Prediction model of recurrence after parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To quantitatively evaluate the risk of recurrence in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. Methods:The clinical data of 168 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy（PTX） from June 2017 to May 2019 were collected. The prediction model was constructed by using Akaike information criterion（AIC） to screen factors. A total of 158 patients treated with PTX from June 2019 to September 2021 were included in the validation set to conduct external validation of the model in three aspects of differentiation, consistency and clinical utility. Results:The prediction model we constructed includes different dialysis methods, ectopic parathyroid gland, the iPTH level at one day and one month after surgery, the number of excisional parathyroid and postoperative blood phosphorus. The C index of external validation of this model is 0.992 and the P value of the Calibration curve is 0.886[KG0.5mm]1. The decision curve analysis also shows that the evaluation effect of this model is perfect. Conclusion:The prediction model constructed in this study is useful for individualized prediction of recurrence after PTX in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Manejo de vía aérea en paciente con leontiasis ossea. Reporte de caso / Airway management in a patient with leontiasis ossea. Case report

Leontiasis ossea is an uncommon complication of advanced chronic kidney disease that alters the facial bone and the airway, making its perioperative management more complex. We present a clinical case of a female with Leontiasis ossea presenting a difficult airway which requires parathyroidectomy. Assessment, planning and management of the airway by awake intubation is described.

La leontiasis ossea es una complicación infrecuente de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada que altera el macizo facial óseo y la vía aérea, complejizando su manejo perioperatorio. Presentamos caso clínico de mujer portadora de leontiasis ossea con vía aérea difícil requiriendo paratiroidectomía. Se describe valoración, planificación y manejo de vía aérea mediante intubación vigil.

Cirugía Radioguiada en el tratamiento del hiperparatiroidismo primario / Radioguided Surgery in the Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

RESUMEN Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico ha evolucionado desde la exploración abierta bilateral del cuello hasta la cirugía de invasión mínima. En este momento, la paratiroidectomía mínimamente invasiva en pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario es la técnica de elección. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo primario con el uso de la sonda gamma transoperatoria. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal, de tipo serie de casos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 29 pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico radioguiada para el hiperparatiroidismo primario en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras entre marzo de 2007 a diciembre de 2014. Resultados: De los 29 pacientes, 21 no presentaban enfermedad tiroidea asociada, tenían una mediana de edad de 52 años, con predominio femenino (80,9 por ciento), la enfermedad renal resultó ser el síntoma más frecuente (52,4 por ciento), el adenoma paratiroideo fue el diagnóstico anatomopatológico con mayor por ciento (85,7 por ciento). Presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias el 38,1 por ciento y la hipocalcemia transitoria estuvo en un 28,6 por ciento. La media de la estadía posoperatoria fue de 3,37 días y la curación de 90,5 por ciento. En los ocho pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea asociada tenían una mediana de edad de 58 años y predominio femenino (62,5 por ciento). Prevaleció el dolor articular y la fatiga (50 por ciento) como síntomas previos y como diagnóstico anatomopatológico el adenoma paratiroideo (62,5 por ciento). Las complicaciones presentes en un 37,5 por ciento y la más frecuente la hipocalcemia transitoria (25,0 por ciento). La curación estuvo en 62,5 por ciento y la media de la estadía posoperatoria en 2,47 días. Conclusiones: Los resultados alcanzados evidencian la utilidad de la cirugía radioguiada en el tratamiento del hiperparatiroidismo primario(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgical treatment has evolved from bilateral open neck exploration to minimally invasive surgery. Currently, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is the technique of choice. Objective: To describe the outcomes of surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism with the use of the intraoperative gamma probe. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal study of case series was carried out. The sample consisted of 29 patients who received radioguided surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital between March 2007 and December 2014. Results: Of the 29 patients, 21 did not present associated thyroid disease. Their median age was 52 years. They were predominantly female (80.9%). Kidney disease was the most frequent symptom (52.4 percent). Parathyroid adenoma was the anatomopathological diagnosis with the highest percentage value (85.7 percent). 38.1 percent presented postoperative complications and transient hypocalcemia accounted for 28.6 percent. The mean for postoperative stay was 3.37 days and for healing was 90.5 percent. In the eight patients with associated thyroid disease, the mean age was 58 years, and there was predominance of the female sex (62.5 percent). Joint pain and fatigue, accounting for 50 percent, prevailed as previous symptoms; while parathyroid adenoma, accounting for 62.5 percent, prevailed as anatomopathological diagnosis. Complications were present in 37.5 percent and the most frequent was transient hypocalcemia (25.0 percent). Healing accounted for 62.5 percent and the mean postoperative stay was 2.47 days. Conclusions: The results obtained show the usefulness of radioguided surgery in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism(AU)

Association between hypocalcemia and rivaroxaban in coagulation disorders: a case report / Associação entre hipocalcemia e rivaroxaban em distúrbios de coagulação: relato de caso

ABSTRACT We describe a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism with history of three episodes of deep vein thrombosis and on rivaroxaban. The patient underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy, developing cervical hematoma with airway compression. Therefore, emergency surgical decompression was necessary. Later, on the ninth postoperative day, the serum ionized calcium levels were low. Medical team knowledge about preexisting diseases and their implication in the coagulation state are essential conditions to reduce morbidity and mortality of surgeries. However, no reports were found in literature about the association of hypocalcemia with the use of the new class of anticoagulants, which act as factor X inhibitors (Stuart-Prower factor), predisposing to increased bleeding in the immediate postoperative period.

