato de miconazol al 2 por ciento

Objective: to assess the chromatographic methods for the chemical stability of a new 2 percent miconazol nitrate cream. Methods: various degradation conditions were firstly used in the raw material miconazole nitrate in order to obtain the possible degradation products of this drug and to evaluate them by thin layer chromatography-based method, which was validated to identify the degradation products in the new cream. The performance of the official method based on high resolution liquid chromatography and reported in British Pharmacopeia 2010 was evaluated, and its selectivity against the possible degradation products were also analyzed. Both chromatographic methods were applied to the analysis of cream samples from the three pilot batches under heat stress for 30 days. Results: the two methods showed high selectivity against excipients and degradation products of the drug. Miconazol nitrate was degraded against acid hydrolysis, thermolysis and photolysis, being the detection limit of 1 µg for the thin layer chromatography. No degradation of the analyte was observed in any of the three analyzed batches according to the qualitative and quantitative results. Conclusions: these methods are valid for the submitted objective, so they may be used in the chemical stability study of 2 percent miconazol nitrate creams

Physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpaste and evaluation of its effects on enamel roughness

This in vitro study evaluated the physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpastes and their effect on bovine enamel after application of a bleaching agent (16 percent carbamide peroxide). Physical-chemical analysis was made considering mass loss by desiccation, ash content and pH of the toothpastes. Thirty bovine dental enamel fragments were prepared for roughness measurements. The samples were subjected to bleaching treatments and simulated brushing: G1. Sorriso Dentes Brancos (Conventional toothpaste), G2. Close-UP Whitening (Whitening toothpaste), and G3. Sensodyne Branqueador (Whitening toothpaste). The average roughness (Ra) was evaluated prior to the bleaching treatment and after brushing. The results revealed differences in the physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpastes (p < 0.0001). The final Ra had higher values (p < 0.05) following the procedures. The mean of the Ra did not show significant differences, considering toothpaste groups and bleaching treatment. Interaction (toothpaste and bleaching treatment) showed significant difference (p < 0.0001). The whitening toothpastes showed differences in their physical-chemical properties. All toothpastes promoted changes to the enamel surface, probably by the use of a bleaching agent.

Decolorization of pulp paper mill effluent by Pleurotus sajorcaju.

Pleurotus sajorcaju MTCC-141 procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre and Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh has been used for color removal from paper mill effluent. The paper mill effluent amended with basal medium supports the growth of Pleurrotus sajorcaju and removes the colour. The optimum concentrations of carbon source (glucose) and nitrogen source (NH4NO3) for the maximum decolourization of paper mill effluent were found to be 1% and 0.2% respectively. During the fungal growth process, the pH of the paper mill effluent decreased from 7.94 to 4.0.

Coliform MPN counts of municipal raw sewage and sewage treatment plant in relation to the water of Buckingham Canal at Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu, India).

Most Probable Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (TC) and Faecal Coliforms (FC), and the physicochemical variables - temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.), nitrates, phosphates and chlorides of municipal raw sewage and that of aeration tank and secondary clarifier of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), in relation to water at the treated sewage out-fall point, down-stream and up-stream of the Buckingham Canal at Kalpakkam were analyzed. Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform MPN counts were higher, 170 and 70/100 mL respectively in the raw sewage. However, the counts of the former in the aeration tank though remained similar, that of FC decreased to 50/100 mL; both of the counts further decreased to 30 and 44/100 mL respectively, in the secondary clarifier and were 110 and 23/100 mL, respectively at the treated sewage out-fall point in the canal. Total coliforms MPN was more than 18 times less in the water at the up-stream than that of the treated sewage out-fall point in the canal. Interestingly MPN of the FC in the up-stream water was nil while it was 8/100 mL in the canal's down-stream point. It is concluded that the FC, B.O.D., C.O.D., nitrates, phosphates and chlorides decreased and the D.O. increased in the treated-sewage due to the treatment of raw sewage through the STP.

Diversity of root associated microorganisms of selected medicinal plants and influence of rhizomicroorganisms on the antimicrobial property of Coriandrum sativum.

