Afibercept treatment for macular edema with and without serous retinal detachment due to branch retinal vein occlusion / Tratamento com afibercepte para edema macular devido à oclusão da veia retiniana do ramo com e sem descolamento seroso da retina

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal aflibercept treatment for macular edema with and without serous retinal detachment due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Methods: Thirty-seven eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they showed serous retinal detachment on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Pro re nata regimen was applied after 1 dose of intravitreal aflibercept injection. After the initial injection, control treatments were administered at months 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12. The best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness were measured. Results: Fifteen patients had serous retinal detachment, and 22 with macular edema only (non-serous retinal detachment). The central macular thickness was significantly greater in the group with than in the group without serous retinal detachment (811.73 ± 220.68 µm and 667.90 ± 220.68 µm, respectively, p=0.04). The difference between the groups disappeared from the third month. The central macular thickness was similar between the two groups at the last control treatment (407.27 ± 99.08 µm and 376.66 ± 74.71 µm, p=0.66). The best-corrected visual acuity increased significantly in both groups. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the best-corrected visual acuities at baseline and the final control. Conclusion: The intravitreal aflibercept treatment was highly effective in improving best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion-induced macular edema independent of serous retinal detachment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento com aflibercepte intravítreo para edema macular devido à oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana, com e sem descolamento seroso da retina. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 37 olhos com oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana, tratados com injeção intravítrea de aflibercepte para edema macular. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a presença ou ausência de um descolamento seroso de retina na tomografia de coerência óptica (SD-OCT). Um regime pro re nata foi seguido após 1 injeção intravítrea de aflibercepte. Após a injeção, foram realizadas consultas de acompanhamento nos meses 1, 2, 3, 6 e 12. Foram medidas a melhor acuidade visual corrigida e a espessura macular central. Resultados: Houve 15 pacientes com descolamento seroso de retina e 22 pacientes com apenas edema macular (descolamento não seroso de retina). A espessura macular central foi significativamente maior no grupo com descolamento seroso de retina do que no grupo com descolamento não seroso de retina (respectivamente, 811,73 ± 220,68 µm e 667,90 ± 220,68 µm; p=0,04). A diferença desapareceu a partir do terceiro mês. A espessura macular central foi semelhante nos dois grupos na última consulta (407,27 ± 99,08 µm e 376,66 ± 74,71 µm, p=0,66). A melhor acuidade visual corrigida aumentou significativamente em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos quanto à melhor acuidade visual corrigida inicial e final. Conclusão: O tratamento com aflibercepte intravítreo foi altamente eficaz em melhorar a acuidade visual corrigida e a espessura macular central no edema macular induzido pela oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana, independentemente da presença ou não de um descolamento seroso da retina.

Effects of the epiretinal membrane on the outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implantation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion / Os efeitos de uma membrana epirretiniana nos resultados da implantação de dexametasona intravítrea para edema macular secundário à oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effects of epiretinal membrane formation on the clinical outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implantation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Methods: This retrospective interventional case series includes the treatment of naive patients with macular edema secondary to non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion who underwent intravitreal dexamethasone implantation. The patients were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1 (n=25), comprised of patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion without epiretinal membrane, and Group 2 (n=16), comprised of patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion with an epiretinal membrane. Corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness, and central macular volume values were measured before and after treatment. The clinical outcomes of the groups were compared. Results: Mean age and male-to-female ratio were similar between the two groups (p>0.05, for both). The baseline and final corrected visual acuity values, central macular thickness, and central macular volumes of the groups were similar (p>0.05, for all). All the parameters were significantly improved after intravitreal dexamethasone implantation treatment (p<0.001, for all). The changes in central macular thickness and volume were also similar (p>0.05, for both). The mean number of intravitreal dexamethasone implantations was 2.1 ± 1.0 (range, 1-4) in Group 1 and 3.0 ± 1.2 (range, 1-5) in Group 2 (p=0.043). Conclusion: Epiretinal membrane formation had no effects on the baseline and final clinical parameters, including corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness and volume. The only parameter affected by the presence of epiretinal membrane formation is the number of intravitreal dexamethasone implantations, a greater number of which is needed for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion with an epiretinal membrane.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da formação de uma membrana epirretiniana nos resultados clínicos da implantação intravítrea de dexametasona para edema macular secundário à oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana. Métodos: Esta série retrospectiva de casos intervencionais inclui o tratamento de indivíduos com edema macular secundário à oclusão não isquêmica de um ramo da veia retiniana, sem tratamento prévio e que foram submetidos a implantação intravítrea de dexametasona. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (n=25), composto por indivíduos com edema macular secundário à oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana sem a presença de uma membrana epirretiniana, e Grupo 2 (n=16), composto por indivíduos com edema macular secundário à oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana com a presença de uma membrana epirretiniana. Os valores da acuidade visual corrigida, espessura macular central e volume macular central foram obtidos antes e após o tratamento. Os resultados clínicos dos grupos foram comparados. Resultados: A média de idade e a proporção entre homens e mulheres foram semelhantes nos dois grupos (p>0,05 para ambos os valores). Os valores iniciais e finais da acuidade visual corrigida, espessura macular central e volume macular central foram semelhantes nos dois grupos (p>0,05 para todos os valores). Todos os parâmetros melhoraram significativamente após o tratamento com implante de dexametasona intravítrea (p<0,001 para todos os parâmetros) e as alterações na espessura macular central e no volume macular central também foram semelhantes (p>0,05 para ambos os valores). O número médio de implantações intravítreas de dexametasona foi 2,1 ± 1,0 (faixa de 1-4) no Grupo 1 e 3,0 ± 1,2 (faixa de 1-5) no Grupo 2 (p=0,043). Conclusão: A formação de uma membrana epirretiniana não tem efeitos sobre os parâmetros clínicos iniciais e finais, incluindo a acuidade visual corrigida, a espessura macular central e o volume macular central. O único parâmetro afetado pela formação de uma membrana epirretiniana é o número de implantações intravítreas de dexametasona, sendo necessário um número maior de implantações em casos de edema macular secundário à oclusão de um ramo da veia retiniana com a presença de uma membrana epirretiniana.

Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion treated with Anti-VEGF / Achados de angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana tratada com anti-VEGF

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate retinal microvasculature changes in patients treated with anti-VEGF for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Methods: We examined 38 eyes of 19 patients for the study. We measured superficial and deep capillary plexus vessel densities (%), foveal avascular zone areas (mm2), and central macular thicknesses. Results: Parafoveal superficial and deep capillary plexus values were significantly lower in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion than in fellow eyes (p<0.001). We found a significant increase in parafoveal deep capillary plexus values after the anti-VEGF treatment (p=0.032). The mean foveal avascular zone was larger in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion than in control eyes (p<0.001). The mean central macular thickness was significantly higher in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion than in controls, and we observed a significant decrease in central macular thickness after anti-VEGF treatment (<0.001). In addition, the cystic structures in the deep capillary plexus regressed. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography enables qualitative and quantitative evaluations during follow-up of patients treated for branch retinal vein occlusion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar as alterações na microvascu latura da retina em pacientes tratados com anti-VEGF para ede ma macular secundário à oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana. Métodos: Foram examinados 38 olhos de 19 pacientes para o estudo. Medimos as densidades dos vasos do plexo capilar superficial e profunda (%), áreas da zona avascular foveal (mm2) e espessura macular central. Resultados: Os valores do plexo capilar superficial e profundo parafoveal foram significativamente menores nos olhos com oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana do que nos outros olhos (p<0,001). Encontramos um aumento significativo nos valores de plexo capilar profundo parafoveal após o tratamento com anti-VEGF (p=0,032). A zona avascular foveal média foi maior nos olhos com oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana do que nos olhos controle (p<0,001). A espessura macular central média foi significativamente maior nos olhos com oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana do que nos controles, e observamos uma diminuição significativa na espessura macular central após o tratamento com anti-VEGF (< 0,001). Além disso, as estruturas císticas no plexo capilar profundo regrediram. Conclusão: A angiotomografia de coerência óptica permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas durante o acompanhamento de pacientes tratados por oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana.

Aflibercept versus dexametasona en edema macular secundario a la oclusión de la vena central de la retina / Aflibercept versus dexamethasone for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

INTRODUCCIÓN El edema macular es una complicación frecuente de la oclusión de la vena central de la retina que clínicamente provoca deterioro de la agudeza visual. Los tratamientos más utilizados son el implante de dexametasona y los fármacos anti factor del crecimiento endotelial vascular, destacando aflibercept dentro de estos. Sin embargo, no existe consenso acerca de qué tratamiento constituye la mejor alternativa. MÉTODOS Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un meta análisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos dos revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron cuatro estudios primarios, todos ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que no es posible establecer si aflibercept es superior a dexametasona en términos de mejora de agudeza visual y seguridad, debido a que la certeza de la evidencia existente ha sido evaluada como muy baja.

INTRODUCTION Macular edema is a frequent complication of central retinal vein occlusion that might lead to deterioration of visual acuity. The most commonly used treatments are dexamethasone implant and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, being aflibercept one of the most commonly used them. However, there is no consensus about which treatment constitute the best alternative. METHODS We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified two systematic reviews that included four primary studies overall, all randomized trials. We concluded that it is not possible to establish whether aflibercept is superior to dexamethasone in terms of improvement of visual acuity and safety, because the certainty of the existing evidence has been evaluated as very low.