RESUMO Descrevemos um paciente com hiperparatireoidismo terciário com história de três episódios de trombose venosa profunda e em uso de rivaroxabana. O paciente foi submetido a uma paratireoidectomia subtotal, desenvolvendo hematoma cervical com compressão das vias aéreas. Foi necessária descompressão cirúrgica de emergência. No nono dia de pós-operatório, os níveis séricos de cálcio iônico estavam baixos. O conhecimento da equipe médica sobre doenças preexistentes e de sua implicação no estado de coagulação é condição indispensável para a redução da morbimortalidade do procedimento cirúrgico. No entanto, não há relatos na literatura associando hipocalcemia com o uso da nova classe de anticoagulantes que atuam como inibidores do fator X (fator de Stuart-Prower), predispondo ao aumento do sangramento no pós-operatório imediato.

Pancreatitis aguda por hipercalcemia en el embarazo: caso clínico / Acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia during pregnancy: report of one case

Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is uncommon and usually associated with gallstones. However other etiologies must be considered. We report a 24 years old woman with a 32 weeks pregnancy consulting for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. She had elevated lipase and amylase levels, a corrected serum calcium of 13.1 mg/dl and a serum phosphate of 1.6 mg/dl. A magnetic resonance colangiopancreatography showed an enlarged pancreas with inflammatory changes and a normal Wirsung duct. A parathyroid nodule was found on cervical ultrasonography. The patient was treated initially with cinacalcet with partial response. A parathyroidectomy was performed at 39 weeks of pregnancy with a good maternal and fetal evolution.

Cirugía mayor ambulatoria de la glándula tiroides y paratiroides: resultados tras 6 años de experiencia / Major outpatient surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands: results after 6 years experience

Objetivo: La cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) y con estancia inferior a 24 horas (overnight stay) se ha consolidado en muchas patologías aunque en cirugía tiroidea y paratiroidea resulta controvertido. El objetivo es valorar nuestros resultados en cirugía del tiroides y paratiroides en régimen de CMA durante un periodo de 6 años. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de pacientes con indicación de hemitiroidectomía o paratiroidectomía enfocada en régimen CMA entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2016. Los pacientes cumplían criterios de CMA. En los primeros años se excluyeron los nodulos tiroideos mayores de 3 cm y los pacientes ASA III. Los pacientes ingresaron la mañana de la intervención, tras el acto quirúrgico pasaron a la Unidad de Recuperación Posquirúrgica y posteriormente a sala de hospitalización. Tras 8 h, si cumplían criterios, fueron dados de alta. Resultados: Se intervinieron 270 pacientes, la tasa de aplicabilidad global fue del 59%, la tasa de aceptabilidad global del 83,6% y el índice de sustitución del 49,2%. El índice de ingresos no deseados fue del 10,4% para la paratiroidectomía y del 17,6% en la cirugía del tiroides. Ningún paciente presentó complicaciones mayores en su domicilio. El grado de satisfacción fue alto o muy alto en el 94% de los pacientes. Conclusiones: La paratiroidectomía enfocada y la hemitiroidectomía realizada por cirujanos expertos en pacientes seleccionados, es segura y efectiva en régimen ambulatorio. Es posible mejorar el índice de sustitución ambulatorio aumentando la tasa de aplicabilidad y aceptabilidad.

Objetive: Ambulatory or overnight stay surgery have been consolidated in many different procedures. However, its use in thyroid and parathyroid surgery is still controversial. The aim of this report is to present the results of 6 years of ambulatory patients undergoing surgery of the thyroid or parathyroid glands. Material and Methods: Prospective observational study of patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy or selective parathyroidectomy in the ambulatory program from January 2011 to December 2016. All patients included met the general criteria of ambulatory surgery. During the first years nodules bigger than 3 cm and patients classified as ASA III were excluded. Patients arrive at hospital the morning of surgery. After the operation, patients pass to the post-anesthesia care unit and then to the hospitalization room. 8 hours after surgery patients are discharged home if they meet the criteria. Results: 270 patients were operated, 159 of them met the inclusion criteria. The overall applicability rate was 59%. The acceptance rate was 83.6% and the substitution index was 49.2%. The unwanted hospital admission was 10.4% for the parathyroidectomy and 17.6% for the hemithyroidectomy. Any patient presented major complications at home. The satisfaction rate was high or very high for 94% of the patients. Conclusion: Selective parathyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy performed by experienced surgeons in selected patients can be safely and effectively carried out in ambulatory surgery (outpatient). It would be possible to improve the substitution index by increasing the application and acceptability ratios.

Paratiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por acceso vestibular oral: cirugía de paratiroides sin cicatriz: primer caso realizado en Sudamérica / Transoral endoscopic parathyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOEPVA)

Introducción: El abordaje de elección de la glándula tiroides y paratiroides, desde su descripción, ha sido la cervicotomía transversal. En el hiperparatiroidismo, con la optimización de los métodos de localización preoperatoria de las glándulas anómalas, se han creado técnicas abiertas mínimamente invasivas, con un mejor resultado estético y un menor tiempo de recuperación. Con el objetivo de eliminar las cicatrices externas se ha implementado una nueva técnica quirúrgica que utiliza abordajes endoscópicos a través de orificios naturales (NOTES). En los últimos años se ha hecho conocida una técnica de tiroidectomía y paratiroidectomía transoral endoscópica a través de incisiones en el vestíbulo oral. Caso clínico: Paciente de 65 años con hiperparatiroidismo primario con nódulo hiperfuncionante superior derecho que se somete a una paratiroidectomía parcial transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular. Resultados: El procedimiento se realiza sin incidentes con buena evolución posoperatoria de la paciente. Discusión: La paratiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular (TOEPVA) ha demostrado ser una técnica bastante segura, con resultados similares a los de la técnica abierta, pero sin dejar cicatrices visibles.

Introduction: The approach of choice of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, since its description, has been the transverse cervicotomy. In hyperparathyroidism, with the optimization of the preoperative localization methods of the anomalous glands, minimally invasive open techniques have been created, with a better aesthetic result and a shorter recovery time. With the aim of eliminating external scars, a new surgical technique has been implemented that uses endoscopic approaches through natural orifices (NOTES). In recent years, a transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy technique through incisions in the oral vestibule has been known. Clinical case: A 65-year-old patient with primary hyperparathyroidism with right upper hyperfunctioning nodule who underwent partial transoral endoscopic parathyroidectomy due to vestibular approach. Results: The procedure is performed without incidents with good postoperative evolution of the patient. Discussion: Transoral endoscopic parathyroidectomy by vestibular approach (TOEPVA) has proven to be a fairly safe technique, with results similar to open technique, but without leaving visible scars.

Autofluorescencia: un método innovador en la identificación intraoperatoria de adenomas paratiroideos / Autofluorescence: an innovative method in the intraoperative identification of parathyroid adenomas

RESUMEN Introducción El tratamiento definitivo del hiperparatiroidismo primario es la resección quirúrgica de la glándula paratiroidea anómala. Su identificación resulta un desafío aun para cirujanos expertos. Hasta el momento no se han descripto métodos inocuos y efectivos para la identificación intraoperatoria de las glándulas. Tenemos como objetivo reportar la experiencia del uso de autofluorescencia en la identificación de las glándulas paratiroideas. Método Se incluyeron pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario evaluados preoperatoriamente con laboratorio, ecografía cervical y centellografía con Tc-99 MIBI. Durante el acto operatorio se utilizó un método de autofluorescencia (VINFLUO-P) para identificar las glándulas paratiroides (GP). Se analizó la intensidad lumínica de las (GP) normales y anómalas (AP) y distintas covariables. Se dosó PTH ultra rápida post resección del AP y se evaluó la histopatología de la pieza intraoperatoriamente. Resultados Se incluyeron 59 pacientes. La ecografía preoperatoria predijo la ubicación correcta en el 68% y el centellograma Tc-99 MIBI el 75% de los AP. La localización más frecuente fue inferior derecha (29%). El VINFLUO-P facilitó la visualización de las GP y los AP en el 100% de los pacientes con un aumento del 27% respecto a la luz blanca. Se evidenció un descenso postoperatorio de PTH del 76,44% y de la calcemia en 1,8 mg/dl. La intensidad de la luz reflejada por los AP fue mayor que la de las GP normales (p <0,001). Se observó una relación lineal entre PTH e intensidad lumínica de AP. (CC = 0,448; p = 0,045). El patrón arquitectural sólido de los AP evidenció una asociación negativa (CC = -0,4709 p = 0,03). Conclusión La utilización del VINFLUO-P demostró ser efectivo para la identificación de las GP normales y patológicas. Las glándulas anómalas resultaron con mayor fluorescencia que los tejidos normales.

ABSTRACT Introduction The treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism consists on the resection of the abnormal parathyroid gland (PG). Identification of PGs is challenging even for expert surgeons. Currently, there are no effective and harmless methods for intraoperative identification of PGs. The aim of this study is to report our experience with the identification of PGs using autofluorescence. Materials and methods Patients with diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism were included in the study. Patients were preoperatively worked up with labs [parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium], neck ultrasound (US) and Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi. The parathyroid gland Intraoperative fluorescent visualization (PG-IFV) method was used during the surgery to identify PGs. The fluorescent intensity ratio of normal PGs and parathyroid adenomas (PA) was analyzed and correlated to different variables. All patients underwent a post-resection rapid PTH analysis and frozen section. Results Fifty-nine patients were included in the study. The US accurately predicted the location of the PA in 68% of the cases, while 99mTc sestamibi was accurate in 75% of the cases. The most frequently reported localization of the adenoma was right inferior (29%). PG-IFV facilitated the visualization of the PGs in 100% of the cases, with a 27% increase in the visualization of the PGs when compared to white light. The postoperative PTH decreased 76.4% and the calcium 1.8 mg/dl. The fluorescent intensity ratio of the PAs was significantly higher than normal PGs (44.4 vs 27.2, p <0.001). There was positive correlation between the PTH and the fluorescent intensity ratio of the PAs [Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC) = 0.448; p = 0.045]. The solid histoarchitectural pattern of the PAs presented a negative correlation with fluorescent intensity ratio (SCC = -0.4709, p = 0.03). Conclusion The use of PG-IFV is an effective method for intraoperative identification of normal and abnormal PGs. The fluorescent intensity ratio of abnormal PGs was significantly higher than normal PGs.

