Cuerpo extraño en mediastino: resolución multidisciplinaria de un caso crítico / Foreign body in mediastinum: multidisciplinary resolution of a critical case

La ingesta de cuerpos extraños es una situación frecuente y cotidiana. La mayoría de las veces cursa con resolución espontánea, pero cuando el cuerpo extraño resulta ser un elemento punzante, suele producir perforación esofágica con el consiguiente riesgo de mediastinitis y/o sangrado. Se presenta un caso crítico derivado de diferentes centros asistenciales donde se logra mediante un manejo y tratamiento multidisciplinario, un resultado favorable

The intake of foreign bodies is a frequent and daily situation. Most of the time he has spontaneous resolution, but when the foreign body turns out to be a sharp element, it usually causes esophageal drilling with the consequent risk of mediastinitis and/or bleeding. A critical case derived from different care centers is presented where multidisciplinary management and treatment, achieves a favorable result

Enfoque terapéutico en el trauma penetrante de esófago cervical / Therapeutic Approach in the Penetrating Cervical Esophageal Trauma

Introducción: Las perforaciones del esófago cervical por traumas externos son lesiones raras asociadas con una morbilidad significativa. Los mecanismos primarios son los traumatismos penetrantes por heridas de bala, cerca del 80 por ciento de los casos, seguidas de las heridas con armas cortopunzantes en el 15 al 20 por ciento. Objetivo: Describir los criterios actuales sobre la conducta y enfoque terapéutico ante el trauma penetrante de esófago cervical. Métodos: Se realizó revisión descriptiva narrativa, de fuentes primarias y secundarias que abordaron el tema durante el primer semestre del año 2021. Los criterios de selección de los artículos a examinar fueron determinados, entre otros, por el objetivo de la actual revisión. Desarrollo: El estándar diagnóstico para estas lesiones, en ausencia de inestabilidad hemodinámica, se basó en estudios como el esofagograma, la endoscopia y la tomografía. La reparación primaria con o sin reforzamiento fue la opción más utilizada, aunque las condiciones locales y tipo de lesión en esófago cervical marcan en gran medida el proceder a realizar. Conclusiones: Las lesiones traumáticas del esófago cervical son raras pero muy mórbidas. El tratamiento depende de la ubicación de la perforación y cualquier lesión concurrente. La mayoría de los casos son susceptibles de reparación primaria con refuerzo de colgajo. Otros principios del tratamiento incluyen el drenaje adecuado alrededor de la reparación, la descompresión del esófago y el estómago (mediante sonda nasogástrica o sonda de gastrostomía) y nutrición enteral distal (yeyunostomía de alimentación). El cirujano ha de ser incisivo en los esfuerzos por descubrir la lesión de forma temprana y manejarla adecuadamente(AU)

Introduction: Cervical esophageal perforations for external trauma are rare injuries associated with a significant morbidity. The primary mechanisms are penetrating trauma for gunshot wounds, accounting for about 80 percent of cases, followed by sharp weapon injuries, accounting for 15 percent to 20 percent. Objective: To describe the current criteria on the behavior and therapeutic approach to cervical esophageal penetrating trauma. Methods: A descriptive narrative review was carried out of primary and secondary sources that addressed the subject during the first semester of the year 2021. The selection criteria of the articles to be examined were determined, among others, by the objective of the current review. Development: The standard diagnosis for these lesions, in the absence of hemodynamic instability, was based on studies such as esophagogram, endoscopy and tomography. Primary repair with or without reinforcement was the most commonly used option, although local conditions and type of lesion in cervical esophagus largely mark the procedure to be performed. Conclusions: Traumatic cervical esophageal injuries are rare but very morbid. Their treatment depends on the location of the perforation and any concurrent injury. Most cases are amenable to primary repair with flap reinforcement. Other principles of treatment include adequate drainage around the repair, decompression of the esophagus and stomach (by nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube), as well as distal enteral nutrition (feeding jejunostomy). The surgeon must be incisive in efforts to discover the injury early and manage it appropriately(AU)

Barogenic perforation of the esophagus: An unusual manifestation / Perforación barogénica del esófago: una presentación inusual

