OLFATO: forma más antigua de comunicación y sentido preciso que el otorrinolaringólogo debe conocer a profundidad / SMELL: oldest form of communication and precise sense that the otolaryngologist must know in depth

Introducción: el papel clave del olfato, antiguo sistema sensorial, es proporcionar información sobre las sustancias químicas en el medio ambiente. El olfato desempeña un papel en la detección de compuestos peligrosos, el mantenimiento de la nutrición, el comportamiento interpersonal, la salud neurológica y la sensación de placer, entre otras funciones. En consecuencia, la disfunción olfativa puede conducir a un riesgo de lesiones, desnutrición, aislamiento social y una mala calidad de vida. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una exploración bibliográfica y se identificaron artículos de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos y se tomaron aquellos con calidad en la evidencia. Discusión: el sistema olfativo humano tiene diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas y genéticas considerables con respecto al de otros mamíferos. Conclusiones: las destrezas olfativas varían con factores como la edad, el sexo, la etapa de desarrollo, ciertas enfermedades otorrinolaringológicas y enfermedades generales.

Introduction: The key role of the ancient olfactory sensory system is to provide information about chemicals in the environment. Smell plays a role in the detection of dangerous compounds, the maintenance of nutrition, interpersonal behavior, neurological health, and the sensation of pleasure, among other functions. Consequently, olfactory dysfunction can lead to a risk of injury, malnutrition, social isolation, and a poor quality of life. Materials and methods: A bibliographical exploration was carried out and articles were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined and those with quality evidence were taken. Discussion: The human olfactory system has considerable anatomical, physiological, and genetic differences from that of other mammals. Conclusions: Olfactory skills vary with factors such as age, sex, stage of development, certain ear, nose and throat diseases and general diseases.

Discussion on diagnosis and treatment of dizziness from cases / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Dizziness or vertigo is a common clinical symptom, and its underlying etiology is complex. Many clinicians are confused about its diagnosis and treatment. This article presents a case about chronic vestibular syndrome. And case appreciation and academic discussion are conducted by well-known domestic neurologists and otologists, so as to provide a good thinking model and basic ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness or vertigo, hoping to further improve the diagnosis and treatment level among clinicians.

Prevalencia de infección por COVID-19 por serología positiva (IgG/IgM) en personal médico de la cátedra y servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas / Prevalence of COVID-19 infection by positive serology (IgG/IgM) in medical personnel of the chair and service of otorhinolaryngology of the Hospital de Clínicas

Resumen Introducción: El personal de otorrinolaringología presenta una elevada exposición al virus SARS-CoV-2, debido a los procedimientos que lleva a cabo. Es fundamental tomar las medidas de protección adecuadas. Determinar la seroprevalencia nos dará un mejor panorama sobre la exposición, contagios y efectividad de medidas de protección adoptadas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de resultados serológicos positivos en personal médico que presta servicio en la Cátedra de Otorrinolaringología de marzo del 2020 a marzo de 2021. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, corte transversal, retrospectivo con asociación cruzada. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. La población total fue de 38 médicos del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas. Resultados: La media de edades fue 37,4 años, 63,5% refirió haber atendido a paciente conocido portador de COVID-19. Un 42% refirió no haber cumplido con todas las medidas de protección personal, mientras que un 23,7% de los sujetos de estudio dio positivo para IgG, interpretándose como infección previa por COVID-19. Conclusión: Más de las dos terceras partes de los médicos refirió dar consulta a paciente COVID-19 positivo. Casi la cuarta parte de los médicos resultó ser positivo para COVID-19 según la prueba de serología anti-N. No se halló asociación entre consulta ni cirugía a pacientes portadores de COVID-19 y el contagio al personal médico.

Abstract Introduction: Otolaryngology personnel have a high exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus due to the procedures they perform. It is essential to take appropriate protective measures. Determining seroprevalence will give us a better picture of exposure, contagion and effectiveness of protective measures adopted. Aim: To determine the prevalence of positive serological results in medical staff serving in the otolaryngology department from March 2020 to March 2021. Material and Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, retrospective study with cross-association. Non-probability sampling of consecutive cases. The total population was 38 physicians of the Otolaryngology Service of the Hospital de Clinicas. Results: The mean age was 37.4. 63.5% reported having seen a patient known to be a COVID-19 carrier, while 42% reported not having complied with all personal protection measures. A 23.68% of the study subjects tested positive for IgG, interpreting previous COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the physicians referred to giving consultation to COVID-19 positive patients. Almost a quarter of the physicians were positive for COVID-19 according to the Anti-N serology test. No association was found between consultation or surgery of patients with COVID-19 and infection of medical personnel.

Día del otorrinolaringólogo en Colombia / Otolaryngologist Day in Colombia

En varios países se celebra el día del otorrinolaringólogo y tiene una fecha distinta en cada uno de ellos por diferentes motivos. Hemos formado parte importante de la historia y nuestro aporte en las diferentes áreas de la especialidad es y deberá ser siempre reconocido por la sociedad entera; sin embargo, en Colombia no teníamos una fecha definida para celebrarlo, por lo que recibimos palabras de felicitación en diferentes días del año. Como Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología (ACORL), debemos procurar visibilizar nuestro trabajo como especialistas y darle el lugar que merece en la sociedad civil y científica; es por esto por lo que, atendiendo y gestionando la inquietud de una querida asociada, les comparto que esta Junta Directiva ha oficializado el 26 de septiembre como el día del otorrinolaringólogo en nuestro país. Qué mejor oportunidad que esta para hacerles un homenaje a quienes tuvieron la determinación de fundar ACORL el 26 de septiembre de 1961 en Bogotá.

