Clinical phenotype and genetic analysis of a fetus with Glutaracidemia type II C / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical phenotype and genetic variants of a fetus with Glutaracidemia type II C (GA II C).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of a 32-year-old pregnant woman and her fetus with GA II C diagnosed at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in December 2021 due to the enlargement and enhanced echo of the kidneys and oligohydramnios fluid at 17 weeks were analyzed retrospectively. Amniotic fluid sample of the fetus and peripheral blood samples of the couple were collected for whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Copy number variation (CNV) was detected by using low-coverage whole genome sequencing (CNV-seq).@*RESULTS@#At 18 weeks' gestation, ultrasound revealed that the fetus had enlargement and enhanced echo of the kidneys along with no echo of renal parenchymal tubular fissure and oligohydramnios. MRI at 22 weeks' gestation confirmed that both kidneys were enlarged with uniformly increased abnormal T2 signal and decreased DWI signal. The volume of both lungs was small, with slightly higher T2 signal. No CNV was detected in the fetus. WES revealed that the fetus has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the ETFDH gene, namely c.1285+1G＞A and c.343_344delTC, which were inherited from its father and mother, respectively. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), both variants were classified as pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PS3_Supporting; PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PM3).@*CONCLUSION@#The c.1285+1G＞A and c.343_344delTC compound heterozygous variants of the ETFDH gene probably underlay the disease in this fetus. Type II C glutaric acidemia may manifest as bilateral kidney enlargement with enhanced echo and oligohydramnios. Discovery of the c.343_344delTC has enriched the spectrum of ETFDH gene variants.

Study of a fetus with confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 2 in conjunct with fetal uniparental disomy and a literature review / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out genetic analysis for a fetus with confined placental mosaicism (CPM) for trisomy 2 (T2) in conjunct with fetal uniparental disomy (UPD).@*METHODS@#Amniocentesis and chromosomal karyotyping was carried out for a pregnant woman with a high risk for chromosome 2 anomalies indicated by non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-array) and trio-whole exome sequencing (Trio-WES) were carried out. Ultrasonography was used to closely monitor the fetal growth. Multifocal sampling of the placenta was performed after delivery for copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq).@*RESULTS@#The fetus was found to have a normal chromosomal karyotype. SNP-array has revealed multiple regions with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 2. Trio-WES confirmed the presence of maternal UPD for chromosome 2. Ultrasonography has revealed intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios. Intrauterine fetal demise had occurred at 23+4 weeks of gestation. Pathological examination had failed to find salient visceral abnormality. The placenta was proved to contain complete T2 by CNV-seq.@*CONCLUSION@#T2 CPM can cause false positive result for NIPT and may be complicated with fetal UPD, leading to adverse obstetric outcomes such as intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios and intrauterine fetal demise.

Enlarged multicystic dysplastic kidneys with oligohydramnios during infancy caused by NPHP3 gene mutation / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical features and genomic abnorm ality of a fetus enlarged multicystic dysplastic kidneys with oligohydramnios caused by NPHP3 gene mutation.@*METHODS@#The fetuse was found to have multicystic dysplastic kidneys with oligohydramnios upon ultrasonography during the second trimester. Following induced abortion, fetal tissue was collected for the extraction of DNA, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and whole exome sequencing (WES). Sanger sequencing was used to verify the suspected variants in the family.@*RESULTS@#Antenatal ultrasound examination at 19 weeks showed "polycystic" kidneys with Oligohydramnios. Delivery was by induced labour because of the critically low amniotic fluid volume. Testing of CMA was normal. WES showed a compound heterozygous mutation of c.1817G>A, p.W606X; c.432dupA, p.E145Rfs*18 mutations are novel mutations in this study.@*CONCLUSION@#The research may further expand the NPHP3 gene mutation spectrum. Enlarged multicystic dysplastic kidneys with oligohydramnios caused by NPHP3 gene mutation at least include one or two splice site mutation, frameshift mutation or nonsense mutation foetal poor prognosis.

