Histomorfometria do epitélio ruminal de cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer submetidos a dietas com tortas oriundas da produção do biodiesel / Histomorphometrics of the ruminal epithelium of 1/2 blood Bôer goats submitted to diets with pies from the production of biodiesel

Objetivou-se determinar o melhor nível de inclusão e de substituição das tortas de dendê e amendoim, respectivamente, em dietas para cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, por meio da avaliação histomorfométrica das papilas ruminais. Foram utilizados 40 cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, para cada período experimental, machos, não castrados, com idade aproximada de três meses e com peso inicial de 15,01±1,76kg. Os períodos experimentais constaram de 75 dias e 72 dias. As dietas consistiram de volumoso feno de Tifton-85 e de ração em mistura completa, contendo níveis de inclusão da torta de dendê nas proporções de 0,0; 7,0; 14,0; e 21,0% com base na matéria seca; e de mistura completa, contendo níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de amendoim nas proporções de 0,0; 33,0; 66,0; e 100%, constituindo-se os tratamentos. No epitélio do rúmen, foram avaliadas altura e largura das papilas, assim como densidade papilar e espessura da parede muscular do rúmen. Entre estas, a altura das papilas, no experimento com torta de amendoim, foi a única a sofrer efeito linear decrescente (P<0,0014); as demais variáveis, tanto dos animais alimentados com torta de amendoim quanto daqueles alimentados com torta de dendê, não foram afetadas pela dieta. As médias de altura encontradas foram de 2,6 e 2,3mm para as tortas de amendoim e dendê, respectivamente. Portanto, a inclusão de até 21% de torta de dendê e a substituição de 100% de torta de amendoim no concentrado de cabritos não alteraram a morfometria das papilas ruminais.

The aim of this study was to determine the best level of pies and replacement of palm oil and peanut, respectively, in diets of 1/2 blood Bôer goats from the histomorphometry of the rumen papillae. A total of 40 1/2 blood male, unneutered, aged approximately three months and initial weight of 15.01±1.76kg Bôer goats were used in each experimental period. The experimental periods consisted of 75 days and 72 days. The diets consisted of roughage hay Tifton-85 and total mixed ration containing levels of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0, 7.0, 14.0 and 21.0% based on dry matter; and the second experiment consisted of a complete mixture containing substitution levels of soybean meal by groundnut cake in the proportions of 0.0, 33.0, 66.0 and 100%. Epithelial cells were evaluated in the rumen height and width of the papillae, and density and thickness of the papillary muscle of the rumen. Among these, the height of the papillae in the experiment with peanut butter pie was the only one to suffer a negative linear effect (P<0.0014), the other variables, both in animals fed groundnut cake and palm oil, were not affected by the diet. The average heights found were 2.6 and 2.3, for pies, peanut and palm oil, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of up to 21% palm kernel cake and replacement of 100% peanut cake in the concentrate of kids did not alter the morphology of the rumen papillae.

Tongue papillae morphology of brown-throated sloth Bradypus variegatus (SCHINZ, 1825) / Morfologia das papilas linguais de preguiça comum Bradypus variegatus (SCHINZ, 1825)

The Bradypus variegatus inhabits the forests of South America and feeds from leaves, branches and sprouts from different plants. Due to its diet and the lack of literature on the morphological aspect of Xenarthras, five Bradypus variegatus tongues from animals which died from natural causes were evaluated, and they came from Pará State Museum Emílio Goeldi and were donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphological Research (LaPMA) from UFRA, for revealing the different types of papillae and epithelial-connective tissue. Macroscopically, the tongues presented elongated shape, rounded apex, body, root, median sulcus in the root's apex, and two vallate papillae. The mucous membrane of the tongue revealed a keratinized stratified pavement epithelium, while the ventral surface of the tongue was thin and smooth, not provided with any type of papillae. However, the dorsal surface of the tongue was irregular with the presence of three types of papillae: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae found were of a simple type, presenting a rounded base, irregularly distributed with a larger concentration and development on the tongue's apex and body. The fungiform papilla showed a practically smooth surface with irregular format, with the presence of gustatory pores; these were found all over the dorsal surface, with larger concentration at the rostral part of the apex. Only two vallate papillae were observed disposed in the root of the tongue, surrounded by a deep groove, and revealing several taste buds. The tongues from Bradypus variegatus presented gustatory papillae similar to the ones described for other Xenarthras species and wild mammals...