Abstract Introduction: Typically, when esophageal perforation secondary to barotrauma is mentioned as the causal pathophysiological mechanism of perforation, the literature refers to spontaneous esophageal perforation or Boerhaave syndrome as an entity. It involves the longitudinal and transmural rupture of the esophagus (previously healthy) secondary to an abrupt increase in intraluminal esophageal pressure, frequently triggered during vomiting. However, in the medical literature, some reports list mechanisms of barotrauma other than this entity. Case report: A 64-year-old female patient with a history of surgically managed gastric adenocarcinoma (total gastrectomy and esophagoenteral anastomosis) presented with stenosis of the esophagojejunal anastomosis, which required an endoscopic dilatation protocol with a CRETM balloon. The third session of endoscopic dilation was held; in removing the endoscope, we identified a deep esophageal laceration with a 4 cm long perforation at the level of the middle esophagus (8 cm proximal to the dilated anastomosis), suspecting the mechanism of barotrauma as the causal agent. She required urgent transfer to the operating room, where we performed thoracoscopic esophagectomy, broad-spectrum empiric antimicrobial coverage, and enteral nutrition by advanced tube during in-hospital surveillance. The control esophagram at seven days showed a small leak over the anastomotic area, which was managed conservatively. Imaging control at 14 days showed a decrease in the size of the leak, with good evolution and tolerance to the oral route. The patient was later discharged.

Resumen Introducción: típicamente, cuando se menciona la perforación esofágica secundaria a barotrauma como el mecanismo fisiopatológico causal de la perforación, la literatura se refiere a la perforación esofágica espontánea o síndrome de Boerhaave como entidad, la cual hace referencia a la ruptura longitudinal y transmural del esófago (previamente sano) secundaria a un aumento abrupto de la presión intraluminal esofágica, que se desencadena frecuentemente durante el vómito. Sin embargo, en la literatura médica existen algunos reportes que mencionan otros mecanismos de barotrauma diferentes a esta entidad. Reporte de caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 64 años con antecedente de adenocarcinoma gástrico manejado quirúrgicamente (gastrectomía total y anastomosis esofagoenteral), quien presentaba estenosis de anastomosis esofagoyeyunal, que requirió un protocolo de dilatación endoscópica con balón CRETM. Se llevó a una tercera sesión de dilatación endoscópica, en la que durante la extracción del endoscopio se identificó una laceración esofágica profunda con perforación de 4 cm de longitud a nivel del esófago medio (8 cm proximal a anastomosis dilatada), y se sospechó del mecanismo de barotrauma como agente causal. Requirió traslado urgente a sala de cirugía, en la que se realizó esofagorrafia por toracoscopia, cubrimiento antimicrobiano empírico de amplio espectro y nutrición enteral por sonda avanzada durante la vigilancia intrahospitalaria. El esofagograma de control a los 7 días mostró una pequeña fuga sobre el área anastomótica, la cual se manejó de manera conservadora. El control imagenológico a los 14 días evidenció una disminución del tamaño de la fuga, con una evolución satisfactoria y tolerancia a la vía oral, y posteriormente se dio el egreso.

Neumomediastino en trauma contuso: ¿son siempre necesarios los estudios invasivos para descartar lesión aerodigestiva? / Pneumomediastinum in blunt trauma: Are invasive studies always necessary to rule out aerodigestive injury?

Introducción. La presencia de neumomediastino secundario a un trauma contuso es un hallazgo común, especialmente con el uso rutinario de la tomografía computarizada. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos es secundario a una causa benigna, la posibilidad de una lesión aerodigestiva subyacente ha llevado a que se recomiende el uso rutinario de estudios endoscópicos para descartarla. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia de neumomediastino secundario a trauma contuso y de lesiones aerodigestivas asociadas y establecer la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada multidetector en el diagnóstico de las lesiones aerodigestivas. Métodos. Mediante tomografía computarizada multidetector se identificaron los pacientes con diagnóstico de neumomediastino secundario a un trauma contuso en un periodo de 4 años en un Centro de Trauma Nivel I. Resultados. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 41 pacientes con diagnóstico de neumomediastino secundario a un trauma contuso. Se documentaron en total tres lesiones aerodigestivas, dos lesiones traqueales y una esofágica. Dos de estas fueron sospechadas en tomografía computarizada multidetector y confirmadas mediante fibrobroncoscopia y endoscopia digestiva superior, respectivamente, y otra fue diagnosticada en cirugía. Conclusión. El uso rutinario de estudios endoscópicos en los pacientes con neumomediastino secundario a trauma contuso no está indicado cuando los hallazgos clínicos y tomográficos son poco sugestivos de lesión aerodigestiva.