Comparison of the effectiveness and pregnancy outcomes of labor induction with dinoprostone or single-balloon catheter in term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUNDS@#At present, there is no consensus on the induction methods in term pregnancy with borderline oligohydramnios. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and pregnancy outcomes of labor induction with dinoprostone or single-balloon catheter (SBC) in term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective cohort study from January 2016 to November 2018. During the study period, a total of 244 cases were enrolled. Of these, 103 cases were selected for induction using dinoprostone and 141 cases were selected for induction with SBC. The pregnancy outcomes between the two groups were compared. Primary outcomes were successful vaginal delivery rates. Secondary outcomes were maternal and neonatal adverse events. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for vaginal delivery failure in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The successful vaginal delivery rates were similar between the dinoprostone group and the SBC group (64.1% [66/103] vs. 59.6%, [84/141] P = 0.475), even after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-2.00, P = 0.835). The incidence of intra-amniotic infection was lower in the dinoprostone group than in the SBC group (1.9% [2/103] vs. 7.8%, [11/141] P < 0.001), but the presence of non-reassuring fetal heart rate was higher in the dinoprostone group than in the SBC group (12.6% [13/103] vs. 0.7%, [1/141] P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that nuchal cord was a risk factor for vaginal delivery failure after induction with dinoprostone (aOR: 6.71, 95% CI: 1.96-22.95). There were three factors related to vaginal delivery failure after induction with SBC, namely gestational age (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.07-2.14), body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.10-8.02), and fetal weight >3500 g (aOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.12-5.50).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Term nulliparous women with borderline oligohydramnios have similar successful vaginal delivery rates after induction with dinoprostone or SBC, with their advantages and disadvantages. In women with nuchal cord, the risk of vaginal delivery failure is increased if dinoprostone is used in the induction of labor. BMI >30 kg/m2, large gestational age, and estimated fetal weight >3500 g are risk factors for vaginal delivery failure after induction with SBC.

Desfecho bem-sucedido de um pré-termo com oligoidrâmnio severo e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) com 18 semanas de gestação: relato de caso / Successful outcome of a preterm infant with severe oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at 18 weeks' gestation: case report

RESUMO Introdução: A ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) ocorre em 3-5% das gestações e está relacionada a graves complica- ções maternas e fetais, especialmente se ocorrer abaixo das 24 semanas de idade gestacional (IG). Descrição: Trata-se de relato de caso com ruptura prematura de membranas com 18 semanas de IG e desfecho gestacional favorável. Discussão: Nascimento com 33 semanas de IG, alta hospitalar do após 34 dias na Unidade de Internação Neonatal sem sequelas significativas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Oligoidrâmnios, ruptura prematura das membranas fetais, viabilidade fetal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) occurs in 3-5% of pregnancies and is related to serious maternal and fetal complications, especially if it occurs below 24 weeks of gestational age (GA). Description: This is a case report with premature rupture of membranes at 18 weeks of GA and favorable gestational outcome. Discussion: Birth at 33 weeks of GA, discharge from hospital after 34 days in the Neonatal Inpatient Unit without significant sequelae. KEYWORDS: Oligohydramnios, premature rupture of fetal membranes, fetal viability, premature birth

Injuria renal fetal y neonatal: una complicación de la terapia antihipertensiva materna. Reporte de caso / Fetal and neonatal renal injury: a complication of maternal hypertensive therapy: case presentation

Los Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (IECAs) y antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II (ARA II) son drogas usadas comúnmente en el manejo de hipertensión arterial, sin embargo, su uso en el embarazo está asociado con toxicidad fetal.1, 2 La acción de la angiotensina II requiere su unión a dos receptores; AT1, involucrado en el control de la tensión arterial y AT2, probablemente encargado del crecimiento fetal. 2 La angiotensina II es esencial en la hemodinamia sistémica y la filtración glomerular fetal y neonatal. La disminución de la perfusión placentaria por efecto hipotensor en el bloqueo del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona materno puede determinar hipotensión fetal sistémica, disminución de la filtración glomerular, oligoamnios e insuficiencia renal, anormalidades tubulares, hipoplasia craneal y alto riesgo de muerte perinatal. 2 Reportamos el caso de prematuro de 30 semanas con oligohidramnios severo y exposición materna a olmesartan. Al nacimiento presentó dificultad respiratoria; imposibilidad de mantener una adecuada tensión arterial a pesar de los esfuerzos para conseguir mejorar su tono vascular; anuria sin respuesta a diuréticos; alteraciones craneales; alteraciones metabólicas severas con consecuencias fatales. El tratamiento de hipertensión materna con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II y los antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II está asociada con toxicidad fetal por lo que su uso debe ser evitado durante el embarazo.

Angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) are drugs for general use in the management of arterial hypertension, however their use in gestational hypertension is related to the Fetal toxicity. 1, 2 The action of angiotensin II requires its binding to two receptors; AT1, involved in the control of blood pressure and AT2, probably responsible for fetal growth.2 Angiotensin II is essential in systemic hemodynamics and fetal and neonatal glomerular filtration. The decrease in placental perfusion due to hypotensive effect in the blockade of the maternal rennin angiotensin aldosterone system can determine systemic fetal hypotension, decreased glomerular filtration, oligohydramnios and renal insufficiency, tubular abnormalities, cranial hypoplasia and high risk of perinatal death. 2 We report the case of prematurity of 30 weeks with a history of severe oligohydramnios and maternal exposure to olmesartan. At birth the patient presented in particular respiratory distress; inability to maintain adequate blood pressure despite efforts to improve your vascular tone; anuria without response to diuretics; cranial alterations; metabolic alterations with fatal consequences. The treatment of maternal hypertension with inhibitors of the angiotensin II convective enzyme and angiotensin II receptor antagonists is associated with fetal toxicity and should therefore be avoided during pregnancy

Cuidados de enfermería basados en Dorotea Orem en ruptura prematura de membrana y oligoamnios / Nursing care in premature membrane rupture and oligohydramnios

La morbilidad materna y perinatal asociada a la ruptura prematura de membranas constituye un problema social y de salud importante, por lo que es primordial estimar su frecuencia y magnitud. Este artículo condensa las intervenciones de enfermería en paciente con ruptura prematura de membranas aplicando el proceso de atención de enfermería (PAE) orientado en la teoría de Dorothea Orem, la cual basa el autocuidado de acuerdo al nivel de dependencia para aplicar una intervención de enfermería obstétrica. La metodología utilizada es el estudio de caso que describe una patología y manejo de un problema el cual se intervino logrando la salud de la madre y su hijo. Participó una gestante de 19 años, con 29 semanas y 5 días de gestación, al valorarla ofreció información sobre su estado actual y antecedentes. Se realizó diagnóstico mediante prueba de helecho y reflejó ruptura prematura de membrana (RPM) que la llevó al oligoamnios, manifestando altura de fondo uterino (AFU) de 19 cm y amenaza de parto pretérmino (APP). El oligoamnios pone en riesgo el crecimiento adecuado del feto, por no ser un embarazo viable para recurrir a un parto. Se realizarón cuidados de enfermería dependientes, procurando un reposo absoluto; e interdependientes manteniendo un equilibrio hídrico, alimentación adecuada, tratando el estreñimiento, prevención de infección y manejo de la ansiedad que puede repercutir en el sueño y comodidad. La asiduidad de los cuidados de enfermería logra una respuesta positiva, al prologar la etapa de gestación hasta una maduración fetal viable para la vida...(AU)

The Isolated Oligohydramnios

Amniotic fluid is an indicator of normal placental function and is essential for normal fetal lung maturation. Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is the most preferred method of amniotic fluid measurement in pregnancy although single deepest pocket (SDP) is also used. To measure AFI, the examiner divides the uterus into four equal quadrants. AFI is the sum of deepest pocket from each quadrant. The normal AFI ranges between 5~24 cm while any value above 24 cm is considered as hydramnios and that below 5 cm is indicated as oligohydramnios. An adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to allow normal fetal movement and growth, while also cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord. Regardless of the etiology, oligohydramnios may inhibit these processes and may lead to fetal deformation, umbilical cord compression, and death in some instances. Oligohydramnios can be due to underproduction, loss, or sometimes, isolated. Isolated oligohydramnios has been found to be responsive maternal hydration and is neither a malformation of the urinary system in the fetus, nor a rupture of amnion and due to genetic cause. The author would like to introduce a way to increase amniotic fluid volume in isolated oligohydramnios which is expect to improve the perinatal outcomes.