Alternative ways to optimize treatment for retinal vein occlusion with peripheral capillary non-perfusion: a pilot study / Opções alternativas para otimizar o tratamento da oclusão da veia retiniana sem perfusão capilar periférica (um estudo piloto)

ABSTRACT Purpose: We compared the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab versus ranibizumab plus scatter laser photocoagulation (SLP) in patients with chronic post-central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) macular edema (ME). Methods: This prospective non-randomized pilot study included 250 patients with peripheral retinal ischemia and CRVO-related ME. The mean follow-up period was 24.5 ± 6.5 months. The clinical assessments conducted included best corrected visual acuity, optical coherence tomography, and multi-field fluorescein angiography with measurement of the ischemic area. The study population comprised two comparable patient groups with peripheral retinal ischemia that received different treatments for post-CRVO ME: ranibizumab with peripheral SLP of capillary non-perfusion areas (Group 1); and Lucentis® monotherapy (Group 2). Data analyses were performed using Statistica 7 software suite and included the estimation of х ± δ values and their dispersion and covariation coefficients at different stages of the study. Results: Clinically significant retinal ischemia was detected in 175 (70%) patients, occupying an average of 435.12 ± 225.13 mm2, i.e., 167.15 ± 45.16 optic disc areas. Peripheral ischemia was found in 125 patients, representing 50% of all patients with CRVO and 71.4% of all patients with ischemic CRVO. The mean number of ranibizumab injections in patients who underwent SLP was 3.5 ± 1.6. Patients treated with ranibizumab monotherapy for 24 months received 10.6 ± 2.5 injections. Functional and anatomic results were comparable in the two groups. Conclusions: The combination of ranibizumab injections and peripheral SLP in capillary non-perfusion areas can significantly decrease the number of injections and reduce neovascular complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: A investigação centra-se na terapia de edema macular pós-oclusão da veia retiniana central (OVCR) em casos com isquemia retiniana periférica. O objetivo foi comparar a eficácia e a segurança do tratamento com ranibizumab vs ranibizumab + fotocoagulação com laser de dispersão (SLP) em pacientes com edema macular crônico secundário a oclusão da veia retiniana central isquêmica. Métodos: O estudo prospectivo não-randomizado incluiu 250 pacientes com isquemia retiniana periférica e edema macular relacionados a oclusão da veia retiniana central. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 24,5 ± 6,5 meses. A avaliação clínica incluiu acuidade visual melhor corrigida, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por fluoresceína multi-campo com a medição da área de isquemia. A população estudada foi constituída por dois grupos de pacientes comparáveis com o oclusão da veia retiniana central isquêmica, que receberam tratamento diferente. Em nossa prática anterior, utilizamos ranibizumab (Lucentis®) em monoterapia (de acordo com a licença do medicamento) para edema macular pós-oclusão da veia retiniana central com isquemia retiniana periférica (Grupo 2). Mais recentemente, começamos a combinar ranibizumab com SLP periférica de áreas não perfusão capilar (Grupo 1). As análises de dados foram realizadas com o software Statistica 7 e incluíram a estimação dos valores de х ± δ e seus coeficientes de dispersão e covariân cia em diferentes estágios do estudo. Resultados: Identificou-se isquemia retiniana clinicamente significativa em 175 (70%) pacientes, atingindo uma média de 435,12 ± 225,13 mm2, ou seja, 167,15 ± 45,16 áreas de disco óptico. Isquemia periférica foi encontrada em 125 casos, representando 50% de todos os pacientes com oclusão da veia retiniana central e 71,4% de todos os pacientes com oclusão da veia retiniana central isquêmica. O número médio de injeções de rani bizumab em pacientes com SLP foi de 3,5 ± 1,6. Os pacientes tratados com ranibizu mab em monoterapia durante 24 meses receberam 10,6 ± 2,5 injeções. Os resultados funcionais e anatômicos foram comparáveis nos dois grupos. Conclusões: A combinação de injeções de ranibizumab com SLP periférica em áreas de não-perfusão capilar pode diminuir significativamente o número de injeções e reduzir as complicações neovasculares.