The total heterotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus were enumerated from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of 50 selected locally available medicinal plants in and around Bharathiar University. In all the plants, population of microorganism were higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non rhizosphere soil. Among the microorganisms, bacterial population was higher in number followed by fungus and actinomycetes. Of the medicinal plants, the maximum rhizosphere effect was observed in Annona squamosa and the minimum effect was seen in Eclipta alba and Cassia auriculata. Among the bacteria the dominant species was Bacillus followed by Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus and Serratia. The Streptomyces species was found to be dominant followed by Deuteromycetes and Frankia among the actinomycetes. Among the fungal isolates Rhizopus was found to be higher in number followed by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor and Fusarium. About 70.96% of the bacterial isolates were found to be nitrate reducers and 90.60% of the bacteria solubilised phosphate. The rhizosphere bacterial isolates were also capable of hydrolyzing starch, cellulose, casein, urea and gelatin. The isolates of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus were also able to produce phytohormone Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The maximum IAA production was recorded by Fusarium sp (5.8 mg/l). The rhizosphere bacterial isolates showed resistance to 14 commercially used antibiotics. In an attempt to check the influence of these plant growth promoting microorganisms on the antimicrobial property of Coriandrum sativum against Escherichia coli MTCC-443 and Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC-646, the results observed was not encouraging since the inoculants did not influence the antibacterial property. However extensive and in depth study is required to find out the influence of rhizomicroorganisms on the antibacterial property of medicinal plants. The other results clearly indicated that the rhizosphere microorganisms could be exploited for its innumerable properties and active metabolites.

[Comparison of ethanol, methanol and succinate effects as carbon sources on effluent biological denitrification]

Increase of nitrate concentration in water sources is becoming a serious problem in many parts of the world. Nitrogen containing compounds released into environment can create serious problems, such as eutrophication of water sources and hazard potential to human health, because it has potency of causing methemoglubinemia disease and cancer. Between recommended methods, biological denitrification is an effective method to remove nitrate from water and wastewater. In this study, biological nitrogen removal process was evaluated using ethanol, methanol and succinate as different organic carbon sources in batch scale. The different parameters, carbon source, initial nitrate concentration, pH, and inoculated of bacteria were evaluated. The experimental results were showed that bacteria can not use methanol as carbon source. The dinitrifyers bacteria can dissimilate 200 mg/L No3-N, in the optimum condition: 28 °C, pH 7.2 and initial inoculation of 3x 10[8] CFU/ml, respectively. In the process, produced nitrate-N was less than 1 mg/I. The bacterium Pseudomonas stuizeri can use ethanol as carbon source for biological denitrification, but efficiency of succinate was better than ethanol

Nitric oxide levels during erythroid differentiation in K562 cell line.

Nitric oxide (NO) is endogenous mediator of numerous physiological processes that range from regulation cardiovascular function and neurotransmission to antipathogenic and tumoricidal responses. This study was designed to investigate the possible role of NO during erythroid differentiation in K562 erythroleukemia cells. The chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell line can be triggered in culture to differentiate along the erythrocytic pathway, in response to a variety of stimulatory agents. In this study, K562 cells were induced to synthesize hemoglobin by hemin. We investigated NOx (nitrate+nitrite) levels in uninduced (control) and hemin-induced K562 cell lysates during erythroid differentiation. Our results showed that NO levels decreased significantly on fourth and sixth day both in hemin-induced and control cells; the decrease was, however, more in hemin-induced group than in control group.

Visual evaluation of in vitro cariostatic effect of restorative materials associated with dentifrices