Early postoperative parathormone sampling and prognosis after total parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism / Dosagem pós-operatória precoce de paratormônio e prognóstico, após paratireoidectoma total por hiperparatireoidismo secundário

Abstract Introduction: There is possibility of a supernumerary hyperplastic parathyroid gland in dialysis patients after total parathyroidectomy and autograft in dialysis patients. Objective: To test if the early postoperative measure of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can identify persistent hyperparathyroidism. Methods: A prospective cohort of dialysis patients submitted to parathyroidectomy had PTH measured up to one week after operation. The absolute value and the relative decrease were analyzed according to clinical outcome of satisfactory control of secondary hyperparathyroidism or persistence. Results: Of 51 cases, preoperative PTH varied from 425 to 6,964 pg/mL (median 2,103 pg/mL). Postoperatively, PTH was undetectable in 28 cases (54.9%). In eight individuals (15.7%) the PTH was lower than 16 pg/mL, in 10 (19.6%) the PTH values were between 16 and 87pg/mL, and in five (9.8%), PTH was higher than 87 pg/mL. Undetectable PTH was more common in patients with preoperative PTH below the median (p = 0.0002). There was a significant correlation between preoperative PTH and early postoperative PTH (Spearman R = 0.42, p = 0.002). A relative decrease superior to 95% was associated to satisfactory clinical outcome. A relative decrease less than 80% was associated to persistent disease, despite initial postoperative hypocalcemia. Conclusion: Measurement of PTH in the first days after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients may suggest good clinical outcome if a decrease of at least 95% of the preoperative value is observed. Less than 80% PTH decrease is highly suggestive of residual hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue with persistent hyperparathyroidism, and an early reintervention may be considered.

Resumo Introdução: Em pacientes renais crônicos dialíticos submetidos à paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto, existe a possibilidade de uma glândula paratireoide hiperplásica residual. Objetivo: Verificar se a medida pós-operatória precoce do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) após paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto é útil para indicar uma glândula paratireoide residual ou supranumerária hiperplásica em pacientes dialíticos. Método: Em uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes em diálise submetidos a paratireoidectomia foi medido o PTH até uma semana após à operação. O valor absoluto e o decréscimo relativo foram analisados de acordo como desfecho clínico de controle satisfatório do hiperparatireoidismo ou persistência. Resultados: Em 51 casos, o PTH preoperatório variou entre 425 e 6.964pg/mL (mediana 2.103pg/mL). No pós-operatório, o PTH foi indetectável em 28 casos (54,9%). Em 8 indivíduos (15,7%), o PTH foi menor que 16pg/mL, em 10 (19,6%) os valores de PTH values estiveram entre 16 e 87pg/mL e em 5 (9.8%), o PTH foi superior a 87pg/mL. O PTH indetectável foi mais comum em pacientes com valor de PTH pré-operatório abaixo da mediana do PTH dos casos (p = 0,0002). Houve correlação significativa entre o PTH pré-operatório e o PTH pós-operatório precoce (Spearman R = 0,42, p = 0,002). Um decréscimo relativo superior a 95% associou-se a desfecho clínico satisfatório. O decréscimo relativo inferior a 80% associou-se à doença persistente, apesar de hipocalcemia inicial. Conclusões: A dosagem do PTH nos primeiros dias após à paratireoidectomia em pacientes dialíticos pode sugerir bom desfecho clínico quando há um decréscimo de pelo menos 95% em relação ao valor pré-operatório. O decréscimo inferior a 80% é indicativo de tecido paratireóideo residual com persistência do hiperparatireoidismo e uma reintervenção precoce pode ser considerada.

Transaxillary single-port subtotal parathyroidectomy: feasibility study in cadavers / Paratireoidectomia subtotal transaxilar single-port: estudo de viabilidade em cadáver

ABSTRACT Objective : to test the minimally invasive technique of single-port transaxillary subtotal parathyroidectomy in non-formalized cadavers to evaluate its viability and reproduction. Method : we performed ten subtotal parathyroidectomies through a transaxillary TriPort access in cadavers. The technique consisted of access through the axillary fossa, creating a subcutaneous tunnel to the anterior cervical region, for handling of the thyroid gland and dissection and resection of the parathyroid glands. Results : all surgeries were successful. The mean time of surgery was 65 minutes (57-79 min), with uncomplicated identification of all anatomical structures. There was no need for complementary incisions in the cervical region. Conclusion : the transaxillary single-port subtotal parathyroidectomy technique was feasible and reproducible, suggesting an alternative for minimally invasive cervical surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: testar a técnica minimamente invasiva de paratireoidectomia subtotal transaxilar single-port em cadáveres não formalizados para avaliar sua viabilidade e reprodução. Método: foram realizadas dez paratireoidectomias subtotais por via transaxilar através de acesso por TriPort em cadáveres. A técnica realizada consistiu em acesso pela fossa axilar, criando-se um túnel subcutâneo até a região cervical anterior, para manuseio da glândula tireoide e dissecção e ressecção das paratireoides. Resultados: todas as cirurgias foram realizadas com sucesso. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi 65 minutos (57-79 min), com identificação, sem dificuldades, de todas as estruturas anatômicas. Não houve necessidade de incisões complementares na região cervical. Conclusão: a técnica de paratireoidectomia subtotal transaxilar single-port foi viável e reprodutível, sugerindo uma alternativa para a cirurgia cervical minimamente invasiva.