In several countries the Otolaryngologist day is celebrated and it has a different date in each one for different reasons. We have made an important part in history and our contribution in the different areas of the specialty is and should always be recognized by the entire society. However, in Colombia we did not have a defined date to celebrate it. As Association (ACORL), we must try to make our work visible as specialists and give it the place it deserves in civil and scientific society. This is why I share with you that this Board of Directors has made September 26 official as the Otolaryngologist day in our country. What better opportunity than this, to pay tribute to those who had the determination to establish the Colombian Association of Otolaryngology on September 26, 1961 in Bogota

Efecto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental de los otorrinolaringólogos en Hispanoamérica / COVID-19 pandemic effects on otolaryngologist's mental health in Hispanoamerica

Introducción: la pandemia puede generar compromiso en la salud mental y los otorrinolaringólogos son los especialistas con mayor riesgo de exposición y contagio por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en otorrinolaringólogos de Hispanoamérica, donde se evaluaron variables socioeconómico/demográficas y su asociación con las escalas PHQ-9 y GAD-7. Resultados: se estudiaron 256 otorrinolaringólogos de dieciséis países de Hispanoamérica. La escala PHQ-9 presentó una media de 5,45 (DE 4,22). La escala GAD-7 presentó una media de 4,55 (DE 3,457). La prevalencia de depresión mayor y ansiedad fue del 14,8 % y 7 %, respectivamente. En el análisis multivariado, los otorrinolaringólogos a los que se les ha realizado prueba con hisopado nasofaríngeo tienen una predicción significativa para presentar una puntuación alta en la escala PHQ-9 (coeficiente ß = 2,350; p=0.027). En la puntuación de la escala GAD-7, los individuos con mayor edad tienen una predicción significativa de menor puntuación en la escala (coeficiente ß = -0,144; p=0,002). Los otorrinolaringólogos con más años de experiencia (coeficiente ß = 0,909; p=0,037) y aquellos a los que les han realizado prueba de RT-PCR con hisopado nasofaríngeo para SARS-CoV-2 tienen una predicción significativa para presentar una puntuación alta en la escala GAD-7 (coeficiente ß = 2,370; p=0,027). Conclusión: en el transcurso de la pandemia, los otorrinolaringólogos de Hispanoamérica han presentado cambios drásticos de sus condiciones sociales y económicas y experimentado sus potenciales efectos en la salud mental. La exposición a al hisopado nasofaríngeo para el diagnóstico de COVID-19 fue la única variable independiente que se asoció con aumento de las puntuaciones en las escalas GAD-7 y PHQ-9.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic could affect the mental health, especially to the health workforce directly exposed to the virus. ENT surgeons have one of the highest risks of exposure and infection by SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Cross-sectional study in otolaryngologists from Hispanoamerica. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were evaluated with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 score. Results: 256 ENT surgeons from sixteen Hispanoamerican countries were studied. The PHQ-9 scale presented an average of 5.45 (SD 4.22). The GAD-7 score presented an average of 4.55 (SD 3.457). The prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorders were 14.8 % and 7 %, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the otolaryngologists who have been tested by nasopharyngeal swab have a significant prediction to present a higher score on the PHQ-9 score (coefficient ß = 2.350, p=0.027), while on the GAD-7 score, older individuals have a significant prediction of lower score (coefficient ß = -0.144, p=0.002). Otolaryngologists with more years of experience (coefficient ß = 0.909, p=0.037) and those who have undergone RT-PCR testing with nasopharyngeal swab have a significant prediction to present a higher GAD-7 (coefficient ß = 2.370, p = 0.027). Conclusion: During the pandemic, otolaryngologists in Hispanoamerica have presented drastic changes in their social and economic conditions, and their potential effects on mental health. Exposure to the nasopharyngeal swab test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 was the only independent variable that was associated with higher scores on GAD-7 and PHQ-9.

What do otolaryngologists want to learn? An educational targeted needs assessment study / O que os otorrinolaringologistas querem aprender? Um estudo de avaliação das necessidades educacionais específicas

Abstract Introduction: Targeted needs assessment which includes identifying the needs of learners is a key step of program development. However, this step is commonly underestimated in postgraduate medical education programs, including otolaryngology residency training. Determining the needs of otolaryngologists may help educators to design more purposeful continuing medical education training programs. Furthermore, needs of specialists may provide a clearer insight about effectiveness of the residency programs in that specialty. Objective: To determine training needs of otolaryngology specialists and to identify deficiencies in otolaryngology residency training programs. Methods: Seventy-eight otolaryngology specialists, who completed all data gathering forms properly, were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. Demographic data of the participants were collected. Training needs of the participants were determined in seven basic areas of otolaryngology via two-round Delphi method. The basic areas were otology-neurotology, rhinology, laryngology, head and neck surgery, pediatric otolaryngology, sleep disorders and facial plastic surgery. Additionally, we asked an open-ended question to investigate the reasons why the participants perceived themselves incompetent and undereducated, or why they needed further training in some of the basic otolaryngology areas. Results: Facial plastic surgery, otology-neurotology and head and neck surgery were the most cited training areas in the needs assessment. Training needs differed according to experience and place of work. Financial expectations, deficiencies in residency training, regression in knowledge and skills, and special interest were effective determinants on decisions of the participants while determining their training needs. Conclusion: Otolaryngologists need further training in some areas of their field due to different reasons. Determining these areas and reasons will help in designing more effective continuous medical education activities and residency training programs in otolaryngology.