Clinical factors in patients with congenital muscular torticollis treated with surgical resection

BACKGROUND: Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is characterized by persistent head tilt toward the affected side. No consensus exists regarding the cause of this disorder. In this study, we analyzed various clinical factors in patients with CMT who were treated with surgical release. This analysis enabled us to identify potential causative factors of CMT and to establish a basis for surgical interventions. METHODS: In total, 584 patients who underwent surgical intervention for CMT from October 2007 to December 2016 were included in this study. Their demographic characteristics, birth-related factors, and clinical features were analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 525 patients were analyzed in this study after exclusion of those with insufficient information. Before birth, 31 patients (5.9%) were diagnosed with oligohydramnios, and 87 (16.6%) had a breech presentation. Seven (1.3%) cases of clavicle fracture and two (0.4%) cases of cephalohematoma were noted at birth. Before surgery, 397 patients (75.6%) underwent physiotherapy and 128 patients (24.4%) did not. The duration of physiotherapy ranged from 1 to 50 months (average, 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that 16.6% of the CMT patients presented in the breech position, which is a much higher rate than that observed in the general population (3%–4%). We hypothesize that being in the breech position as a fetus appears to exert a significant influence on shortening and fibrosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Evolución y aspectos ecográficos del desprendimiento crónico de placenta / Evolution and ultrasound aspects of chronic placental abruption

El desprendimiento crónico de placenta se caracteriza por la aparición de un sangrado venoso crónico intra o retroplacentario que produce la separación paulatina de la misma. Es poco frecuente y se puede presentar en pacientes sin factores de riesgo. La imagen ecográfica plantea diagnóstico diferencial con la corioamnionitis. El pronóstico fetal es malo especialmente si se asocia con oligoamnios. Se presentan cuatro casos caracterizados por imagen ecográfica característica, retraso del crecimiento fetal, alteración del Doppler, y confirmación anatomopatológica.

Chronic placental abruption is due to intra or retroplacental insidious bleeding that causes progressive separation from the uterine wall. It is a rare condition and can occur in low risk patients. Chronic abruption imaging poses differential diagnosis with infectious TORCH chorioamnionitis. Fetal prognosis is ominous especially in the presence of oligohydramnios. We present four cases with a common ultrasound appearance, fetal growth restriction, Doppler abnormalities and pathological confirmation.

Retinal Hemorrhage Incidence of Newborn with Intra-uterine Growth Retardation in Korea

PURPOSE: We report 3 cases of patients with retinal hemorrhage among 27 newborns with intrauterine growth retardation. CASE SUMMARY: Twenty-seven newborns with intrauterine growth retardation were examined using the indirect ophthalmoscope for confirming retinal hemorrhage which was observed in 3 patients. The mean gestational age and birth weight (g) of the 3 patients were 37⁺⁶ weeks and 2,086.7 g, respectively. Among the 3 newborns, 1 patient's mother had oligohydramnios. Two patients were delivered vaginally and 1 by cesarean section. All 3 patients had no birth trauma and the retinal hemorrhage was resolved within 2 weeks after the first eye examination. CONCLUSIONS: We observed 3 cases with retinal hemorrhage in neonates with intrauterine growth retardation which improved within 2 weeks.

Evaluation of perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes / Avaliação dos resultados perinatais em gestantes com rotura prematura das membranas pré-termo