Análisis de costo-efectividad de ranibizumab comparado con implante intravítreo de dexametasona, triamcinolona, aflibercept y bevacizumab, para pacientes el tratamiento de pacientes con edema macular secundario a oclusión de la vena central de la retina (OVCR) en Colombia / Ranibizumab cost-effectiveness analysis compared to intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone, triamcinolone, aflibercept and bevacizumab, for patients in the treatment of patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (OVCR

Problema de investigación: Realizar el análisis de costo-efectividad del uso de ranibizumab comparado con aflibercept, implante intravítreo de dexametasona, triamcinolona y bevacizumab para pacientes con edema macular secundario a oclusión de la vena central de la retina en Colombia. Tipo de evaluación económica: Evaluación económica descriptiva de tipo costo-efectividad. Población objetivo: Población con la condición de degeneración macular relacionada a la edad mayor de 50 años en Colombia. Intervención y comparadores: I: Ranibizumab, C: aflibercept, implante intravítreo de dexametasona, triamcinolona y bevacizumab. Horizonte temporal: 24 años. Perspectiva: La del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS). Tasa de descuento: Es de 5% tanto para los costos como para los desenlaces de efectividad. Estructura del modelo: Modelo de Markov de 6 estados con ciclos de 6 meses. Fuentes de datos de efectividad y seguridad: Ensayos clínicos y meta-análisis. Desenlaces y valoración: Años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC). Costos incluidos: Costos de medicamentos, Costos de procedimientos e insumos. Fuentes de datos de costos: Consulta a proveedores, SISMED, Manual tarifario ISS 2001. Resultados del caso base: El ranibizumab presenta una efectividad similar, expresada en AVAC, frente a los demás medicamentos antiangiogénicos (bevacizumab y aflibercept). Con respecto al aflibercept, el ranibizumab es una estrategia dominada. Por su parte, al compararlo con bevacizumab, no es una estrategia costo efectiva ya que su RICE supera el umbral de tres PIB per cápita. Análisis de sensibilidad: El ranibizumab es una estrategia dominada en cada uno de los escenarios planteados para las distintas tasas de descuento. El bevacizumab por su parte sigue presentando la mejor costo-efectividad en cada uno de los escenarios, ya que aunque su efectividad es similar, el costo asociado al tratamiento es menor que el de otras alternativas antiangiogénicas. \r\nConclusiones y discusión: Ranibizumab no es una alternativa costo-efectiva comparada con bevacizumab ni con aflibercept. El ranibizumab es costo-efectivo comparado con implante intravítreo de dexametasona y \r\npotencialmente costo-efectivo con triamcinolona.(AU)

Triancinolona intra-vítrea e clorpromazina retrobulbar como alternativas ao manejo do olho cego doloroso / Intravietrea trianciclone and retotubulbar chlorpromazine as alternative to blind paintful eye manegement

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desde estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da triancinolona intra-vítrea e da clorpromazina retrobulbar como alternativas no manejo da dor ocular em olhos cegos. Métodos: Este foi um estudo prospectivo intervencionista não-randomizado de pacientes com olho cego doloroso não responsivo ao tratamento tópico e sem indicação de evisceração atendidos no Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Governador Celso Ramos no ano de 2010. Após exame oftalmológico e ultrassonografia ocular modo B, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos. Pacientes do Grupo 1 possuíam glaucoma intratável e receberam injeção retrobulbar de clorpromazina 2,5ml, e pacientes do Grupo 2 possuíam olhos phthisicos com componente inflamatório e receberam injeção intra-vítrea de triancinolona 0,3ml. Foram realizadas avaliações com 1, 3 e 6 meses após o procedimento e a dor quantificada de forma subjetiva em uma escala de 0 a 10 (sem dor e com o máximo de dor, respectivamente). Resultados: Foram incluídos 38 olhos, sendo 15 no Grupo 1 e 21 no Grupo 2. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino e idade média de 54 anos. A causa mais prevalente de olho cego doloroso foi o glaucoma neovascular. Tanto a injeção de clorpromazina retrobulbar quanto a de triancinolona intra-vítrea mostraram-se eficazes no controle da dor ocular em olhos cegos no período do estudo (p<0,001). Ocorreu uma redução de 77,1% no uso de colírios (p<0,01) após a aplicação das medicações. Conclusão: Tanto a injeção de clorpromazina retrobulbar quanto a de triancinolona intra-vítrea mostraram resultados significativos no controle da dor ocular em olhos cegos, além de uma redução no uso de colírios. A clorpromazina é um medicamento de baixo custo, com melhor perfil de efeitos adversos e mostrou resultados discretamente melhores relação à triancinolona. Possíveis viéses identificados no estudo são o de tempo e seleção.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone and retrobulbar chlorpromazine as alternatives in the management of ocular pain in blind eyes. Methods: This was a non-randomized interventional prospective study of patients with painful blind eye unresponsive to topical treatment and without indication of evisceration treated at the Hospital Governador Celso Ramos Ophthalmology Service in 2010. After ocular examination and ocular B mode ultrasound, patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 patients had intractable glaucoma and received retrobulbar injection of chlorpromazine 2.5ml, and Group 2 patients had phthisics eyes with inflammatory component and received intravitreal triamcinolone injection 0.3ml. Evaluations were performed at 1, 3 and 6 months after the procedure and quantified pain subjectively on a scale from 0 to 10 (no pain and maximum pain, respectively). Results: 38 eyes were included, 15 in Group 1 and 21 in Group 2. There was a predominance of males with a mean age of 54 years. The most prevalent cause of painful blind eye was the neovascular glaucoma. Any retrobulbar injection of chlorpromazine as the intravitreal triamcinolone shown to be effective in the control of ocular pain in the eye blind study period (p <0.001). There was a 77.1% reduction in eye drops (p <0.01) after application of medication. Conclusion: Both the retrobulbar injection chlorpromazine as the intravitreal triamcinolone showed significant results in the control of ocular pain in blind eyes, and a reduction in the use of eye drops. Chlorpromazine is a low cost product, with a better adverse effect profile and showed slightly better results compared to triamcinolone. Potential bias identified in the study are the time and selection.

