Clinical and radiographic outcomes following salvage intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to assess failure rates of salvage interventions and changes in split kidney function (SKF) following failed primary repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of adult patients at an academic medical center who underwent salvage intervention following primary treatment for UPJO was performed. Symptomatic failure was defined as significant flank pain. Radiographic failure was defined as no improvement in drainage or a decrease in SKF by ≥7%. Overall failure, the primary outcome, was defined as symptomatic failure, radiographic failure, or both. Results: Between 2008-2017, 34 patients (median age 38 years, 50% men) met study criteria. UPJO management was primary pyeloplasty/secondary endopyelotomy for 21/34 (62%), primary pyeloplasty/secondary pyeloplasty for 6/34 (18%), and primary endopyelotomy/secondary pyeloplasty for 7/34 (21%). Median follow-up was 3.3 years following secondary intervention. Patients undergoing primary pyeloplasty/secondary endopyelotomy had significantly higher overall failure than those undergoing primary pyeloplasty/secondary pyeloplasty (16/21 [76%] vs. 1/6 [17%], p=0.015). Among patients undergoing secondary endopyelotomy, presence of a stricture on retrograde pyelogram, stricture length, and SKF were not associated with symptomatic, radiographic, or overall failure. Serial renography was performed for 28/34 (82%) patients and 2/28 (7%) had a significant decline in SKF. Conclusions: Following failed primary pyeloplasty, secondary endopyelotomy had a greater overall failure rate than secondary pyeloplasty. No radiographic features assessed were associated with secondary endopyelotomy failure. Secondary intervention overall failure rates were higher than reported in the literature. Unique to this study, serial renography demonstrated that significant functional loss was overall infrequent.

Balloon dilation for failed pyeloplasty in children?

ABSTRACT Objective: Pyeloplasty is considered the gold standard treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). However, the failure rate of pyeloplasty is as high as 10% and repeat pyeloplasty is more difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of balloon dilatation for failed pyeloplasty in children. Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2017, 15 patients, aged 6 months to 14 years, were treated with balloon dilation for restenosis of UPJO after a failed pyeloplasty. Ultrasound and intravenous urography were used to evaluate the primary outcome. Success was defined as the relief of symptoms and improvement of hydronephrosis, which was identified by ultrasound at the last follow-up. Results: All patients successfully completed the operation, 13 patients by retrograde approach and 2 patients by antegrade approach. Thirteen patients were followed for a median of 15 (4 to 57) months and 2 patients were lost to follow-up. Resolution of the hydronephrosis was observed in 5 cases. The anteroposterior diameter (APD) of the pelvis decreased by an average of 12.4 ± 14.4mm. Eight patients needed another surgery. The average postoperative hospital stay was 1.78 ± 1.4 days. Two patients experienced fever after balloon dilation. No other complications were found. Conclusions: Balloon dilatation surgery is safe for children, but it is not recommended for failed pyeloplasty in that group of patients, owing to the low success rate.

Ruptura pieloureteral espontánea bilateral durante un urotac: caso clínico / Bilateral spontaneous renal pelvis rupture during a computed tomography: report of one case

Spontaneous rupture of the urinary excretory system is a rare condition. It is mainly associated with obstruction of the excretory system and is usually unilateral. We report a 58 years old male who, during the performance of a computed tomography of the urinary system, felt an intense lumbar pain. A bilateral rupture at the level of the fornix was found. The patient had an uneventful evolution thereafter. Fifteen days later a new computed tomography showed indemnity of the urinary excretory system.

Prenatal natural history of isolated fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prenatal outcomes in a cohort of fetuses with mild bilateral pyelectasis and determine whether performing serial ultrasounds is a good follow-up strategy. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 62 fetuses with mild bilateral pyelectasis. Fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis was considered when the renal pelvis measured (in millimeters) ≥5.0 to 10.0, ≥7.0 to 10.0, and ≥10.0 to 15 at ≤23 weeks 6 days, 24 to 31 weeks 6 days, and ≥32 weeks, respectively, with no uretero-calyceal dilatation. Ultrasounds were performed every 3 weeks to assess whether the mild bilateral pyelectasis regressed, remained unchanged (Group 1) or progressed (Group 2). RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 53 fetuses (85.4%), and progression was observed in 9 cases (Group 2, 14.6%). The initial renal pelvis diameter was significantly larger in fetuses with progression (p=0.028). Statistically significant differences in the renal pelvis diameter were also found at weeks 31 and 35 for both kidneys (p<0.05). The cases requiring intrauterine procedures or early delivery were not observed. CONCLUSION: Fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis with no calyceal dilatation is a benign condition that can be managed in the postnatal period. The initial renal pelvis diameter and the diameter in week 31 or 35 were valuable parameters for identifying cases that would eventually need specific postnatal procedures.

Involução espontânea da hidronefrose isolada / Spontaneous involution of hydronephrosis

Objetivo: Estudar a involução espontânea do grau de gravidade da hidronefrose em 141 crianças com diagnóstico de hidronefrose isolada atendidos na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, entre 1999 e 2008. Métodos: Crianças com diagnóstico pré-natal hidronefrose foram acompanhadas com avaliação clínica e exames ultrassonograficos periódicos. O diâmetro anteroposterior da pelve renal (DAP), variável capaz de caracterizar o grau de hidronefrose dos pacientes, foi medido em três sucessivos momentos: antes do nascimento, imediatamente depois do nascimento e no final do periodo de acompanhamento. Os graus considerados são: normal (DAP < 5mm), leve (5mm ≤ DAP < 10mm), moderada (10mm ≤ DAP < 15mm), e grave (DAP > 15mm). A involução do grau de hidronefrose é a transição, no tempo, de um grau mais próximo de grave para outro mais próximo de normal. No primeiro estudo foi avaliado se a involução do grau de gravidade da hidronefrose ocorre com significância estatística. No segundo estudo foi avaliado se a ocorrência da involução pode ser associada com a lateralidade do rim ou com o sexo da criança. Resultados: Nas análises efetuadas, a hipótese de involução espontânea da dilatação foi comprovada com significância estatística. Constatou-se também que a involução ocorre em proporção mais acentuada nas unidades de lateralidade direita, e em pacientes do sexo feminino. Conclusão: Os resultados corroboram estudos de outros autores que demontram a involução espontânea do grau de gravidade) em pacientes com hidronefrose isolada, e que sugerem influência da lateralidade e do sexo na involução espontânea.(AU)