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, in vitro, o efeito cariostático de 6 materiais restauradores contendo ou não flúor (Fuji II LC, F-2000, Degufil Mineral, Sure Fil and Z-250) associados à aplicação de dentifrícios (fluoretado e não-fluoretado; Sensodyne Fórmula Original and Sensodyne Sodium Bicarbonate) em esmalte dental humano. Cavidades classe V foram preparadas no esmalte de 240 fragmentos dentais, aleatoriamente divididos em 12 grupos (6 materiais e 2 dentifrícios). Após serem restauradas as cavidades, os fragmentos foram submetidos a ciclos térmicos e de desmineralização e remineralização, simulando um alto desafio cariogênico. Sobre os fragmentos restaurados, ainda, foram aplicados dentifrícios contendo ou não flúor, 5 min por dia. As diferenças no desenvolvimento de lesões experimentais de cárie adjacente às restaurações foram avaliadas por 5 examinadores calibrados, através de inspeção visual, atribuindo-se escores de 0 a 3. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de comparações múltiplas (a=0,05). Quando associados ao dentifrício fluoretado, os materiais restauradores não diferiram entre si em relação ao potencial cariostático (p>0,05). Quando os materiais foram utilizados em associação com o dentifrício não-fluoretado o Ketac-Fil apresentou o maior potencial cariostático, seguido pelo Fuji II LC e pelos demais materiais. O Ketac-Fil foi o único material que não diferiu significativamente quando associado com o dentifrício com ou sem flúor. Sob as condições experimentais do estudo, a associação dos materiais restauradores ao dentifrício fluoretado resultou em uma maior ação cariostática, exceto para o cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional, que não diferiu com a aplicação dos dentifrícios.

Alcaligenes faecalis kw-a biofilm for denitrification of nitrate-rich effluent.

Alcaligenes faecalis kw-A selected for possessing good denitrification efficiency was used for biofilm development. The biofilm could be developed on a glass surface within 12 hr when 5%, Ix 10(8) cells/ml was used as inoculum. The microcolonies were seen in 6 hr and glycocalyx in 9 hr stage. At 24 hr the biofilm was developed fully and hence was visualised as dense mass. The biofilm protein content showed 48.5% increase in shake flask than in static condition. The exopoplymer is produced in larger amounts in biofilm as compared to the suspended cells. Also, its amount was more by 43% in the biofilm produced in shake flask condition than in static condition. The biofilm could remove 95% nitrate from nitrate-rich effluent in a bench-scale process in 36 hr. The attached growth technique demonstrated here can be utilised to study the effect of favourable as well as adverse conditions on the denitrification efficiency of a culture. The ultimate application of a denitrifying biofilm would be in attached growth or biofilm reactor.

Leaching of As(III) and As(V) from exhausted calsico--a case study.

Batch leaching experiments were conducted to estimate the leaching of As(III) and As(V) from exhausted CalSiCo.The leaching of As(III) and As(V) was found to be function of time and concentrations of anions such as Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) in extraction fluid. Extraction tests were carried out to determine the maximum leachable concentration under the chosen conditions of leaching medium and leaching time. It has been observed that the leaching of As(III) is more than As(v) in all the cases. Leaching of As(III) and As(v) from exhausted CalSiCo is also carried out in rainwater and in tap water. It is observed that leaching of As is more in rainwater than tap water. Further higher leaching is observed in case of fluids containing chloride compared to those containing nitrate and sulphate.

Production of extracellular protease by Streptomyces fradiae.

A new strain of Streptomyces fradiae, isolated and identified in our laboratory, was found to be a potential producer of protease enzyme. An enzyme yield of 285 P.U./ml. was obtained prior to optimization in a synthetic medium containing potato starch, potassium nitrate and trace salts by shake flask method. The carbon and nitrogen compounds play prominent role in the protease production. The maximum enzyme yield of 930 P.U./ml. (about 3-fold increase) was obtained with all optimum parameters such as pH. 7.0, with 3% jowar starch, 0.5% tryptone, 28 degrees C incubation temperature, with 1:20 medium to flask volume ratio and with 48 hrs. inoculum.

Farmacologia dos nitratos / Pharmacology of nitrates

Os nitratos säo drogas utilizadas nas afecçoes cardiovasculares, desde o século passado. Quimicamente säo ésteres de ácido nìtrico (HNO) ou nitroso (HNO) apresentando as ligaçöes C-O-N. Estes fármacos atuam promovendo vasodilataçöes periférica e coronária, levando deste modo a um aumento da oferta e a uma diminuiçäo do consumo de O. Assim, apresentam grande aplicaçäo na terapia da angina. Os mecanismos de açäo dos nitratos ainda näo se encontram totalmente esclarecidos, necessitando-se assim de novos estudos que visem ampliar o grau de conhecimento sobre a farmacodinâmica destes compostos, desta forma tornando seu uso mais eficaz na terapia cardiovascular