Resumo: Introdução: A avaliação de necessidades específicas, que inclui a identificação das necessidades dos alunos, é um passo fundamental no desenvolvimento de programas educacionais. No entanto, essa etapa costuma ser subestimada em programas de pós-graduação em educação médica, inclusive na residência em otorrinolaringologia. Determinar as necessidades dos otorrinolaringologistas pode ajudar os educadores a projetar programas mais direcionados de treinamento em educação médica continuada. Além disso, a análise das necessidades dos especialistas pode oferecer uma visão clara sobre a eficácia dos programas de residência nessa especialidade. Objetivo: Determinar as necessidades de treinamento de especialistas em otorrinolaringologia e identificar deficiências nos programas de residência em otorrinolaringologia. Método: Este estudo descritivo e transversal incluiu 78 especialistas em otorrinolaringologia que preencheram todos os formulários de coleta de dados adequadamente. Os dados demográficos dos participantes foram coletados. As necessidades de treinamento dos participantes foram determinadas em sete áreas básicas da otorrinolaringologia com o método Delphi em duas rodadas. As áreas básicas foram otologia/neurotologia, rinologia, laringologia, cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço, otorrinolaringologia pediátrica, distúrbios do sono e cirurgia plástica facial. Além disso, uma pergunta aberta foi usada para investigar os motivos pelos quais os participantes consideravam ter pouco conhecimento ou ser incapazes de atuar nessa área, ou por que precisavam de mais treinamento em algumas dessas áreas básicas. Resultados: Na avaliação das necessidades, cirurgia plástica facial, otologia-neurotologia e cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço foram as áreas de treinamento mais relatadas. As necessidades de treinamento variaram de acordo com a experiência e o local de trabalho. Expectativas financeiras, deficiências no treinamento durante a residência, regressão do conhecimento e habilidades, além de interesse especial, foram determinantes efetivos nas decisões dos participantes ao identificar suas necessidades de treinamento. Conclusão: Por diferentes motivos, os otorrinolaringologistas precisam de mais treinamento em algumas áreas. A determinação dessas áreas e motivos ajudará a planejar atividades de educação médica continuada e programas de treinamento em residência em otorrinolaringologia mais eficazes.

A Review of Traditional Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and the Potential Impact on the Otolaryngologist

Abstract Introduction A majority of otolaryngologists have not had direct experience with many vaccine-preventable diseases since the creation of national vaccination programs. Despite the elimination of endemic transmission of some of these diseases in the United States, outbreaks can occur anywhere and still pose a threat to public health around the world. Recent outbreaks and changing trends in exemption rates indicate that it is important for physicians to maintain a working knowledge of how these diseases present and of the recommended treatment guidelines. Objectives This review will evaluate the current state of vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and disease incidence in the United States and in the world. It will also examine the clinical presentation and treatment recommendations of these diseases. Data Synthesis United States estimated vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and vaccine-preventable disease incidences were obtained from data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. World vaccination rates and disease incidences were obtained from the World Health Organization databases, which compile official figures reported by member states. A PubMed literature review provided information on the current state of vaccination exemptions and outbreaks in the United States. Conclusion Vaccination and vaccine exemption rates continue to put the United States and many areas of the world at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Clinical guidelines should be reviewed in the event of a local outbreak.

Entrenamiento audioperceptual (EAP) en disfonías. Resultados preliminares del primer taller experimental / The audioperceptual evaluation for dysphonias. Preliminary results of an experimental workshop / Formação audio perceptiva (EAP) de disfunção. Resultados preliminares do primeiro workshop experimental

INTRODUCCIÓN: El entrenamiento audioperceptual (EAP) puede ser utilizado como elemento diagnóstico laringológico para dirigir el estudio del paciente disfónico a un nivel de mayor complejidad en caso de discrepancia entre lo percibido perceptualmente y el estudio endoscópico realizado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar el EAP como herramienta complementaria diagnóstica en la percepción y calificación individual de la voz del paciente con patología vocal en un grupo selecto de profesionales fonoaudiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos...

INTRODUCTION: Audioperceptual training (APT) can be used as a laryngological diagnostic element to direct the study of the dysphonic patient to a more complex level in the event of a discrepancy between what is perceptually perceived and the endoscopic study performed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the APT as a complementary diagnostic tool in the perception and individual qualification of the voice of the patient with vocal pathology in a select group of professional phonoaudiologists and otolaryngologists…

INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento Audioperceptual (EAP) pode ser usado como um elemento de diagnóstico laringológico para direcionar o estudo do paciente disfônico para um nível mais complexo em caso de discrepância entre o que é percebido perceptualmente e o estudo endoscópico realizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o EAP como ferramenta de diagnóstico complementar na percepção e qualificação individual da voz do paciente com patologia vocal em um seleto grupo de fonoaudiólogos e otorrinolaringologistas profissionais...