A Bradypus variegatus habita florestas da América do Sul e alimenta-se de folhas, ramos e brotos de várias plantas. Em decorrência de sua dieta, bem como da escassez de literatura sobre aspectos morfológicos dos Xenarthras, avaliaram-se cinco línguas de Bradypus variegatus, que foram a óbito por causas naturais, provenientes do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi e doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da UFRA, a fim de se elucidarem os diferentes tipos de papilas e a interface epitélio-tecido conjuntivo. Macroscopicamente, as línguas apresentaram formato alongado, ápice arredondado, corpo, raiz, sulco mediano do ápice à raiz e duas papilas valadas. A mucosa da língua revelou epitélio de revestimento pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, enquanto a face ventral era delgada e lisa, desprovida de qualquer tipo de papila. Já a face dorsal apresentou-se irregular, com a presença de três tipos papilares: papilas filiformes, fungiformes e valadas. As papilas filiformes encontradas eram do tipo simples, com base circular, distribuídas irregularmente, com maior concentração e desenvolvimento no ápice e no corpo da língua. A papila fungiforme mostrou-se com superfície praticamente lisa e de formato irregular, com a presença de poros gustativos. Estas foram encontradas por toda a superfície dorsal, com maior concentração na parte rostral do ápice. Foram observadas apenas duas papilas valadas, dispostas na região da raiz da língua, com corpo rodeado por sulcos profundos e vários botões gustativos. As línguas de Bradypus variegatus apresentaram papilas linguais similares às descritas para outras espécies de Xenarthras e mamíferos selvagens...

Ultraestrutura comparativa da língua do sagui-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) e do bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya) em diferentes faixas etárias / Comparative ultrastructure of the tongue of black-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and black-howler-monkey (Alouatta caraya) in different age groups

Para a análise e descrição comparativa da morfologia da língua e de suas papilas, bem como a distribuição destas, foram utilizados três animais de faixas etárias distintas (filhote, jovem, adulto), de duas espécies de primatas, Callithrix penicillata (sagui-de-tufo-preto) e Alouatta caraya (bugio-preto), ambas sendo observadas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os animais da espécie Callithrix penicillata eram procedentes de um criadouro comercial de animais selvagens em Atibaia/SP e vieram a óbito por causas naturais, e os da espécie Alouatta caraya eram provenientes do acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia Macroscópica da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP). Com o material analisado e a técnica empregada pôde-se constatar que as línguas dos saguis-de-tufo-preto e dos bugios-pretos analisadas apresentavam papilas linguais similares às descritas para outras espécies de primatas. As línguas possuíam diferenças morfológicas, principalmente para alguns tipos de papilas linguais, em detrimento do avançar da idade dos animais. De forma geral, foram observados quatro tipos de papilas linguais, sendo estas: filiforme, fungiforme, valada e folhada. As línguas dos bugio-pretos apresentavam características de animais com dietas herbívoras. Possuindo desta forma papilas filiformes com formatos variados (coroa, lança, multifilamentar), de acordo com as regiões da língua, e também robustas papilas, principalmente na proeminência lingual. Já as línguas dos saguis-de-tufo-preto possuíam características de animais onívoros. Com papilas filiformes em formato de coroa, grandes quantidades de papilas fungiformes e desenvolvidas papilas folhadas. Observou-se que as modificações das papilas linguais que ocorrem nos animais após o nascimento apresentaram correlação com a mudança nos tipos de alimentos consumidos. Sendo presumível então concluir que as dietas possuem relação direta para com as alterações morfológicas e estruturais das papilas linguais nos animais ora aqui analisados.