Serous retinal detachment in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion / Descolamento seroso de retina em pacientes com edema macular secundário à oclusão de ramo da veia retiniana

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT) to assess the influence of serous retinal detachment (SRD) in eyes with macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: Sixty-one eyes with BRVO from 61 patients with ME were analyzed and divided into two groups according to the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of SRD and cystoid macular edema (CME). All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examinations and OCT measurements (Cirrus, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA). Patients with marked retinal hemorrhage, diabetic retinopathy, previous laser photocoagulation, and/or intravitreal injection were excluded. Results: The mean age of included patients (37 males, 24 females) was 65.4 ± 11.4 (53-77) years. There were 21 patients with SRD and 40 patients with CME. All of the 21 patients with SRD had CME. VA was significantly worse in the SRD group compared with the CME (non-SRD) group (0.82 ± 0.34 logMAR vs 0.64 ± 0.38 logMAR; P=0.005). Conversely, CMT was significantly greater in the SRD group than in the CME group (465 ± 115 µ vs 387 ± 85 µ; P=0.00004). Conclusion: SRD may be associated with decreased VA. The prognosis of patients with BRVO and SRD requires further investigation.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a acuidade visual (VA) e espessura macular central (CMT) para avaliar a influência do descolamento seroso da retina (SRD) em olhos com edema macular (ME) secundário a oclusão de ramo da veia da retina (BRVO). Método: Sessenta e um olhos de 61 pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia da retina e edema macular foram analisados e divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com os achados na a tomografia de coerência óptica por domínio espectral (OCT), de edema macular cistóide (CME) e descolamento seroso da retina. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo e exame de tomografia de coerência óptica (Cirrus, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA). Os pacientes com hemorragia acentuada da retina, retinopatia diabética, fotocoagulação a laser e/ou injeção intravítrea prévia foram excluídos. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes (37 homens, 24 mulheres) foi de 65,4 ± 11,4 (53-77) anos. Havia 21 pacientes com SRD e 40 pacientes com edema macular cistóide. Todos os 21 pacientes com SRD também apresentaram edema macular cistóide. VA foi significativamente pior no grupo SRD do que no grupo edema macular cistóide (non-SRD) (0,82 ± 0,34 vs 0,64 ± 0,38 logMAR, p=0,005). Por outro lado, a espessura macular central foi significativamente maior no grupo descolamento seroso da retina do que no grupo edema macular cistóide (465 ± 115 µ vs 387 ± 85 µ, p=0,00004). Conclusão: Observou-se que o descolamento seroso da retina em si pode estar relacionado à diminuição de acuidade visual. Os prognósticos dos pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia da retina e descolamento seroso da retina precisam ser adequadamente investigados.

Hyperhomocysteinemia, a Biochemical Tool for Differentiating Ischemic and Nonischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion during the Early Acute Phase

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to differentiate ischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) from nonischemic CRVO during the early acute phase using plasma homocysteine as a biochemical marker. METHODS: Fasting plasma homocysteine, serum vitamin B12, and folate levels were measured in 108 consecutive unilateral elderly adult (age >50 years) ischemic CRVO patients in the absence of local and systemic disease and compared with a total of 144 age and sex matched nonischemic CRVO patients and 120 age and sex matched healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Homocysteine level was significantly increased in the patients with ischemic CRVO in comparison with nonischemic CRVO patients (p = 0.009) and also in comparison with control subjects (p 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinemia can be regarded as useful in differentiating nonischemic and ischemic CRVO during the early acute phase in absence of local and systemic disease in the elderly adult (age >50 years) population.