Paratiroidectomía subtotal: último recurso en el tratamiento de hiperparatiroidismo secundario en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica / Subtotal parathyroidectomy: last resource in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease

El fracaso del tratamiento médico del HPTs hace necesario la utilización de una solución más agresiva. La paratiroidectomía subtotal (PTXs) ha sido efectiva en el control de los niveles de PTH para disminuir las complicaciones derivadas de su secreción descontrolada: astenia, dolores y deformidades óseas y calcificaciones vasculares que serán finalmente responsables de la muerte por trastornos cardiacos en edades tempranas de los pacientes renales crónicos. Se describe la eficiencia de la ecografía y centellografía con sestamibi para la correcta ubicación, número y tamaño de las glándulas paratiroideas y la determinación del descenso del nivel de PTH intraquirúrgico como factor predictor del éxito quirúrgico (AU)

Failure of medical management of hyperparathyroidism has warranted a more aggressive solution. Subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) has been effective in the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels decreasing complications related to uncontrolled secretion: asthenia, bone pain and deformities, and vascular calcifications leading to death due to early heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Here we describe the efficiency of ultrasonography and sestamibi whole body scan for the precise location and evaluation of number and size of the parathyroid glands and determination of the intraoperative decrease of PTH levels as a predictive factor for surgical success (AU)

Responsividade paratireoideana à hipocalcemia após paratireoidectomia total com autoimplante em portadores de hiperparatireoidismo associado à doença renal crônica / Parathyroid responsiveness during hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism

Resumo Introdução: O hiperparatireoidismo é uma complicação frequente da doença renal crônica (DRC). A paratireoidectomia (PTX) total com autotransplante (AT) de tecido paratireoideano é uma opção terapêutica para os indivíduos que não respondem ao manejo clínico. Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta do tecido paratireoideano enxertado durante hipocalcemia induzida em pacientes portadores de DRC submetidos à PTX total com AT. Métodos: Dezoito pacientes portadores de hiperparatiroidismo associado à DRC foram submetidos à PTX total com AT de tecido paratireoideano selecionado por estereomicroscopia entre Abril e Outubro de 2008 em nosso serviço. Onze indivíduos (oito com transplante renal funcionante, 2 em diálise peritoneal e 1 em hemodiálise) apresentavam boa condição clínica e foram elegíveis para o teste. Induziu-se hipocalcemia por infusão de bicarbonato de sódio em 5 controles normais e nos pacientes 6-12 meses após a PTX. Resultados: A hipocalcemia determinou um aumento importante dos níveis de PTH intacto (iPTH) no grupo controle 4 minutos após a infusão de bicarbonato. Nos pacientes, houve uma redução significativa do cálcio ionizado [de 1,17 ± 0,12 para 1,09 ± 0,11 (media ± EP) mmol/L] no 4º minuto (p < 0,001) ilustrando o nadir do teste. No 10º minuto não houve elevação do cálcio ionizado comparado ao 4º minuto (p = 0,451). Os níveis de iPTH foram de 34,8 ± 18,6 para 34,1 ± 18,8 pg/mL (valor basal semelhante ao 4º minuto p = 0,087) e se mantiveram no 10º minuto (33,3 ± 19,6 pg/mL p = 0,693). Conclusão: Em pacientes portadores de DRC testados 6-12 meses depois da cirurgia, o enxerto de tecido paratireoideano revelou incapacidade de resposta à hipocalcemia induzida por bicarbonato sem mudança dos níveis de iPTH.

Abstract Introduction: Hyperparathyroidism is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with parathyroid tissue autotransplantation (AT) is a treatment option in those individuals that do not respond to clinical management. Objective: To evaluate grafted parathyroid tissue response during induced hypocalcemia among CKD patients who underwent total PTX with AT. Methods: Eighteen patients with renal hyperparathyroidism were submitted to total PTX with parathyroid AT selected by stereomicroscopy between April and October 2008. Eleven (eight with successful kidney transplantation, 2 in peritoneal dialysis and 1 in hemodialysis) were clinically stable and eligible for testing. Hypocalcemia was induced using sodium bicarbonate infusion in 5 healthy controls and in patients 6-12 months after surgery. Results: Among controls, hypocalcemia elicited a major rise in intact PTH (iPTH) levels 4 minutes after bicarbonate infusion. In patients, a significant decrease in ionized calcium concentration was observed [from 1.17 ± 0.12 to 1.09 ± 0.11 mean (± SE) mmol/L] in the 4th minute (p < 0.001) illustrating the nadir point. In the 10thminute, ionized calcium did not show a statistical increase compared to the 4th minute (p = 0.451). The iPTH levels ranged from 34.8 ± 18.6 to 34.1 ± 18.8 pg/mL (similar values between base line and 4thminute p = 0.087) and did not change in the 10th minute (33.3 ± 19,6 pg/ mL p = 0.693). Conclusion: Among CKD patients tested 6-12 months after surgery, grafted parathyroid tissue revealed a blunted secretory capacity during bicarbonate induced hypocalcemia with no changes in iPTH levels.