For the comparative analysis and description of the morphology of the tongue and taste buds as well as the distribution of these we have used three animals of different age groups (puppy, young adult), of two species of primate, Callithrix penicillata (black-tufted-ear-marmoset) and Alouatta caraya (black-howler-monkey), both being observed by scanning electron microscopy. The animals of the species Callithrix penicillata were from a commercial breeding of wild animals in Atibaia-SP and they had died of natural causes, and the specie Alouatta caraya were from the collection of Macroscopic Anatomy Laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP). With the material analyzed and the technique employed could be seen that the tongue of black-tufted-ear-marmosets and black-howler-monkeys had examined lingual papillae similar to those described for other primate species. The tongue has morphological differences, especially for some types of lingual papillae, at the expense of advancing age of the animals. Overall, we found four types of lingual papillae, which are: filiform, fungiform, vallate and litter. The tongues of the black-howler-monkey had characteristics of animals with herbivorous diets. Possessing this way with the filiform papillae varied formats (crown, spear, multifilament), according to the regions of the tongue, and also robust taste, especially in the lingual prominence. Since the tongues of the black-tufted-ear-marmosets owned features of omnivorous animals. With filiform-shaped crown, large amounts of fungiform papillae and foliate papillae developed. It was observed that the changes of tongue papillae that occur in animals after birth correlated with the change in the types of foods consumed. Being suspected then conclude that diets have direct relation to the morphological and structural of the lingual papillae now here in the animals analyzed.

Morfologia macro e microscópica das papilas linguais do quati (Nasua nasua) / Gross and microscopic morphology of the coati tongue (Nasua nasua)

O quati (Nasua nasua) é um animal que pertence à Família Procyonidae. Foram utilizados três animais ortotanasiados, de ambos os sexos, provenientes do Criatório Científico de Animais Silvestres, Centro Universitário Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos (Cecrimpas, Unifeob) autorizado pelo IBAMA (Proc.02027.003731/04-76). Para a análise macroscópica, as línguas foram retiradas, analisadas e foto-documentadas. Para análise microscópica, as línguas foram processadas rotineiramente pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e inclusão em Paraplast; pela técnica de microscopia de luz os fragmentos foram cortados em micrótomo, com espessura média de 5mm e corados em HE e Picrosírius com fundo de hematoxilina. Os resultados macroscópicos e microscópicos mostram que a língua do quati apresenta papilas filiformes, fungiformes, valadas e cônicas sendo estas distribuídas nas regiões rostralis, medialis e caudalis. Histologicamente, a língua do quati é revestida por um epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado apresentando camada basal, espinhosa, granulosa e córnea com fibras de músculos estriados esqueléticos longitudinais e transversais e diversas glândulas. De acordo com os resultados pode-se concluir que a língua do quati possui características macroscópicas e microscópicas semelhantes aos canídeos, tendo como diferença o número de papilas valadas e o grau de queratinização.

The coati (Nasua nasua) is an animal that belongs to the Procyonidae family. For this study we used three orthotanasized animals of both sexes, obtained from the Scientific Center for Wild Animal Breeding, University Center Octavio Bastos Educational Foundation (Cecrimpas, Unifeob), authorized by IBAMA (Proc.02027.003731/04-76). For microscopic analysis, tongues were processed routinely through electron microscopy scanning and inclusion in Paraplast; for light microscopy, the fragments were cut by microtome with an average thickness of 5mm and stained with H&E and Picrosirius counterstained with hematoxylin. The macroscopic and microscopic results show that the tongue of coati has filiform, fungiform, vallate and conical papillae distributed in the rostralis, medialis and caudalis regions. Histologically, the tongue is lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with spinous, granulous and keratin basal layer, with striated longitudinal and transverse skeletal muscles fibers, and several glands. We can conclude that coati´s tongue has macroscopic and microscopic features similar to the ones of Canidae, with differences in the number of vallate papillae and degree of keratinization.