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the association between amniotic fluid index (AFI) and perinatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2012. 86 pregnant women were included, with a diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age from 24 to 35 weeks. Women who presented hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetuses with birth defects and infection at admission were excluded. To determine the association between AFI and perinatal outcomes, chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used if necessary, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). Correlation between AFI and perinatal outcomes was determined by using simple linear regression, and AFI progression during pregnancy was analyzed by Z-test. Results: When comparing newborns presenting ultrasound with AFI<5cm and AFI>5cm, there was a higher frequency of perinatal mortality when the AFI was lower than 5 cm. However, when the oligohydramnios was diagnosed as severe (AFI<3cm), there was a higher frequency of Apgar scores less than seven at 1 minute, neonatal sepsis and early neonatal mortality compared to those presenting AFI>3cm. There was a positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores at minutes 1 and 5. There was also a decrease in amniotic fluid volume with increased gestational age. Conclusion: The presence of severe oligohydramnios after PPROM contributed to a higher frequency of perinatal complications and death.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a associação do índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) com os resultados perinatais na rotura prematura das membranas pré-termo (RPMPT). Método: realizou-se um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de 2008 a 2012. Foram incluídas 86 gestantes, com diagnóstico de RPMPT e idade gestacional entre a 24ª e 35ª semanas. Foram excluídas gestantes que apresentavam síndromes hipertensivas, diabetes, fetos com malformações fetais e infecção na admissão. Para determinar a associação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando pertinentes, além da razão de risco (RR) e seu intervalo de confiança a 95% (IC95%). A correlação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais foi determinada por regressão linear simples, e a evolução do ILA durante a gestação foi analisada pelo teste Z. Resultados: quando comparados os recém-nascidos que apresentavam ultrassonografia com ILA<5 cm e ILA>5 cm, observou-se maior frequência de mortalidade perinatal nos casos de ILA<5 cm. Quando o oligo-hidrâmnio, porém, era diagnosticado como grave (ILA<3 cm), observava-se maior frequência de escore de Apgar <7 no 1º minuto, sepse neonatal e mortalidade neonatal precoce em relação aos que apresentavam ILA>3 cm. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre ILA e idade gestacional no parto, peso ao nascer e escore de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos, além de diminuição do volume do líquido amniótico com o avançar da idade gestacional. Conclusão: a presença de oligo-hidrâmnio grave após a RPMPT contribuiu para uma maior frequência de complicações e mortalidade perinatal.

Risk Factors for Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Among Pregnant Indian Women: A Hospital-based Prospective Study / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to study the maternal risk factors for preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) with a special emphasis on assessing the proportions of maternal genitourinary and periodontal infections among Indian women and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A hospital-based prospective study comprising 790 pregnant women visiting the obstetrics clinic for a routine antenatal check-up was undertaken. Once recruited, all study participants underwent clinical and microbiological investigations for genitourinary infections followed by a dental check-up for the presence of periodontitis. The study participants were followed up until their delivery to record the pregnancy outcomes. Infectious and non-infectious risk factors for PTB and LBW were assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Independent risk factors for PTB and LBW were reported in terms of adjusted relative risk (ARR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Rates of PTB and LBW in the study population were 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Previous preterm delivery (ARR, 5.37; 95% CI, 1.5 to 19.1), periodontitis (ARR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.9), Oligohydramnios (ARR, 5.23; 95% CI, 2.4 to 11.5), presence of Nugent’s intermediate vaginal flora (ARR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.1), gestational diabetes mellitus (ARR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.0 to 8.3), and maternal height <1.50 m (ARR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.1) were risk factors for PTB, while periodontitis (ARR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.9), gestational hypertension (ARR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.3 to 10.8), maternal height <1.50 m (ARR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.1) and genital infection during later stages of pregnancy (ARR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.1) were independent risk factors for LBW. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings underscore the need to consider screening for potential genitourinary and periodontal infections during routine antenatal care in developing countries.