Efectividad y seguridad de ranibizumab, comparado con implante intravítreo de dexametasona, fotocoagulación, triamcinolona, bevacizumab y aflibercept, en pacientes con edema macular secundario a oclusión de la vena central de la retina / Effectiveness and safety of ranibizumab compared to intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone, photocoagulation, triamcinolone, bevacizumab and aflibercept in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

Introducción: La oclusión de la vena central de la retina (OVCR) reduce las funciones individuales y la calidad de vida de aquellos individuos que la presentan; típicamente afecta a personas mayores y se considera que alrededor de un 90 % de los pacientes son mayores de 50 años al momento de inicio del cuadro. Es considerada la segunda causa más común de trastorno vascular de la retina después de la retinopatía diabética. Esta enfermedad puede conducir a pérdida visual severa a causa del edema o isquemia macular, hemorragia vítrea o glaucoma neovascular. Objetivo: examinar los beneficios y riesgos del uso de ranibizumab como uno de los criterios para informar la toma de decisiones relacionada con la posible inclusión de tecnologías en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud, en el marco de su actualización integral para el año 2015. Metodología la evaluación fue realizada de acuerdo con un protocolo definido a priori por el grupo desarrollador. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, LILACS y Google, sin restricciones de idioma, fecha de publicación y tipo de estudio. Las búsquedas electrónicas fueron hechas en noviembre de 2014 y se complementaron mediante búsqueda manual en bola de nieve y consulta con expertos temáticos. La tamización de referencias se realizó por dos revisores de forma independiente y los desacuerdos fueron resueltos por consenso. La selección de estudios fue realizada mediante la revisión en texto completo de las referencias preseleccionadas, verificando los criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos. Las características y hallazgos de los estudios fueron extraídos a partir de las publicaciones originales. Resultados: efectividad triamcinolona, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, aflibercept, tienen alta probabilidad de presentar cambios en la mejor agudeza visual corregida comparado con placebo y con implante intravítreo de dexametasona. Los pacientes tratados con triamcinolona 4mg DEM 9,42 (IC 95 % 3,46-15,38), ranibizumab 0,5 mg DEM 14,06 (IC 95 % 10,46-17,65), bevacizumab 1,25 mg DEM 15,69 (IC 95 % 5,86-25,47), aflibercept 2 mg DEM 17,46 (IC 95% 14,37-20,57), tienen alta probabilidad de presentar cambio en la mejor agudeza visual corregida cuando se comparan con placebo. Cambios en la tomografía de coherencia óptica (grosor de la retina) Al mes de seguimiento : se presentó disminución significativa a favor de los inhibidores de VEGF cuando se comparan con placebo DEM - 264,67 (IC 95 % -377,00 ; -152,35), con una heterogeneidad extremadamente alta I2 94 %. A los seis meses se presentó disminución significativa a favor de los inhibidores de VEGF cuando se comparan con placebo DEM -224,52 (IC 95 % -377,77; -111,27), con una heterogeneidad extremadamente alta I2 93 %. A los doce meses: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: efectividad triamcinolona, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, aflibercept, tienen alta probabilidad de presentar cambios en la mejor agudeza visual corregida comparado con placebo y con implante intravítreo de dexametasona. Además tienen alta probabilidad de ganar tres o más líneas comparado con placebo, así como, disminuir el grosor central de la retina. En relación con la seguridad del tratamiento para el edema macular secundario a oclusión de la vena central de la retina, se evidenció que el uso de corticoides como: la triamcinolona y la dexametasona incrementa la presión intraocular y la presencia de cataratas cuando se comparan con placebo; mientras que para los inhibidores de VEGF como: aflibercept, ranibizumab y bevacizumab no se reportaron de manera significativa eventos adversos oculares o sistémicos cuando se comparan con placebo. En esta revisión no se identificó evidencia que cumpliera con los criterios de inclusión para los desenlaces de grado de isquemia retiniana y mantenimiento de la ganancia en la agudeza visual, ni la comparación con láser.(AU)

Patient's Self-recognition of Reduced Visual Acuity Due to Recurrence of Macular Edema and Prompt Visitation to the Hospital in Retinal Vein Occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate patients' self-recognition of reduced visual acuity due to recurring macular edema in retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records of patients who were diagnosed with recurring macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion was performed. The proportion of patients who recognized reduced visual acuity due to the recurrence of macular edema and who visited the hospital before the scheduled follow-up date was determined. Parameters including age, sex, diagnosis, visual acuity before recurrence of macular edema, and extent of visual acuity reduction due to recurrence of macular edema were compared in patients who recognized a reduction in visual acuity and those who did not. The proportion of patients who visited the hospital promptly was also determined. RESULTS: Forty eyes of 40 patients were included in the analysis. Sixteen and 24 patients were diagnosed with central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion, respectively. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) recognized reduced visual acuity due to recurring macular edema. These patients were younger (59.2 +/- 7.6 vs. 64.8 +/- 9.4 years, p = 0.046), had better visual acuity before recurrence of macular edema (0.52 +/- 0.48 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.46, p = 0.002), and exhibited a greater reduction in visual acuity after recurrence of macular edema (0.34 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.13, p = 0.003). Only four patients visited the hospital before the scheduled follow-up date, and all of these patients lived relatively close to the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: For prompt treatment of recurring macular edema, more intensive education about the self-estimation of visual acuity is necessary, particularly for elderly patients who have relatively poor visual acuity. In addition, a simple and easy way to identify the recurrence of macular edema at the local clinic should be established for patients who live relatively far from the hospital.