Autotransplant tissue selection criteria with or without stereomicroscopy in parathyroidectomy for treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism / Influência do critério de seleção de tecido paratiroideano com ou sem estereomicroscopia para autoimplante no resultado do tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatiroidismo associado a doença renal crônica

INTRODUCTION: Several methods have been proposed to improve operative success in renal hyperparathyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate stereomicroscopy in parathyroid tissue selection for total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation in secondary (SHPT)/tertiary (THPT) hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: 118 renal patients underwent surgery from April of 2000 to October 2009. They were divided into two groups: G1, 66 patients operated from April of 2000 to May of 2005, with tissue selection based on macroscopic observation; G2, 52 patients operated from March of 2008 to October 2009 with stereomicroscopy for tissue selection searching for the presence of adipose cells. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. Patients presented SHPT (dialysis treatment) or THPT (renal-grafted). Follow-up was 12-36 months. Intra-operative parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured in 100/118 (84.7%) patients. RESULTS: Data are presented as means. G1 included 66 patients (38 SHPT, 24 females/14 males; 40.0 years of age; 28 THPT, 14 females/14 males; 44 years of age). G2 included 52 patients (29 SHPT, 11 females/18 males; 50.7 years of age; 23 THPT, 13 females/10 males, 44.4 years of age). SHPT patients from G2 presented preoperative serum calcium higher than those of SHPT patients in G1 (p < 0.05), suggesting a more severe disease. Definitive hypoparathyroidism was found in seven of 118 patients (5.9%). Graft-dependent recurrence occurred in four patients, two in each group. All occurred in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: Stereomicroscopy in SHPT/THPT surgical treatment may be a useful tool to standardize parathyroid tissue selection. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos métodos têm sido propostos com intuito de melhorar índices de sucesso cirúrgico no tratamento do hiperparatiroidismo associado à doença renal crônica (DRC). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar uso do estereomicroscópio na seleção de tecido paratiroideano na paratiroidectomia total com autoimplante em pacientes com DRC. MÉTODOS: 118 pacientes DRC operados entre 04/2000-10/2009 foram divididos em: G1-66 pacientes operados entre 04/2000-05/2005 cuja seleção de tecido foi realizada por método convencional (macroscopia); G2-52 pacientes operados entre 03/2008-10/2009, cuja seleção de tecido foi realizada com uso da estereomicroscopia: Leica-Stereomicroscope (amplificação: 10×-80×). Pacientes foram ainda categorizados em hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPS) ou terciário (HPT) (HPS-diálise/HPT-transplantados renais). Seguimento pós-operatório: 12-36 meses. PTH intraoperatório medido 100/118 pacientes (84.7%). Todos pacientes foram operados pelo mesmo cirurgião. RESULTADOS: Dados em média. G1, 66 pacientes (38 HPS, 24f/14m; 40 anos; 28 HPT, 14f/14m; 44 anos). G2, 52 pacientes (29 HPS, 11f/18m; 50,7 anos; 23 HPT, 13f/10m; 44,4 anos). Pacientes dialíticos do G2 apresentaram cálcio pré-operatório maior que G1 (p < 0,05), sugerindo doença mais severa. Hipoparatiroidismo definitivo: 7/118 (5,9%) pacientes: G1, 4/66 (6%); G2, 3/52 (5,7%). Recorrência do hiperparatiroidismo no autoimplante: 4 pacientes, 2 em cada grupo. Todas foram em pacientes em diálise. CONCLUSÃO: Estereomicroscopia no tratamento do hiperparatiroidismo associado à DRC é útil na padronização da técnica de seleção de tecido para o autoimplante. .

Definição de valores de corte para medida de PTH intraoperatório no tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatiroidismo secundário e terciário / Intraoperative PTH cutoff definition to predict successful parathyroidectomy in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Avaliamos medida de PTH intraoperatório (IO-PTH) no intuito de melhorar índices de sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatiroidismo associado à doença renal. MÉTODO: Oitenta e seis pacientes realizaram paratiroidectomia total com autoimplante em musculatura pré-esternal entre abril de 2000 e outubro de 2009 com 26,5 meses de seguimento em média, prospectivo. Foram divididos em dois grupos: hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPS) - pacientes em diálise e hiperparatiroidismo terciário (HPT) - transplantados renais. Medido IO-PTH (Elecsys-PTH-Immunoassay/Roche) na indução anestésica (IOPTH-0') e 20 minutos (IOPTH-20') após a retirada das paratireoides. RESULTADOS: 80,2% (69/86) do total de pacientes apresentaram queda de 80% ou mais do IOPTH-20' e todos se curaram. Em 11/86 (12,7%) pacientes, foi observada queda entre 70-79%, sendo que dois (18,1%) deles evoluíram com falha cirúrgica. 6/86 (6,9%) pacientes apresentaram redução de IOPTH-20' menor do que 70%: dois foram curados; três apresentaram paratireoide supranumerária/ectópica que foi localizada e removida; um paciente evoluiu com persistência da doença após término da cirurgia com a retirada de quatro paratireoides. CONCLUSÃO: Queda do IOPTH-20' de 80% ou mais foi preditor de cura em todos os pacientes renais durante o período avaliado. Redução menor que 70% sugere paratireoide hiperfuncionante não reconhecida/supranumerária, sendo preditor de falha cirúrgica em 66.6%. A queda marginal de 70%-79% delega ao cirurgião experiente a decisão de continuar ou não o procedimento cirúrgico.