Estudio retrospectivo: tendencia diagnóstica y perfil epidemiológico en la consulta otoneurológica en pacientes pediátricos, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, 2013-2016 / Retrospective study: Diagnostic trend and epidemiological profile in neurootological consultations in pediatric patients, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, 2013-2016 / Estudo retrospectivo: tendência diagnóstica e perfil epidemiológico na consulta otoneurológica em pacientes pediátricos, Hospital Britânico de Buenos Aires, 2013-2016

Objetivo: los trastornos del equilibrio en la edad pediátrica muestran un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico para pediatras y otorrinolaringólogos, dada la dificultad para la descripción de síntomas. En Latinoamérica son pocos los estudios sobre el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes pediátricos valorados por trastornos del equilibrio. El presente trabajo pretende describir las tendencias en la presentación de patología vestibular en pacientes pediátricos valorados en los últimos tres años en el Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de menores de 16 años, quienes consultan por trastornos del equilibrio en el periodo 2013-2016. Resultados: el estudio mostró una media etaria de 9.07 años y se observa mayor número de consultas por pacientes del sexo femenino. Los principales síntomas de consulta fueron vértigo y mareo en mujeres y mareo en hombres. El principal diagnóstico en ambos sexos fue migraña vestibular. Tanto en hombres como en mujeres que tuvieron por síntoma de consulta vértigo, los diagnósticos finales fueron vértigo posicional paroxístico de la infancia y migraña vestibular. Conclusiones: en la población estudiada el síntoma que generó más consultas fue vértigo. Las consultas fueron en mayor número de niñas con una media de edad de 9.07 años para toda la población estudiada. El diagnóstico más frecuente tanto en niñas como en niños fue migraña vestibular.

Objective: Balance disorders in patients during pediatric ages are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists due to the difficulty of symptom description. In Latin America, there are few studies on the epidemiological profile of pediatric patients with balance disorders. The aim of this study is to describe the trends in vestibular pathology in pediatric patients seen over the last three years at Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. We reviewed the medical history of patients under 16 who sought medical attention due to balance disorders from 2013 to 2016. Results: Study participants had a mean age of 9.07, of whom more patients were female. The main symptoms were vertigo and dizziness in girls and dizziness in boys. The main diagnosis for both girls and boys was vestibular migraine. For patients (both boys and girls) whose main symptom was vertigo, final diagnosis was infant paroxysmal positional vertigo and vestibular migraine. Conclusions: In the population studied, the symptom most commonly leading to seeking medical attention was vertigo. More girls sought medical attention than boys, and the mean age of the total population studied was 9.07. The most frequent diagnosis, both in girls and boys, was vestibular migraine.

Objetivo: os transtornos do equilíbrio na idade pediátrica mostram um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico para os pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas, dada a dificuldade para a descrição de sintomas. Na América Latina são poucos os estudos sobre o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes pediátricos valorados por transtornos do equilíbrio. O presente trabalho pretende descrever as tendências na apresentação de patologia vestibular nos pacientes pediátricos valorados nos últimos três anos no Hospital Britânico de Buenos Aires. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo. Se revisaram as histórias clínicas de menores de 16 anos, quem consultam por transtornos do equilíbrio no período 2013-2016. Resultados: o estudo mostrou uma média etária de 9.07 anos e se observa maior número de consultas por pacientes do sexo feminino. Os principais sintomas de consulta foram tontura e enjoo em mulheres e enjoo nos homens. O principal diagnóstico em ambos sexos foi a enxaqueca vestibular. Tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres que tiveram por sintoma de consulta tontura, os diagnósticos finais foram tontura posicional paroxístico da infância e enxaqueca vestibular. Conclusões: na população estudada o sintoma que gerou mais consultas foi tontura. As consultas foram em maior número de meninas com uma idade média de 9.07 anos para toda a população estudada. O diagnóstico mais frequente tanto em meninas quanto em meninos foi enxaqueca vestibular.

Síndrome de Susac: um raro diagnóstico diferencial de surdez súbita, mimetizando esclerose múltipla ­ relato de caso / Susac's syndrome: rare sudden deafness differential diagnosis mimetizing multiple sclerosis ­ case report

Introdução: a tríade clássica composta por progressiva disfunção neurológica, associada à surdez, e alterações visuais, foi descrita inicialmente em 1979 por Susac et. al. Rara, entretanto, com grande potencial de destruição, a Síndrome de Susac (SS) sempre deve ser aventada por otorrinolaringologistas em casos de surdez súbita, principalmente quando associada a quadros de encefalopatia aguda. Se diagnosticada corretamente, tratada de forma agressiva, precoce e em período adequado aumenta substancialmente o sucesso na recuperação da doença, bem como na prevenção de sequelas. Objetivo: o presente manuscrito descreve o caso clínico de uma paciente jovem, do sexo feminino, com Síndrome de Susac. Metodologia: a história clínica do caso foi desenhada a partir de anamnese detalhada com a paciente portadora da síndrome, que também nos forneceu os resultados de seus exames laboratoriais, de imagens e audiométricos. Fundamentando o tema a dados disponíveis na literatura científica, foi redigido o manuscrito a seguir. Resultados: o presente caso descreve o relato de uma jovem com SS tendo como primeira hipótese a esclerose múltipla, entretanto somente após o aparecimento completo da tríade, se confirmou o diagnóstico adequado. Conclusão: é importante incluir a hipótese da SS no diagnóstico diferencial de esclerose múltipla em adultos jovens, principalmente se a clínica do paciente evolui de forma atípica. Sutis manifestações otorrinolaringológicas ou de retina nestes pacientes, são dados essenciais e devem chamar atenção para a Síndrome de Susac.