Objective: To study the spontaneous involution of the severity of hydronephrosis in 141 children diagnosed with isolated hydronephrosis treated in the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of Hospital das Clínicas ­ UFMG, between 1999 and 2008. Methods: Children diagnosed with prenatal hydronephrosis were followed with clinical evaluation and periodic ultrasound examinations. The anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis (APD), a variable capable of characterizing the degree of hydronephrosis of the patients, was measured in three successive stages: before birth, immediately after birth and at the end of follow-up period. The considered degree of hydronephrosis is: normal (APD < 5mm), light (5mm ≤ APD <10mm), moderate (10mm ≤ APD <15mm) or severe (APD > 15mm). The spontaneous regression of hydronephrosis gravity is the transition over time from a closer to severe level to a closer to normal level. Two studies were done. At first, we evaluated if the regression of hydronephrosis severity occurs with statistical significance. In the second study, we evaluated if the occurrence of involution may be associated with the laterality of the kidney or the sex of the child. Results: In the analysis, the spontaneous regression hypothesis of hydronephrosis was confirmed with statistical significance. Also, it was found that the regression is more pronounced in units on the right side, and in females.Conclusion: The results corroborate findings of other authors that demonstrate spontaneous involution of the degree of severity in patients with isolated hydronephrosis, and suggest the influence of laterality and sex on spontaneous involution.(AU)

Caracterização e avaliação quantitativa da variabilidade do diâmetro ântero posterior (DAP) da pelve renal / Characterization and quantitative evaluation of renal anteroposterior pelvis diameter (APD) variability

Objetivo: Avaliar a variabilidade em medidas do diâmetro ântero posterior da pelve renal (DAP) em 244 crianças com diagnóstico de hidronefrose isolada atendidos na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, entre 1999 e 2008. Métodos: Os pacientes foram submetidos a acompanhamento clínico e a exames ultrassonográficos periódicos. As informações registradas ao longo do tempo nos prontuários foram transformadas em "séries de medidas", resultando em vinte e duas series de medidas para cada paciente (duas clínicas e dez ultrassonográficas para cada rim). A variabilidade dessas séries foi caracterizada em um índice que foi, na sequencia, avaliado para todas as series de medida. Os dados de variabilidade foram agrupados, conforme a variável medida e conforme a ocorrência ou não de evento cirúrgico. As médias dos grupos foram comparadas em análise estatística. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a variabilidade é muito pequena nas medidas clínicas (estatura e peso), relativamente pequena no comprimento e no volume renal e mais acentuada nas séries de DAP. Verificou-se que, nas series de medidas de comprimento e volume renal, há maior variabilidade em unidades submetidas a cirurgia. Nas medidas de DAP a variabilidade foi grande, independentemente de uropatia e/ou evento cirúrgico. Conclusão: Os resultados corroboram estudos de outros autores que mostram a ocorrência de variabilidade nas medidas do DAP, e colocam em evidência a necessidade de se levar em conta esta variabilidade nas situações em que o DAP serve de apoio a diagnóstico e na indicação de procedimento cirúrgico.(AU)

To evaluate the variability in measures of anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis (APD) in 244 children diagnosed with isolated hydronephrosis and treated at the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of Hospital das Clinicas ­ Federal University of Minas Gerais, between 1999 and 2008. Methods: All patients were subjected to clinical follow-up ultrasound exams and periodicals. The information collected over time in the medical records were turned into "series of measures", resulting in twenty-two series of measurements for each patient (two clinic and ten ultrasound related for each kidney). The variability of these series was synthesized on an index that was, in sequence, evaluated for all series of measures. The variability data was grouped according to the measured variable and to the occurrence of surgical events. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the means og the groups. Results: The results showed that the variability is very small in clinical measures (height and weight), relatively small in length and renal volume and more pronounced in the series of APD. It was found that, in the series of measurements of length and volume kidney, there is greater variability in units subjected to surgery. In APD measures the variability was large, regardless of uropathy and / or surgical event. Conclusion: The results corroborate findings of other authors that show the occurrence of variability in measures of APD, and make evident the need to take into account this variability in situations where the APD is used to support diagnosis and indication for surgery.

Role of ultrasound guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography (USPCAP) in the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography (USPCAP) was performed in 6 cases between 1 month and 8 years age, presenting with obstructive uropathy. The procedure in this age group was characterized by (i) ease of performance without sedation in the neonates and with sedation in older children, and (ii) use of smaller needles and catheters. The procedure enabled delineation of the intimate anatomy of complicated urological abnormalities such as obstructed duplex system, primary megaureters, posterior urethral valves, prune belly syndrome, obstructive hydronephrosis and vesicoureteric reflux. Percutaneous renal puncture may be established rapidly using ultrasonic guidance in severely ill pediatric patients with obstructive uropathy. B-mode ultrasonography has proved to be rapid, accurate and free of radiation hazards, making it applicable to children with little or no sedation. Guided by ultrasound, percutaneous antegrade pyelography should be considered in the few, selected children with obstructive uropathy when the diagnosis is critical for management and difficult with the usual imaging procedures.