In order to improve success rates in surgery of renal hyperparathyroidism, we evaluated intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) measurement utility. METHOD: 86 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy with intramuscular presternal autotransplantation from 04/2000 to 10/2009 and were followed for 26.5 months on average (prospective cohort). Patients were divided in secondary (SHPT) and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT). SHPT group was composed by patients under dialysis treatment, THPT group included renal grafted ones. IOPTH (Elecsys-PTH-Immunoassay/Roche) was measured at anesthesia induction (IOPTH-0') and 20 minutes (IOPTH-20') after parathyroidectomy. RESULTS: 80.2% (69/86) presented with 80% decrease or more in the IOPTH-20' and all were cured. In 11/86 patients (12.7%), a lower IOPTH-20' drop (70-79%) was observed, and 2 of them (18.1%) failed to cure. 6/86 (6.9%) patients presented IO-PTH-20' decrease of less than 70%: two were cured, in three a supernumerary/ectopic parathyroid was found and removed, and in one of these six patients, surgery was finished after 4-gland excision and the patient failure to cure. CONCLUSION: IOPTH-20' decrease of 80% or more compared to IOPTH-0' predicts cure in all renal patients throughout follow-up. A decay of less than 70% points to missed or hyperfunctioning supernumerary gland and is predictive of surgical failure in 66.6%. A marginal IOPTH drop of 70-79% leaves the decision whether or not surgery should be continued up to the experienced surgeon.

Comparação da incisão ritidectomia modificada versus cervicomastóideofacial para tumores benignos da glândula parótida / Cervicomastoidfacial versus modified rhytidectomy incision for benign parotid tumors

Aincisão tipo ritidectomia modificada para a abordagem da glândula parótida mostrou-se uma alternativa à clássica incisão cervicomastóideofacial, permitindo-se camuflar a cicatriz em áreas pouco visíveis com melhor resultado estético. Todavia, ainda existem poucos estudos comparando os resultados funcionais e a incidência de complicações em pacientes submetidos à parotidectomia utilizando-se essas diferentes vias de acesso. OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidência de complicações e os resultados funcionais de pacientes com neoplasias benignas da parótida abordados pela incisão clássica ou ritidectomia modificada. MÉTODO: Estudo de casos tipo coorte histórica longitudinal incluindo sessenta pacientes submetidos à parotidectomia e igualmente distribuídos entre as duas formas de incisão avaliadas, comparando-se os dados de idade, sexo, tempo de internação, volume drenado, tamanho tumoral, volume da parótida ressecada, ocorrência de disfunção de motricidade facial e fístula salivar pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para complicações e resultados funcionais entre os dois grupos, exceto pela menor ocorrência de disfunção da motricidade facial imediata em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia via ritidectomia modificada, com a chance desta ocorrência ser 86% menos frequente neste grupo. CONCLUSÃO: A incisão tipo ritidectomia modificada apresenta incidência de complicações comparáveis à abordagem clássica, associada a menor ocorrência de disfunção da motricidade facial imediata.

The modified rhytidectomy incision is an alternative to the classic cervicomastoidfacial approach for parotid surgery, camouflaging the scar in barely visible areas, resulting in better cosmesis. However, there are very few studies comparing the incidence of complications and functional results of patients submitted to parotidectomy through these two different approaches. OBJECTIVE: Compare the incidence of complications and functional results of patients with benign parotid neoplasms submitted to surgery through the classical incision versus the modified rhytidectomy approach. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study evaluating the demographics, surgical and post-operative characteristics of an equally distributed group of sixty patients submitted to parotidectomy via cervicomastoidfacial incision or modified rhytidectomy approach. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in complications rates and functional results between the groups, except for a lower incidence of early facial movement dysfunction for the modified rhytidectomy approach - which was 86% lower in this group of patients. CONCLUSION: Modified rhytidectomy incision has shown comparable complication rates to those of the classic approach and a lower incidence of immediate facial movement impairment.

Hiperparatiroidismo terciario: a propósito de tres pacientes con complicaciones diferentes / Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: representation of the complications in three different cases