Introduction: the classic triad composed by progressive neurological dysfunction associated to deafness and visual changes was first described in 1979 by Susac et. al. Despite of being a rare disease, Susac's syndrome (SS) has a high destruction potential, and has to be evaluated otolaryngologist in sudden deafness case, manly when associated with acute encephalopathy. If occur a correctly diagnostic associated with an aggressive, premature and appropriated period of treatment, the success of disease's recovery increase substantially, as well as sequels prevention. Objective: The present manuscript describes the report of a young woman with Susac´s syndrome. Methodology: the clinical history of the case was described from the detailed anamnesis with the patient with the syndrome, who also provided the results of her laboratory, imaging and audiometric tests. Based on the data available in the scientific literature, the following manuscript was written. Results: the present case describes the report of a young woman with SS. She had multiple sclerosis as first diagnosis, though the right diagnosis had only been confirmed after the triad completely appeared. Conclusion: it is important to include the SS hypothesis in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in young adults, especially if the patient's clinic evolves atypically. Subtle otolaryngological or retinal manifestations in these patients are essential data and should call attention to the Susac Syndrome.

Avaliação da capacitação de profissionais de saúde na área de reabilitação auditiva via teleducação: ênfase em crianças de zero a três anos de idade / Assessment of a distance learning course on auditory rehabilitation: emphasis on children from birth up to three years old

O ritmo da evolução do conhecimento e tecnologias aplicadas na área reabilitação das deficiências auditivas torna necessária a constante atualização profissional. O ensino à distância (EaD) caracteriza uma importante estratégia para a educação permanente em saúde. O Curso de Especialização à Distância Habilitação e Reabilitação Auditiva em Crianças (CEDHRAC) teve como objetivo a capacitação de fonoaudiólogos e otorrinolaringologistas atuantes nos serviços de reabilitação auditiva que compõe a rede de cuidados à pessoa com deficiência. O presente este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o CEDHRAC no que tange à reação dos estudantes frente ao curso e estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas pelos mesmos, assim como o suporte recebido para transferência do treinamento no ambiente de trabalho e o impacto do curso no trabalho. Além disto foram verificadas as relações entre estes diferentes níveis de avaliação. Para responder a estes objetivos são apresentados dois manuscritos. Manuscrito 01: Estudo longitudinal, quali-quantitativo. Dos 105 alunos regularmente matriculados no CEDHRAC, 90 preencheram instrumentos de avaliação de reação aos diferentes núcleos temáticos quanto aos aspectos de conteúdos e atividades, tutores, professores, comunicação visual nos materiais didáticos, e habilidades técnicas e de navegação, além do instrumento de autoavaliação (assiduidade, pontualidade, autonomia, envolvimento, colaboração e desempenho geral). As respostas foram dadas em uma escala Likert de 5 pontos, sendo que pontuações maiores estavam associadas a melhores resultados. A análise temática dos comentários dos participantes também foi realizada. A taxa de evasão do curso foi de 9,5%. Em ambos questionários as pontuações médias obtidas estavam próximas de cinco e foram significativamente maiores (p=0,00) do que o ponto médio da escala, demonstrando que a a percepção do aluno frente ao próprio desempenho e quanto aos atributos do CEDHRAC foram positivas. A análise qualitativa confirmou tais achados e também os complementou, na medida em que foram apontadas algumas necessidades de melhorias, em particular na carga horária, construção de materiais didáticos e usabilidade do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem. Manuscrito 02: Estudo quantitativo. Foram avaliados 116 indivíduos, sendo 85 alunos do CEDHRAC e 31 gestores dos serviços onde o participante tinha vínculo empregatício. Imediatamente ao término do curso foram avaliados os componentes: reação ao curso, suporte à transferência de treinamento e estratégias de aprendizagem. A escala de reação ao curso é composta por 24 itens que se agrupam em dois fatores: REARES (reações aos resultados, aplicabilidade e expectativas de suporte) e REAPRO (reação à programação e ao apoio). A escala de suporte à transferência de treinamento composta de 22 afirmativas, contendo as dimensões do suporte psicossocial (fatores situacionais de apoio e as consequências associadas ao uso das novas habilidades) e o suporte material à transferência de treinamento. A escala estratégias de aprendizagem composta por 28 itens divididos em sete fatores: controle da emoção, busca de ajuda interpessoal, repetição e organização, controle da motivação, elaboração, busca de ajuda ao material didático, monitoramento da compreensão. Seis meses após o término do CEDHRAC o questionário com 12 itens relacionado ao impacto do treinamento no trabalho foi preenchido por egressos (autoavaliação) e gestores (heteroavaliação). As respostas foram dadas em uma escala Likert de cinco (reação, transferência e impacto) ou 10 pontos (estratégias de aprendizagem), com pontuações maiores associadas a resultados mais favoráveis. A reação dos egressos foi positiva em todos os aspectos avaliados, porém, com pontuação menor quanto ao suporte no trabalho. No suporte à transferência de treinamento a frequência dos fatores situacionais de apoio foi maior do que a das consequências associadas ao uso de novas habilidades (ANOVA, F=6,79; p=0,00; Teste de Tukey, p=0,001). Observaram-se altas pontuações quanto ao impacto do curso no trabalho, não havendo diferença significativa entre a auto e heteroavaliação (t=-0,039670; p=0,968). Verificou-se correlação (Pearson) fraca a moderada, significativa, entre os resultados de reação, suporte à transferência de treinamento e impacto. Diferentes estratégias de aprendizagem foram utilizadas pelos estudantes sendo que as estratégias de "elaboração" e "monitoramento da compreensão", foram utilizadas com maior e menor frequência, respectivamente (ANOVA, F=42,89; p=0,00; Teste de Tukey, p=0,000). Em conclusão, os participantes indicaram satisfação com o curso. O CEDHRAC possibilitou o aprimoramento profissional e reflexões sobre a prática profissional, impelindo o egresso à realização de mudanças no trabalho. Essas avaliações também forneceram aos desenvolvedores do curso informações para melhoria do treinamento e sobre alguns obstáculos que impediam a aplicação das novas habilidades adquiridas no ambiente de trabalho.(AU)