Síndrome de transfusión fetofetal / Twin-twin transfusion síndrome

Introducción: el síndrome de transfusión feto fetal es una complicación mayor presente en el 10 a 15% de los embarazos monocorialesbiamnióticos, se conoce que parte de su fisiopatología corresponde a la presencia de anastomosis placentarias entre los dos fetos que conllevan a presentar una clínica aguda y de urgente intervención en presencia de anemia, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, oliguria y oligohidramnios en el gemelo donante, mientras que el receptor se torna pletórico, poliúrico, presentando cardiomegalia, falla cardiaca congestiva y polihidramnios. Objetivo: presentar una revisión de tema acerca del síndrome de transfusión feto fetal, características clínicas, complicaciones y su tratamiento. Metodología: se utilizaron bases de datos como Pubmed y ScienceDirect para la búsqueda de la información, encontrándose 186 artículos de los cuales 41 fueron seleccionados según los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: se encontraron 41 artículos con información actualizada, se revisó su fisiopatología, clasificación y tratamiento, destacando el papel del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, la presencia de anastomosis placentarias, la implicación de los niveles de vasopresina y su actual tratamiento. Conclusiones: el síndrome de trasfusión feto fetal es una de las más severas complicaciones de las gestaciones monocoriales-biamnióticas con una alta tasa de morbimortalidad fetal y perinatal. Su patología es causada por desbalance de flujos entre las anastomosis placentarias, alteraciones en el eje renina angiotensina aldosterona, cambios en los niveles de vasopresina, entre otros factores. El tratamiento actual es la terapia de ablación láser de las anastomosis placentarias, con una sobrevida del 70% y una disminución de secuelas neurológicas. Se reitera la importancia de conocer esta patología para realizar un diagnóstico asertivo y un tratamiento inmediato, invitándose a investigarla.

Introduction: twin twin transfusion syndrome is one further complication in the 10-15% of all monochorionic-biamniotic pregnancies, it is known that part of its pathophysiology corresponds to the presence of placental anastomosis between two fetuses that lead to present an acute clinic and urgent intervention for anemia, restriction of intrauterine growth, oliguria and olgohydramnios in the donor twin, while the receiver becomes plethoric, polyuric, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure and polyhydramnios appear. Objective: present a review about twin-twin transfusion syndrome, clinical features, complications and its treatment. Methodology: databases such as Pubmed and ScienceDirect were used to search for the information. Results: we found 41 articles with updated information, reviewing its pathophysiology, classification and treatment, highlighting the role of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, the presence of placental anastomosis, the involvement of vasopressin levels and its present treatment. Conclusions: twin-twin transfusion syndrome is one of the most severe complications of the monochorionic-biamniotic pregnancies with a high rate of fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It’s pathology is caused due to imbalance of flows between placental anastomoses, alterations in the axis renin angiotensin aldosterone, changes in the levels of vasopressin, among other factors. The current treatment is the therapy of laser ablation of placental anastomoses with a survival of 70% and a decrease of neurologic sequelae. We reiterate the importance of understanding this disease to make an assertive diagnosis and immediate treatment, inviting you to investigate it.

Risk Factors and Outcome of Nephrocalcinosis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcome of nephrocalcinosis in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in VLBW infants between 2006 and 2012 in the neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: The incidence of nephrocalcinosis in VLBW infants was 10.2%. By univariate analysis, oligohydramnios and use of antenatal steroids were more frequent in the nephrocalcinosis group. In the nephrocalcinosis group, the gestational age and birth weight were lower and there were more number of female infants. Also, the initial blood pH, the lowest systolic blood pressure, and urine output on the first day of life were lower and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, and urinary tract infection were more prevalent in the nephrocalcinosis group. The use of dexamethasone or ibuprofen and the lowest levels of phosphorus, protein and albumin were significantly lower in the nephrocalcinosis group. By binary logistic regression analysis, the use of antenatal steroids, female sex, 5-minute Apgar score, duration of oxygen therapy and total parenteral nutrition, and the lowest albumin level were found to be significant risk factors for nephrocalcinosis. Overall, the resolution rate was 64.1% and 88.6% within 12 months and 18 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of nephrocalcinosis in VLBW infants showed increasing trend. The risk factors of nephrocalcinosis were parameters for sick VLBW infants. Although the prognosis of nephrocalcinosis was relatively good, we should pay close attention to the development of complication.