Histopathological study of lingual circumvallate papillaeand associated tissues in brazilian smoker and non-smoker individuals

The circumvallate papillae differ from other gustatory structures in the number of taste buds and the presenceof a secretory apparatus associated with specialized serous glands, the Von-Ebner’s glands. This study evaluatedthe histopathological alterations in these structures and their associated tissues in relation to the smokinghabit. Thirty-two tongues, from a previously selected sample of 45 were studied, of which 16 belonged tosmokers and 16 to non-smoker individuals. They were obtained at necropsies from the morgue of the DeathVerification Service of UFPE, in agreement with the Secretary of Health of Pernambuco in Recife. A totalof 94 circumvallate papillae were studied. The samples were classified in two groups: smokers (S) and nonsmokers(NS). Three main alterations - inflammation, hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis - were more frequentlyobserved in the analyzed samples. Many of these alterations can also be the result of other external factorsrather than cigarette smoking.

The morphological observations of some lingual papillae in the prenatal and prepuberal stages of red Sokoto goats (Capra hircus) / Observaciones morfológicas de algunas papilas linguales en las etapas prenatal y prepuberal de cabras rojas de Sokoto (Capra hircus)

This study was carried out to investigate the morphological development of the tongue in the foetal and prepubertal stages of Red Sokoto goats by light microscopy. In foetuses of about 50 days, the tongue tissues showed thickening of the epithelium into about 2-3 layers of cells. In fetuses of about 65 days, mesenchymal tissue was observed under the epithelium.Rudiments of some papillae were observed at this time. Collagenous fibre and blood vessels were scant in the lamina propria. In the 80-day-old foetuses, their was further differentiation of the epithelium rudiments into some papillae and this continued to mature until in foetuses of about 90 and 110 days, were early rudiments of taste buds were observed. Evidence of keratinization was apparent in the prepubertal stages.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el desarrollo morfológico de la lengua en las etapas fetal y prepuberal de la cabra roj a de Sokoto por microscopía de luz. En los fetos de alrededor de 50 días, los tejidos linguales mostraron un engrosamiento del epitelio en cerca de 2-3 capas de células. En los fetos de alrededor de 65 días, se observó tejido mesenquimático bajo el epitelio. Rudimentos de algunas papilas se observaron en esta etapa. Fibras colágenas y vasos sanguíneos fueron observados de manera escasa en la lámina propria. En los 80 días de edad fetal, se observó la mayor diferenciación del epitelio con algunos rudimentos de papilas, lo que continuó hasta la maduración de los fetos, alrededor de los 90 y 110 días, donde fueron observados de manera temprana rudimentos de botones gustativos. Evidencia de queratinización fue evidente en las etapas prepuberales.

Topografia da papila parotídea em cães da raça Pinscher / Topografía de la papila parotidea en perros de la raza Pinscher / Topography of the parotid papillae in Pinscher dogs

A topografia da papila parotídea e seu ducto excretor têm sido objeto de pesquisas, devido ao seu uso em técnicas de exames clínicos e cirurgias. O presente trabalho visou determinar a localização da abertura do ducto parotídeo em cães, estabelecendo sua relação com os dentes da arcada superior. Foram examinados 120 animais adultos, 60 machos e 60 fêmeas, da raça Pinscher, dos quais 53 (44,16%) apresentaram a papila parotídea no nível do 4° dente pré-molar superior, 41 (34,17%) entre o 4° pré-molar superior e 1° molar superior e 26 (21,67%) no nível do 1º dente molar superior. Conclui-se que a papila parotídea, em cães da raça Pinscher, ocorre com maior freqüência no nível do 4° dente pré-molar superior, mostrando simetria bilateral, em todos os animais estudados.

The topography of the parotid papilla and its excretory duct has been the object of several studies due to its use in techniques of examination and surgery. The objective of the present work was to determine the location of the opening of the parotid duct in dogs, establishing its relationship with the teeth of the upper arcade. To reach the proposed objective, we examined 120 adults animals, males and females of Pinscher breed, of wich 53 (44,16%) presented the opening of the parotid papilla at the level of the fourth upper premolar tooth, 41 (34,17%) presented it between the fourth upper premolar tooth and first upper molar tooth, and 26 (21,67%) presented it at the level of the first upper molar tooth. It was concluded that the parotid papilla, in dogs of Pinscher breed, occurred with greater frequency at the level of the fourth upper premolar tooth, demonstrating bilateral symmetry in all the animals studied.