El hiperparatiroidismo terciario ha sido reconocido como una hiperfunción autónoma de las glándulas paratiroides. Cuando esta enfermedad se instaura, la única opción terapéutica efectiva es la paratiroidectomía. Estos pacientes frecuentemente tienen hiperplasia paratiroidea por lo que la exploración cervical debe ser bilateral. Presentación de casos: Presentamos 3 pacientes, cada uno con una complicación diferente a propósito del hiperparatiroidismo terciario. La primera paciente con arteriolopatía cálcico-urémica, la segunda con calcinosis tumoral de la cadera, y la tercera paciente con tumor pardo bimaxilar. A todos los pacientes los tratamos con paratiroidectomía total con auto trasplante de la glándula más sana en el músculo recto anterior del abdomen. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló hiperplasia de las glándulas paratiroideas resecadas en todos los pacientes. La complicación principal de este procedimiento fue la hipocalcemia sintomática, requiriendo infusión de calcio endovenoso. Dos pacientes presentaron síndrome de hueso hambriento, que se resolvió progresivamente y en el seguimiento se observó normocalcemia. Hubo desenlace fatal en 2 pacientes como consecuencia de complicaciones sistémicas. El hiperparatiroidismo terciario es una enfermedad rara que el clínico debe reconocer para tratarla oportunamente. La paratiroidectomía total es terapéuticamente efectiva en esta condición, pero la hipocalcemia profunda posoperatoria es frecuente y necesita de un manejo cuidadoso.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism has been recognized as an autonomous hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands. When this disease is established, the only effective therapeutic option is parathyroidectomy. These patients often have parathyroid hyperplasia so that the the neck exploration must be bilateral. Cases presentation: We report 3 patients, each with a different complication as a consequence of tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The first patient with calcic uremic arteriolopathy, the second with tumoral calcinosis of the hip, and the third patient with bimaxillary brown tumor. We treated all this patients with total parathyroidectomy, followed by healthy gland autotransplantation in the anterior rectus abdominal muscle. The anatomopathological study revealed hyperplasia of the resected parathyroid glands, in all the specimens. The main complication of this procedure were the symptomatic hypocalcemia, requiring intravenous calcium infusion. Two patients had the hungry bone syndrome, which was solved progressively. Two parients died due to systemic complications. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a rare disease that the clinician should recognize in order to treat it promptly. Total parathyroidectomy is therapeutically effective in this condition, but the postoperative profound hypocalcemia is frequent and needs a careful management.

Total parathyroidectomy in a large cohort of cases with hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: experience from a single academic center

Most cases of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism present disturbances in a single parathyroid gland and the surgery of choice is adenomectomy. Conversely, hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) is an asynchronic, asymmetrical multiglandular disease and it is surgically approached by either subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant to the forearm. In skilful hands, the efficacy of both approaches is similar and both should be complemented by prophylactic thymectomy. In a single academic center, 83 cases of hyperparathyroidism/ multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 were operated on from 1987 to 2010 and our first surgical choice was total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant to the non-dominant forearm and, since 1997, associated transcervical thymectomy to prevent thymic carcinoid. Overall, 40% of patients were given calcium replacement (mean intake 1.6 g/day) during the first months after surgery, and this fell to 28% in patients with longer follow-up. These findings indicate that several months may be needed in order to achieve a proper secretion by the parathyroid auto-implant. Hyperparathyroidism recurrence was observed in up to 15% of cases several years after the initial surgery. Thus, long-term follow-up is recommended for such cases. We conclude that, despite a tendency to subtotal parathyroidectomy worldwide, total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant is a valid surgical option to treat hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Larger comparative systematic studies are needed to define the best surgical approach to hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Primary hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: when to perform surgery?

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrinological disorder. In rare circumstances, it is associated with familial syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. This syndrome is caused by a germline mutation in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene encoding the tumor-suppressor protein menin. Usually, primary hyperparathyroidism is the initial clinical expression in carriers of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 mutations, occurring in more than 90% of patients and appearing at a young age (20-25 years). Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/primary hyperparathyroidism is generally accompanied by multiglandular disease, clinically manifesting with hypercalcemia, although it can remain asymptomatic for a long time and consequently not always be recognized early. Surgery is the recommended treatment. The goal of this short review is to discuss the timing of surgery in patients when primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Surgical approach in patients with hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: total versus partial parathyroidectomy

Usually, primary hyperparathyroidism is the first endocrinopathy to be diagnosed in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and is also the most common one. The timing of the surgery and strategy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/hyperparathyroidism are still under debate. The aims of surgery are to: 1) correct hypercalcemia, thus preventing persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism; 2) avoid persistent hypoparathyroidism; and 3) facilitate the surgical treatment of possible recurrences. Currently, two types of surgical approach are indicated: 1) subtotal parathyroidectomy with removal of at least 3-3 K glands; and 2) total parathyroidectomy with grafting of autologous parathyroid tissue. Transcervical thymectomy must be performed with both of these procedures. Unsuccessful surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism is more frequently observed in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 than in sporadic hyperparathyroidism. The recurrence rate is strongly influenced by: 1) the lack of a pre-operative multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 diagnosis; 2) the surgeon's experience; 3) the timing of surgery; 4) the possibility of performing intra-operative confirmation (histologic examination, rapid parathyroid hormone assay) of the curative potential of the surgical procedure; and, 5) the surgical strategy. Persistent hyperparathyroidism seems to be more frequent after subtotal parathyroidectomy than after total parathyroidectomy with autologous graft of parathyroid tissue. Conversely, recurrent hyperparathyroidism has a similar frequency in the two surgical strategies. To plan further operations, it is very helpful to know all the available data about previous surgery and to undertake accurate identification of the site of recurrence.

Post-surgical follow-up of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

The bone mineral density increments in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy have been studied by several investigators, but few have investigated this topic in primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Further, as far as we know, only two studies have consistently evaluated bone mineral density values after parathyroidectomy in cases of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Here we revised the impact of parathyroidectomy (particularly total parathyroidectomy followed by autologous parathyroid implant into the forearm) on bone mineral density values in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Significant increases in bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck values were found, although no short-term (15 months) improvement in bone mineral density at the proximal third of the distal radius was observed. Additionally, short-term and medium-term calcium and parathyroid hormone values after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are discussed. In most cases, this surgical approach was able to restore normal calcium/parathyroid hormone levels and ultimately lead to discontinuation of calcium and calcitriol supplementation.