The pace of evolution of knowledge and technologies applied for the rehabilitation of hearing impairments request continuing professional education. Distance learning features an important strategy for health permanent education. The online course on Auditory Rehabilitation in Children (ARC) aimed to capacitate audiologists and ENT physicians working in public hearing healthcare services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ARC regarding students' reaction towards the course and learning strategies used by them, as well as workplace support for training transfer and the impact of the course in workplace. In addition, the relationship between these different evaluation levels were verified. To meet these objectives two manuscripts are presented. Manuscript 01: Longitudinal qualitative and quantitative. From 105 ARC's students, 90 filled the assessments instruments available in each of the course's module concerning reaction to content and activities, tutors, teachers, didactic materials and navigation in the virtual learning system (VLS) as well as the self-assessment of performance (assiduity, punctuality, autonomy, involvement, collaboration and overall performance). The participants answers were given in a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores associated with better results. The thematic analysis of participants' comments was also made. The course's dropout rate was 9.5%. In both instruments the average scores were close to five points and were significantly higher (p=0.00) than the scale´s midpoint, demonstrating students' perception of self-performance and ARC's attributes were positive. The qualitative analysis confirmed and complemented those findings, as they identified some need for improvement in workload, didactic materials and usability of the VLS. Manuscript 02: Quantitative study. Participated in the study 116 individuals - 85 ARC's students and 31 managers at the services where students were employed. Reaction to ARC's course, support for training transfer at work and learning strategies used, were assessed at course completion. The reaction scale consists of 24 items grouped into two factors: REARES (results reactions, applicability and support expectations) and REAPRO (reaction to programming and support). The training transfer support scale is comprised of 22 items divided in dimensions of psychosocial support (situational factors support and consequences associated with new skills use) and material support for training transfer. The learning strategies scale consists of 28 items divided into seven factors: control of emotion, interpersonal help, repetition and organization, control of motivation, elaboration, courseware help, comprehension monitoring. Impact of training on workplace questionnaire, consisting of 12 statements, was administered six month after course completion, to former ARC's students (self-assessment) and managers (assessment of others). Responses were given on 5-points (reaction, transfer and impact) or 10-points (learning strategies) Likert scale, with higher scores associated with more favorable results. Students' reaction to ARC were positive for all aspects evaluated, however lower scores were given to workplace support. Situational factors support was higher than consequences associated with new skills (ANOVA, F=6.79, p=0.00. Tukey Test p=0,001). Impact of ARC inn workplace was considered high and no difference was found between self and others assessments (t=-0.039670; p=0.968). Weak to moderate significant correlation (Pearson) were found between reaction, training transfer support and training impact. Different learning strategies were used by the students, with "elaboration" and "comprehension monitoring" being more and less used, respectively (ANOVA, F=42.89, p=0.00; Tukey test, p=0.000). In conclusion, participants indicated satisfaction with the course. The ARC enabled the professional development and reflection about professional practice, impelling changes at the workplace. These assessments also provided course developers with information for the course improvement as well as regarding some obstacles that prevented the application of acquired skills in the students' workplace.(AU)

Presencia de síndrome de burnout en una muestra de residentes y otorrinolaringólogos de Chile / Burnout syndrome in a sample of residents and otolaryngologists from Chile

Introducción: El síndrome de Burnout o desgaste profesional relacionado con el trabajo se genera frente a un estrés laboral crónico en individuos que trabajan con personas. Se caracteriza por un agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal. Objetivo: Evaluar el síndrome de Burnout en los médicos residentes y otorrinolaringólogos (ORL) del país y establecer una relación entre las características sociodemográficas. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal. Se envió el inventario Burnout de Maslach (MBI) mediante correo electrónico a todos los residentes y ORL miembros de la Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SOCHIORL). Se utilizó test exacto de Fisher para evaluar asociación entre variables cualitativas. Resultados: De un total de 432 miembros de la SOCHIORL se recibieron 133 encuestas, de las cuales se analizaron 117 contestadas correctamente. El 100% del total de los encuestados presentó Burnout ya sea de alto grado o intermedio. Los que presentaron mayor porcentaje de alto grado de Burnout son aquellos entre 25 y 35 años, con 53% (p =0,03). El mayor grado de Burnout se observó en los residentes (57%) (p =0,03). Conclusión: El síndrome de Burnout tiene una alta prevalencia entre los ORL del país, especialmente en residentes y jóvenes ORL y quienes llevan pocos años en el desarrollo de la especialidad. Es necesario buscar herramientas para enfrentar y combatir esta realidad.