La topografía de la papila parotidea y su conducto excretor han sido el centro de algunos estudios, debido a su uso en técnicas de exámenes clínicos y cirurgías. Esta investigación buscó determinar la localización de la abertura del conducto parotideo en perros, estableciendo su relación con los dientes de la arcada superior. Fueron examinados 120 animales adultos, 60 machos y 60 hembras, de la raza Pinscher, de los cuales: 53 (44,16 %) presentaron la papila parotidea en el nivel del 4º (cuarto) diente premolar superior; 41 (34,17 %) entre el 4º (cuarto) premolar superior y el 1º (primer) diente molar superior y 26 (21,67 %) en el nivel del 1º (primer) diente molar superior. Se concluye que la papila parotidea, en perros de laraza Pinscher, ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el nivel del 4º (cuarto) diente premolar superior, señalando simetría bilateral en todos los animales estudiados.

Anatomic study and distribution of the Vallate papillae in domestic cats

The tongue of domestic animals varies in size and shape and according to these animals feeding habits, there are different degrees of tongue surface specialization. At the dorsal surface of the tongue lingual papillae can be observed, such as the vallate papillae, related to taste perception. With the help of a magnifying glass, differences in the number, size and distribution of vallate papillae were studied. Fifty five tongues of adult domestic cats from both sexes (38 females and17 males) were analyzed. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The vallate papillae were found to be symmetrically distributed on 21 tongues (38.18%). However, it was observed that in some of the tongues the number of vallate papillae varied when one side of the tongue was compared to its contralateral side. The vallate papillae showed different shapes: elongated (42.58%), oval (31.61%), round (25.48%) and pear shaped (0.33%). The vallate papillae were classified into 10 different categories: symmetrical I (2 right and 2 left), II (3:3), III (4:4)and a symmetrical IV (3:2), V (4:2), VI (2:3), VII (4:3), VIII (5:3), IX(3:4) and X (4:5). Measurements of length and with were made with averages of 0.84 ± 0.23 mm and 0.55 ± 0.18 mm, respectively, besides the calculation of the total area of these papillae per tongue, that showed average of 2,74 ± 0,31 mm2 in males and 1,94 ± 0,14mm2 in females However, upon examining the lingual papillae of the cat tongues, specimens demonstrating 7, 8 or 9 vallate papillae, arranged in pairs (4:3, 5:3, 3:4 and 4:5) by category, were observed in this study but not cited in the literature.

A morfologia descritiva e topográfica, bem como, a distribuição, o número e o tamanho das papilas valadas foram estudados na língua de 55 gatos adultos, sem raça definida, 38 fêmeas e 17 machos, após fixação do material em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. As papilas valadas se distribuíram simetricamente em 21 línguas (38,18%).Estas papilas apresentaram-se sob diferentes formas: afiladas (42,58%), ovaladas (31,61%), arredondadas (25,48%) e com formato de pêra(0,33%). A distribuição das papilas valadas foi classificada em 10 diferentes tipos de acordo com o número de papilas por antímero: I(2 papilas no antímero direito e 2 no antímero esquerdo), II (3:3), III(4:4), IV (3:2), V (4:2), VI (2:3), VII (4:3), VIII (5:3), IX (3:4) e X(4:5). A distribuição assimétrica (2:4) e simétricas (1:1) e (5:5) não foram notadas. Medidas de comprimento e largura foram realizadas, observando-se média de 0,84 ± 0,23 mm para o comprimento e 0,55± 0,18 mm para a largura, além do cálculo da área total destas papilas por língua, que exibiram média de 2,74 ± 0,31 mm2 em machos e de1,94 ± 0,14 mm2 em fêmeas. Não houve diferença significativa(p>0.05) quanto ao tipo de distribuição simétrica e assimétrica, quanto ao número de papilas valadas por língua e quanto ao número destas papilas por antímero. Entretanto, a média da área total destas papilas exibiu diferença estatisticamente significativa (p 0.05).