Comparison of Injection of Intravitreal Drugs with Standard Care in Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolon with or without rescue laser therapy (intravitreal triamcinolone injection [IVTA] group), bevacizumab with or without rescue laser treatment (intravitreal bevacizumab injection [IVB] group), or a combination of both with or without rescue laser therapy (IVTA + IVB group), with standard care for patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 151 patients treated with intravitreal injection with or without rescue laser for treatment of macular edema caused by BRVO, and who were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. During the observation period, rescue grid laser or repeated intravitreal injection with initial drug was performed if recurrence of macular edema was confirmed. Visual acuity, change in visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were compared in each phase. RESULTS: Totals of 16%, 5.6%, and 0% of participants in the three groups showed significant visual loss of more than three lines of the Snellen chart at last follow-up. The IVTA group was the least effective treatment modality, with statistical significance. The development rates of elevated intraocular pressure were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although IVTA yielded effects similar to those of standard grid photocoagulation based on the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion study, IVB or IVTA + IVB with or without rescue laser treatment resulted in improvement in visual acuity at 24 months after the start of treatment and was associated with few serious adverse side effects. Thus, these approaches could be useful for treating macular edema arising secondary to BRVO.

Comparison of Injection of Intravitreal Drugs with Standard Care in Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolon with or without rescue laser therapy (intravitreal triamcinolone injection [IVTA] group), bevacizumab with or without rescue laser treatment (intravitreal bevacizumab injection [IVB] group), or a combination of both with or without rescue laser therapy (IVTA + IVB group), with standard care for patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 151 patients treated with intravitreal injection with or without rescue laser for treatment of macular edema caused by BRVO, and who were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. During the observation period, rescue grid laser or repeated intravitreal injection with initial drug was performed if recurrence of macular edema was confirmed. Visual acuity, change in visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were compared in each phase. RESULTS: Totals of 16%, 5.6%, and 0% of participants in the three groups showed significant visual loss of more than three lines of the Snellen chart at last follow-up. The IVTA group was the least effective treatment modality, with statistical significance. The development rates of elevated intraocular pressure were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although IVTA yielded effects similar to those of standard grid photocoagulation based on the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion study, IVB or IVTA + IVB with or without rescue laser treatment resulted in improvement in visual acuity at 24 months after the start of treatment and was associated with few serious adverse side effects. Thus, these approaches could be useful for treating macular edema arising secondary to BRVO.

Intravítrea de acetato de triamcinolona en el edema macular secundario a oclusión venosa de rama retiniana / Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for treament of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion

Objetivos: evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de intravítrea de acetato de triamcinolona, en el edema macular secundario a oclusión de rama venosa retiniana. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, intervencional, no comparativo, que incluyó a 16 pacientes con edema macular secundario a oclusión de rama venosa retiniana. El tratamiento consistió en inyección intravítrea de triamcinolona (hasta 3 dosis) y, de ponerse tercer retratamiento se realizó grid macular. La primera dosis se puso a los 3 meses de ocurrido el evento oclusivo y se les dio seguimiento por 12 meses. Se determinaron la mejor agudeza visual corregida, grosor foveal retinal y complicaciones. Resultados: se estudiaron 11 hombres (68,75 por ciento) y 5 mujeres (31,25 por ciento), con promedio de 60,1 años de edad. Del total de pacientes, 8 requirieron 1 dosis (50 por ciento), 5 necesitaron de 2 dosis (31,25 por ciento) y a 3 hubo de aplicarle 3 dosis (18,75 por ciento) más grid macular. La mejor agudeza visual con corrección inicial promedio fue de 0,29 (0,05-0,5) con una mejoría a 0,64 (0,05-1,0) a los 12 meses. El grosor foveal retinal inicial promedio fue de 551,38 (346-967) µm y disminuyó a 204,06 (112-449) µm, a los 12 meses. La complicación más frecuente fue la hipertensión ocular en 4 pacientes 25,0 por ciento). Conclusión: la inyección intravítrea de triamcinolona constituyó un tratamiento eficaz en el edema macular secundario a oclusión de rama venosa retiniana