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is generated against a chronic work stress on individuals working with people. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Aim: To assess Burnout in residents and otolaryngologists (ORL) in the country and establish a relationship between sociodemographic characteristics. Material and method: A cross sectional study was conducted. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was sent via email to all residents and ORL members of the Chilean Society of Otolaryngology, Medicine and Head and Neck Surgery (SOCHIORL). Fisher exact test was used to assess the association between qualitative variables. Results: Of a total of 432 members of SOCHIORL, 133 surveys were received, of which 117 were analysed. 100% of respondents had Burnout, either high or intermediate degree. Those with higher percentage of high Burnout are those between 25 and 35 years (53%) (p =0.03). The greatest degree of Burnout was observed in residents (57%) (p =0.03). Conclusion: Burnout syndrome is highly prevalent among ORL in Chile, especially in residents and young ORL with few years in the medical practice of the specialty. It is necessary to search for tools to confront and combat this reality.

A case series of Tessier 3, 4, 7 and combined 4, 7 craniofacial clefts

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To report a case series of Tessier 3, 4, 7 and combined 4,7 craniofacial clefts, their clinical presentations, surgical approaches and outcomes in light of the current literature.<br /><strong>METHODS:</strong><br /><strong>Design:</strong> Case series<br /><strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary Government Hospital<br /><strong>Subjects:</strong> Five patients<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Five  patients aged 3 to 14-years-old with Tessier 3, 4 (2  cases), 7  and combined 4,7 were included in this study: Tessier 3 - medial orbitomaxillary cleft extending through the bony skeleton traversing obliquely across the lacrimal groove, Tessier 4 - median orbitomaxillary cleft traversing  vertically  through  the  inferior  eyelid,  infraorbital rim and  orbital  floor extending  to the lip between the philtral crest and the oral commissure  (2 cases), Tessier 7 - macrostomia and cleft oral commissure and combined Tessier 4 and 7, combining features described above. Four underwent 2- or 3-stage surgeries while one declined.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Five  craniofacial  clefts  were  presented.  Because  of  the  varying  patterns of craniofacial  deformities,  a  series of surgical  procedures,  tailor-made  for  each  individual  were performed  on  four. Otolaryngologists who perform maxillofacial and cosmetic surgery  should have good background knowledge about craniofacial defects and be familiar with the  surgical approaches at their disposal to yield favorable results that are appropriate to their local contexts.</p>

El amanecer de la otorrinolaringología académica en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay / Early history of academic oto-rhino-laringology in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay / O surgimento da otorrinolaringologia acadêmica na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai

La ORL comenzó en Europa y los EE.UU. de Amé- rica a mediados del siglo XIX, acompañando como hermana menos a la Oftalmología. En la costa Este de América del Sur tuvo un desarrollo similar. Argentina designó a Eduardo Obejero Profesor de Otología, Laringología y Rinología en 1893 y en 1919 a Eliseo Segura; Uruguay nombró profesor de ORL a Manuel Quintela en 1900 y a Justo M. Alonso después de 1929. Brasil, por su parte, a Hilário de Gouveia en Río de Janeiro, Edoardo Rodrígues de Moraes en Bahía, ambos en 1911, y a Henrique Lindenberg en San Pablo en 1913...

Otolaringology began in Europe and Eastern USA towards mid XIX century and some years later in the Eastern countries of South America. Argentina appointed Eduardo Obejero University ORL Senior Director in 1894 and after 1919 Eliseo Segura. Manuel Quintela was appointed in 1900 and after 1929 Justo M. Alonso. Hilario de Gouvéia was appointed ORL Professor in Rio de Janeiro and Edoardo Rodrígues de Moraes in Bahia in 1911 and Henrique Lindenberg in Sao Paulo in 1913...

A ORL começou na Europa e nos Estados Unidos em meados do século XIX, acompanhando como irmã mais nova da Oftalmologia. Na costa leste da América do Sul teve um desenvolvimento semelhante. Argentina designou Eduardo Obejero Professor de Otologia, Laringologia e Rinologia, em 1893, e em 1919, Eliseo Segura, Uruguai nomeou professor de ORL Manuel Quintela em 1900 e Justo M. Alonso depois de 1929. Brasil, por outro lado, Hilário de Gouveia, em Rio de Janeiro, Edoardo Rodrigues de Moraes em Bahia, ambos em 1911 e Henrique Lindenberg em São Paulo, em 1913...

Permanencia laboral de otorrinolaringólogos en el servicio público luego de egresar de la especialidad y factores asociados a ésta / Permanence of otolaryngologists in public service after graduating from the specialty and factors associated with this

Introducción: En Chile existe un problema en la distribución de médicos otorrinolaringólogos (ORL) entre el sistema público (SP) y privado. Además, recién a partir del presente año existe un sistema formal de vínculo entre algunos especialistas recién egresados y el SP, por lo que hay un déficit de ORL en éste. Objetivo: Describir el grupo de ORL egresados en la última década y evaluar permanencia en SP de salud. Material y método: Estudio de corte transversal. Se analizaron los titulados como ORL en el período 2003-2012. Se evaluó mediante un cuestionario online si trabajaba en el SP, carga horaria, tiempo de permanencia, razones de ingreso y retiro del SP, y ventajas y desventajas de éste. Resultados: Hubo 114 egresados. La cantidad de especialistas formados se ha mantenido en alrededor de 12 por año entre todos los centros del país. Del total, 43 contestaron el cuestionario, de los cuales actualmente trabajan en hospitales del SP el 58,1%. El tipo de contrato en el SP disminuyó con el tiempo en 26,2% de los casos. El promedio de tiempo trabajado en el SP fue 3 años 10 meses. Dentro de las principales ventajas de trabajar en el SP se mencionan la experiencia quirúrgica, complejidad de patologías y trabajo en equipo, y dentro de las desventajas se menciona la baja remuneración, y poca disponibilidad infraestructura, instrumental y pabellones. Discusión: Es importante considerar estos factores al diseñar las políticas de vínculo y retención de ORL en el sector público de salud.