Analysis of the Height of Lingual Vallates Papillae in Brazilian Individuals / Análisis de la Altura de las Papilas Valadas Linguales en Individuos Brasileños

The vallates papillae lingual are located in the surface of the tongue in a area denominated of V lingual and it presents cells gustatory gathered in gustatory buttons. This research evaluated the height papilar in relation to the surface of the tongue of 519 lingual vallates papillae. 45 human tongue samples were selected, of both sexes, inside of the 40-50 year-old age group, obtained from necropsias accomplished in the Service of Verification of Deaths (S.V.O.) of UFPE/Secretaria of Health of the state of Pernambuco, in the city of Recife. The samples were classified different height levels accordingly in relation to the surface of the tongue, not establishing the exact height, where there was the predominance of the height above the lingual surface.

Las papilas valadas linguales están localizadas en la superficie dorsal de la lengua, en un área denominada V lingual y presentan células gustativas acumuladas en botones gustativos. Se evaluó la altura papilar en relación con la superficie de la lengua de 519 papilas valadas linguales. Fueron seleccionadas 45 lenguas humanas, de individuos de ambos sexos, de 45 a 50 años de edad, obtenidas de autopsias del Servicio de Verificación de Óbitos de la Universidade Federal ed Pernambuco /Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil. Las muestras fueron clasificadas de acuerdo a los niveles de altura en relación con la superficie de la lengua, no estableciéndose la altura exacta, donde hubo predominio de papilas ubicadas sobre la superficie lingual.

Effect of the feeding pattern on rumen wall morphology of cows and sheep

Nutritional manipulation of the rumen wall volatile fatty acid absorption capacity can be a strategy to control ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Aiming to induce morphological rumen wall variation through diet and to establish efficient papillae morphological markers 2 experiments were performed. In experiment 1, seven rumen-cannulated cows were fed with concentrate 1 or 4 times a day for 19 days followed by fasting for 72 hours. Ruminal papillae were collected on days, 0, 4, 12 and 19 of the treatment period, and 24, 48 and 72 hours after onset of fasting which was able to induce papilar involution. Lower concentrate feeding frequency was associated to insulin increasing over time (P=0,02) and higher (P=0,03) mitotic index (MI), but it did not affect other morphological parameters. In experiment 2, two non-simultaneous trials with 3 rumen-cannulated ovines in each, were conducted and animals were fasted abruptly for 72 hours after feeding. Papillae were collected at the end of the feeding period and at the end of the 72 hour fasting period. MI was higher in the feeding period than the in fasting period (P<0,01), but other morphological parameters were not able to respond to nutritional variation. Among the morphologic markers studied MI seems to be the best variable for evaluation of the rumen epithelium morphologic response to feeding plans. Frequency of concentrate feeding may be used to regulate rumen papillae morphology.

A manipulação nutricional da capacidade de absorção de ácidos graxos voláteis pela parede do rúmen pode ser uma estratégia para controlar acidose em vacas leiteiras. Objetivando induzir variação morfológica da parede do rúmen através da dieta e estabelecer marcadores morfológicos eficientes para epitélio ruminal, dois experimentos foram relizados. No experimento um, sete vacas com cânula ruminal foram alimentadas com concentrado uma ou quatro vezes ao dia por 19 dias seguidos por 72 horas de jejum. Papilas ruminais foram coletadas nos dias zero, quatro, 12 e 19 do período de tratamento e 24, 48 e 72 horas após o início do período de jejum. Baixa freqüência de alimentação concentrada foi associada a um aumento de insulina plasmática através do tempo (P=0,02) e a um maior (P=0,03) índice mitótico (IM), mas não afetou outros parâmetros morfológicos. No experimento dois, foram realizados dois ensaios não-simultâneos com três ovinos canulados no rúmen, os quais foram submetidos abruptamente a 72 horas de jejum. Papilas ruminais foram coletadas no final do período de alimentação e no final do jejum. O IM foi mais alto no período de alimentação do que no período de jejum (P<0,01), mas outros parâmetros morfológicos não foram capazes de responder à variação nutricional. Entres os marcadores morfológicos estudados o IM parece ser a melhor variável para avaliação da resposta morfológica do epitélio ao plano alimentar. A freqüência de alimentação concentrada pode ser usada para regular a morfologia das papilas ruminais.