Objectives: to evaluate the results of the treatment with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide of a macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Methods: prospective, interventional and non-comparative study of 16 patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. The treatment consisted of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone (up to three doses) and if third retreatment was necessary, then macular grid was performed. The first dose was injected three months after occlusive event and followed-up for 12 months. The best corrected visual acuity, the retinal foveal thickness and the complications were determined.Results: eleven men (68.75 percent) and 5 women (31.25 percent) with average age of 60.1 years were studied. Of the total number of patients, 8 required one dose (50 percent), 5 needed two doses (31.25 percent) and 3 required three doses (18.75 percent) plus macular grid. The best initial corrected average visual acuity was 0.29 (0.05-0.5), which improved to 0.64(0.05-1.0) after 12 months. The initial average retinal foveal thickness was 551.38 (346-967) µm and decreased to 204.06 (112-449) µm after 12 months. The most frequent complication was ocular hypertension in 4 patients (25 percent). Conclusion: the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide was an effective treatment of the macular edema secondary to the branch retinal vein occlusion

Retinal sensitivity improvement after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) on retinal sensitivity in cases of macular edema(ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Materials and Methods: Total of 14 eyes of 14 cases of BRVO were included in this prospective study. In each eye, at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after IVTA injection, logMAR visual acuity, central 4° retinal sensitivity by MP-1 microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography foveal thickness were assessed. Results: Cases ages ranged from 60 to 79 years (mean 68 ± 8 years). At 1, 3, and 6 months, the logMAR visual acuity had increased from 0.71 ± 0.21 to 0.42 ± 0.21, 0.46 ± 0.30, and 0.46 ± 0.27; the mean foveal thickness had decreased from 540 ± 88 μm to 254 ± 51 μm, 288 ± 84 μm, and 280 ± 91 μm; and the mean retinal sensitivity had increased from 4.7 ± 2.5 dB to 7.9 ± 2.7 dB, 8.2 ± 3.6 dB, and 8.3 ± 4.6 dB, respectively. Conclusion: In eyes with ME secondary to BRVO, IVTA injections result in a significant increase in not only the visual acuity but also the central 4° retinal sensitivity in 6 months follow-up.

Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors of Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Study by the Korean RVO Study Group

We investigated the demographic characteristics and risk factors of Korean patients with naIve central or branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO or BRVO). This study enrolled 41 clinical sites throughout Korea and included 557 consecutive patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) from May through November 2010. A total of 557 patients with new-onset RVO participated in this study. Two hundred and three (36.4%) patients were diagnosed with CRVO and 354 (63.6%) patients were diagnosed with BRVO. Comparisons between the two groups showed that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in CRVO patients and hypertension was significantly higher in BRVO patients (P = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Poor baseline visual acuity was significantly associated with female and old age in BRVO patients (P = 0.002 and 0.013, respectively), whereas the wide intraretinal hemorrhage (CRVO, P = 0.029; BRVO, P < 0.001) and the macular ischemia (CRVO, P < 0.001; BRVO, P < 0.001) were associated with both groups. The study results show the clinical features of RVO in Korean patients. Hypertension is strongly associated with BRVO and diabetes mellitus is more strongly associated with CRVO in Korean patients with RVO. As the first nationwide study performed by the Korean Retinal Society, the results of this study can be applied to future studies on RVO.

Neovascular Glaucoma Due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Combined with Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion

Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) rarely cause neovascular glaucoma (NVG). A 58-year-old woman with hypertension and type 2 diabetic mellitus complained of progressive visual loss in her right eye for the previous 3 months. At initial examination, visual acuity was 20 / 63 in the right eye. Angle neovascularization was observed and the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 30 mmHg in her right eye. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiography showed BRAO combined with BRVO. We immediately injected intravitreal and intracameral bevacizumab in her right eye. The next day, we performed scatter photocoagulation in the nonperfusion area. One month later, visual acuity was 20 / 20 in her right eye and the IOP was 17 mmHg with one topical antiglaucoma agent. The neovascularization had regressed completely. We report a case of unilateral NVG which was caused by BRAO with concomitant BRVO and advise close ophthalmic examination of the iris and angle in BRVO with BRAO.

Esclerite posterior associada à oclusão da veia central da retina e edema macular cistoide: relato de caso / Posterior scleritis associated with central retinal vein occlusion and cystoid macular edema: case report

Apresentamos um caso de esclerite posterior associada à oclusão da veia central da retina e edema macular cistoide. Com esse caso, observamos como a doença pode ser agressiva e como a acuidade visual pode ser comprometida. No entanto, o tratamento correto pode melhorar as alterações oculares com melhora visual. Alertamos também para os cuidados que devem ser tomados em relação ao uso de altas doses de corticosteroides.

A case of posterior scleritis associated with central retinal vein occlusion and cystoid macular edema is reported. With this case, we noticed how the disease can be aggressive and how the visual acuity can be compromised. However, the correct treatment can improve the ocular changes with visual improvement. We also alert to the care with the use of high doses of corticosteroids.