Evaluation and Management of Antenatal HydronephrosisEvaluation and Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis

Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is one of the most common abnormal findings detected on prenatal ultrasound (US), and it has been reported in 1-5% of all pregnancies. The likelihood of significant postnatal pathologic abnormality in the urinary tract correlates with the degree of anterior-posterior diameter (APD) according to the gestational age. Detection of urologic anomalies prenatally permits fetal interventions that avoid complications in rare cases of bladder outlet obstruction with oligohydramnios even though their final benefits still remain controversial. There is no clear consensus on the extent and mode of postnatal imaging after a diagnosis of ANH. US is the mainstay of the postnatal evaluation and helps guide further testing with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and diuretic renography. Although most algorithms continue to recommend generous VCUG for identification of lower urinary tract anomalies, VCUG may be safely reserved for high grade ANH cases or any grade of ANH with dilated distal ureter without increasing the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). There are conflicting studies about efficacy of postnatal prophylactic antibiotics. It still seems reasonable to consider use of a prophylactic antibiotic to prevent infant UTIs in high-risk populations, such as females and uncircumcised males with high grades of hydronephrosis, hydroureteronephrosis, or vesicouretral reflux.

Evaluation and Management of Antenatal HydronephrosisEvaluation and Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis

Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is one of the most common abnormal findings detected on prenatal ultrasound (US), and it has been reported in 1-5% of all pregnancies. The likelihood of significant postnatal pathologic abnormality in the urinary tract correlates with the degree of anterior-posterior diameter (APD) according to the gestational age. Detection of urologic anomalies prenatally permits fetal interventions that avoid complications in rare cases of bladder outlet obstruction with oligohydramnios even though their final benefits still remain controversial. There is no clear consensus on the extent and mode of postnatal imaging after a diagnosis of ANH. US is the mainstay of the postnatal evaluation and helps guide further testing with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and diuretic renography. Although most algorithms continue to recommend generous VCUG for identification of lower urinary tract anomalies, VCUG may be safely reserved for high grade ANH cases or any grade of ANH with dilated distal ureter without increasing the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). There are conflicting studies about efficacy of postnatal prophylactic antibiotics. It still seems reasonable to consider use of a prophylactic antibiotic to prevent infant UTIs in high-risk populations, such as females and uncircumcised males with high grades of hydronephrosis, hydroureteronephrosis, or vesicouretral reflux.

Relations of Postpartum Depression with Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Preterm Infants and Mothers

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore relationships of postpartum depression with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of preterm infants and mothers. METHODS: Participants were the mothers of 80 premature infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units. Postpartum depression was measured using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Clinical characteristics were examined through the medical records. The physiological state for the infants was evaluated using the revised Neurobiologic Risk Score (NBRS). Data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Average for EPDS was 9.75+/-5.06, and 30% of the participants were at high risk for postpartum depression. There were significant differences in postpartum depression according to mother's education level (F=3.493, p=.035), economic state (F=5.828, p=.004), multiple pregnancy (t=2.141, p=.037), chorioamnionitis (t=2.349, p=.021), oligohydramnios (t=-2.226, p=.029), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (t=2.085, p=.040), germinal matrix hemorrhage (t=2.259, p=.027), and revised NBRS (t=-2.772, p=.007). There was a significant positive correlation between postpartum depression and number of health problem of infants (r=.252, p=.024) and revised NBRS (r=.316, p=.004). CONCLUSION: As 30% of the mothers with preterm infants were at high risk for postpartum depression, they require attention. When providing interventions, socioeconomic status as well as the physiological state of premature infants should be considered.

Un caso clínico de oligohidramnios severo tratado con homeopatía / A clinical case of severe oligohydramnios treated with homeopathy

Este artículo relata un caso clínico urgente de oligohidramnios (OH) severo, en una paciente primigesta que se encontraba en la semana 21 de gestación, y con un pronóstico de terminación de la misma en las siguientes 48 a 72 horas. La intervención con una prescripción compleja permitió la reversión pronta y total del OH hasta permitir la conclusión a término de un producto sano. Dada la carencia de bibliografía en esta patología, se describe la justificación de la conducta terapéutica.

This paper talks about a mild-severe, urgent case of oligohydramios (OH) in a 21 years woman on her first pregnancy, with a fatal prognosis during the next 48- 72 hours. Homeopathic intervention with a complex prescription produced a rapid and total reversion of OH, leading a term birth of a healthy boy. Due to lacking of homeopathic bibliography on this condition, it is presented rational of therapeutic conduct.