Histological study of the taste buds of the circumvallate papilla in the tongue of male albino rat in different ages

Twenty male albino rats were utilized in this study to investigate the histological, and ultrastructural modification in the circumvallate papillae of male albino rat with special attention to the development of taste bud during prenatal, postnatal development and aging. The animals were divided into five groups [four animals each] according to the their age Group A prenatal animals [18-19 day of gestation] group B [0 day old] group C [2 week old, group D [adult 5-7 months] and group E senile [18-24 months]. The animals were anaesthetized using ether inhalation, their tongues were dissected immediately and processed for light and electron microscope examinations. The circumvallate papilla of the prenatal group was dome shaped elevation covered with non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a closed furrow from both sides, No taste buds were observed. In 0 day old rats the circumvallate papilla was surrounded by a partially obliterated furrow and the papillary wall was lined by immature taste buds, formed of few clusters of dark and light cells without taste pore. Their nuclei were found at the apical and basal poles of the buds, also unmyelinated nerve fibers were detected between these cells. By the age of two weeks the circumvallate papilla was surrounded by an opened furrow which lined by immature taste bud without taste pore. Many light cells and some dark cells were noticed on the apical and basal pole of the buds. In addition unmyelinated nerve fibers were detected between taste cells. In adult group, the circumvallate papilla was surrounded by an opened furrow and its wall was lined by many mature taste buds with taste pores. Each task bud was formed of elongated cells, that converge at the taste pore, their nuclei occupied the basal half of the bud. The taste bud was formed of dark, light, intermediate and basal cells. The dark cells were small irregular in their outline with electron dense cytoplasm and nuclei. They extended cytoplasmic processes that separated and surrounded the other taste cells and intragemmal nerve fibers. The apical part of these cells contained dense secretory granules. The light cells were larger than dark cells and contained large smooth outline oval. They were characterized by electron lucent vesiculated cytoplasm. The intermediate cells were less common type of cells found in the adult rat taste buds. They were found to share characteristic of both light and dark cells and their cytoplasm were moderate in electron density between light and dark cells. In senile group, the circumvallate taste buds were formed from few elongated cells that converge at the taste pore and their nuclei occupied the basal half of the bud. Each taste bud was formed of dark and light cells. The dark cells were the commonest cell type and they were small irregular in outline with electron dense cytoplasm and nuclei. Few light cells with electron lucent cytoplasm and large oval nuclei Unmyelinated nerve fibers were observed between these cells. It become clear that the peripheral gustatory system was maintained histologically over a wide age range. Thus the change in the taste acuity reported in old age may be due to histological or biochemical changes in the taste cells

Stereo architecture of the connective tissue cores of the vallate papillae in the armadillo: dasypus novemcinctus tongue

Fué estudiada la estructura del tejido conectivo de las papilas valadas de la mucosa lingual de armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, empleando un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las papilas filiformes envuelven las papilas valadas. Estas tienen un diámetro ántero-posterior entre 0,8-1,0 mm. Las piezas tratadas en solución de NaOH mostraron que la capa epitelial fue removida, alterando la disposición original de las fibras colágenas de la lamina propria. Las papilas filiformes presentan forma redondeada y las fibras colágenas son delgadas. En la superficie de la lámina propria de la papila valada, puede ser observada una red con fibras colágenas espesas y delgadas

Effect of castration and testosterone administration on filiform and fungiform papillae of albino rat tongue

The effects of testosterone on the filiform and fungiform lingual papillae were studied in 16 adult male albino rats. They were divided into 4 groups: Animals of group I were used as control, that of group II were injected by testosterone for 2 weeks, animals of group III were castrated and that of group IV were castrated and injected by testosterone for 2 weeks. Scanning electron and light microscopic studies revealed hypertrophy of the filiform and fungiform papillae after testosterone administration. Atrophy of the papillae was observed after castration. However, the papillae appeared similar to the control and testosterone was administered to the orchidectomized animals