Introduction: In Chile there is a problem in the distribution of ENT surgeons between the public (PHS) and private health system. Furthermore, only since this year there is a formal link between some recent ENT surgeons graduates, so there is a deficit of ENT in PHS. Aim: To describe the group of ENT graduates in the last decade and evaluate their permanence working in the PHS. Material and method: Cross sectional study. There were analyzed the ORL graduates in the period2003-2012. We evaluated by an email questionnaire if working at PHS, workload, time worked, reasons why linking with PHS, and advantages and disadvantages of this. Results: There were 114 graduates. The number of trained specialists has remained at about 12 per year from all teaching centers of the country. Of the total, 43 completed the questionnaire, of whom currently work in PHS hospitals 58.1%. The type of contract in the PHS decreased with time in 26.2% of cases. The average time worked in the PHS was 3 years 10 months. Among the main advantages of working in the PHS, they mentioned gain surgical experience, complexity of pathologies and teamwork, and within the disadvantages mentioned low payment, and poor availability of infrastructure, instrumental and operating rooms. Discussion: It is important to consider these factors when designing policies of linking and retention of ENT surgeons in public health system hospitals.

Cantidad y distribución de otorrinolaringólogos en los sectores público y privado de salud en Chile / Quantity and distribution of otolaryngologists in public and private health sectors in Chile

Introducción: Constantemente se menciona que existe un déficit de otorrinolaringólogos en Chile. Se desconoce la distribución entre el sector público y privado de salud. Objetivo: Determinar la cantidad y distribución de los otorrinolaringólogos que trabajan en el sector público y privado de salud en Chile. Material y método: Estudio de corte transversal para el que se usaron registros del Ministerio de Salud, Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Superintendencia de Salud y del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud. Resultados: Se aprecia que hay 152 especialistas que trabajan en el sector público, en contraste con los 405 totales del país, correspondiendo a 37,5% de los profesionales que trabajan en el sectorpúblico. Al evaluar el total de otorrinolaringólogos registrados a nivel nacionaly la población total se obtiene una relación de 1 otorrinolaringólogo/42.589 habitantes, mientras que la relación de otorrinolaringólogos que trabajan en sector público con población beneficiaria de FONASA es de 1 otorrinolaringólogo/85.162 habitantes. Discusión: El principal problema en Chile no es la cantidad de otorrinolaringólogos, sino su distribución, la que es muy asimétrica. Esto es considerando sólo el número de otorrinolaringólogos, no su carga horaria, ya que al evaluar esta relación probablemente la asimetría aumentaría aún más. Es necesario fomentar la permanencia de los especialistas en el sector público.

Introduction: Constantly there are mentions that there is a shortage of otolaryngologists in Chile. It is unknown the reality of the distribution between public and private health sector. Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the amount and distribution of otolaryngologists working in the public and private health sector in Chile. Material and method: A cross sectional study that used the records of the Ministry of Health, Chilean Society of Otolaryngology, Superintendent of Health, and Department of Health Statistics and Information. Results: There are 152 specialists working in the public sector, in contrast to the 405 total in the country, corresponding to 37,5(0)% of total professionals working in the public sector. In assessing the relationship between total otolaryngologists in the country with the total population, and otolaryngologists working in the public sector and the beneficiary population of FONASA, there is a relationship of 1 ORL/42.589 and 1 ORL/85.162 inhabitants, respectively. Discussion: The main problem in Chile is not the amount of otolaryngologists, but its distribution, which is very asymmetric between the private and public sector. It is necessary to promote the retention of specialists in the public sector.

Training of nurses in ear examination and hearing screening in the school setting (Phase II): A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES:To determine the agreement between 1) ear examination findings of the otorhinolaryngologist using an otoscope and trained elementary school nurses using a penlight, 2) hearing screening findings of the otorhinolaryngologist and elementary school nurses, both using the Philippine National Ear Institute (PNEI) Method of 512 Hz Tuning Fork Test (TFT) and 3) PNEI Method of 512 Hz TFT findings and screening audiometry findings.METHODS:In this continuing study, nurses residing in the venue of the study, and previously trained in ear examination using a penlight and hearing screening using the PNEI 512 Hz TFT, conducted these in school children who attended the hearing screening and medical mission. Otoscopy, PNEI Method of 512 Hz TFT, and screening audiometry were then conducted on the children by the otolaryngologist. The nurses and the otolaryngologist performed independent and blinded assessments.RESULTS:Eighteen nurses and ninety children participated in the study. Data subjected to Kappa statistics showed good agreement between nurses and otorhinolaryngologist's findings in the examination of the external canal and tympanic membrane and in PNEI Method of 512 Hz TFTs, and between the PNEI Method of 512 Hz TFT and screening audiometry.CONCLUSION:PNEI methods of penlight ear examination and 512 Hz TFT may be effective tools for early detection of common ear conditions and hearing screening in Filipino school children. These may be conducted in the school setting not only by otorhinolaryngologists but also by adequately trained school nurses.