Introduction.The presence of pneumomediastinum secondary to blunt trauma is a common finding, especially with the use of computed tomography. Although in most cases the presence of pneumomediastinum is secondary to a benign etiology, the possibility of an underlying aerodigestive injuries has led to the recommendation of the routine use of endoscopic studies to rule them out. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of pneumomediastinum secondary to blunt trauma and associated injuries and to establish the role of multidetector computed tomography in the diagnosis of aerodigestive injuries. Methods.Using multidetector computed tomography, patients with a diagnosis of pneumomediastinum secondary to blunt trauma were identified over a period of 4 years in a Level 1 Trauma Center. Results. Forty-one patients diagnosed with pneumomediastinum secondary to blunt trauma, were included in this study. Two airway ruptures were documented: two tracheal injuries and one esophageal injury. Two of them suspected on multidetector computed tomography and confirmed on bronchoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, respectively, and another was diagnosed in surgery. Conclusion.The routine use of endoscopic studies in patients with pneumomediastinum secondary to blunt trauma is not indicated when the clinical and tomographic findings are not suggestive of aerodigestive injury.

Colgajo muscular de esternocleidomastoídeo para el manejo de perforación esofágica tardía: reporte de dos casos / Muscle flap of sternocleidomastoid for the management of late esophageal perforation: report of two cases

Resumen Introducción: La perforación esofágica es una complicación poco frecuente en la cirugía de columna cervical por vía anterior, sin embargo, puede tener graves consecuencias cuando hay demoras en diagnóstico y tratamiento. Casos Clínicos: Presentamos dos casos clínicos de pacientes con perforación esofágica secundaria a cirugía de columna cervical por vía anterior. Se usaron para su reparación colgajo muscular de esternocleidomastoideo (ECM). Conclusión: La perforación esofágica secundaria a cirugía de columna cervical es poco frecuente, variable desde el punto de vista clínico, el TC y estudio radiológico contrastado son fundamentales en el diagnóstico de esta patología. El colgajo muscular ECM en estos casos es una herramienta fiable y extremadamente útil debido a sus características anatómicas, fácil disección quirúrgica y baja morbilidad asociada.

Introduction: Esophageal perforation is a rare complication in cervical spine surgery by anterior way, however it can have serious consequences when there are delays in diagnosis and treatment. Cases Report: We present two clinical cases of patients with esophageal perforation secondary to cervical spine surgery by anterior way. Sternocleido-mastoid muscle flaps were used for repair. Conclusion: Esophageal perforation secondary to cervical spine surgery is rare, clinically variable, CT and radiologic study are fundamental in the diagnosis of this pathology. The Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap in these cases is a reliable and extremely useful tool due to its anatomical characteristics, easy surgical dissection and low associated morbidity.

Perforación esofágica espontánea: síndrome de Boerhaave. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Boerhaave síndrome: spontaneous esophageal perforation. A clinical case and review of literature / Perfuração esofágica espontânea: síndrome de Boerhaave. Relato de caso e revisão bibliográfica

Resumen: La perforación esofágica espontánea o síndrome de Boerhaave es una entidad poco frecuente. Se define como la rotura del esófago no relacionada con traumatismos, exploraciones invasivas, patología esofágica previa o cuerpos extraños. Las roturas esofágicas se consideran como la perforación más grave del tracto digestivo, con una alta tasa de morbimortalidad relacionada principalmente con el desarrollo de mediastinitis posterior. Presentamos un paciente de sexo masculino de 63 años, que postingesta copiosa presenta esfuerzo de vómito inefectivo y posteriormente intenso dolor epigástrico, acompañado de enfisema subcutáneo. Se realiza tomografía de tórax que evidencia colección de contraste paraesofágica. Con planteo de síndrome de Boerhaave se decide cirugía de urgencia. Destacamos que el principal elemento pronóstico es el tiempo de resolución quirúrgica, por lo que debemos considerar esta patología como diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con dolor torácico de inicio agudo.

Summary: Spontaneous esophageal perforation or Boerhaave syndrome is rather an unusual condition. It may be defined as the rupture of the esophagus that is not associated to trauma, invasive explorations, previous esophagus pathology or foreign bodies. Esophageal ruptures are considered as the most severe perforations of the digestive tract, with high morbimortality rates which are mainly associated to the development of subsequent mediastinitis. The study presents a 63-year-old patient who, after copious food intake, evidences unsuccessful effort to vomit effort and subsequent intense epigastric pain, accompanied by subcutaneous emphysema. Abdominal contrast scan reveals paraesophageal collection and a decision is made to perform an emergency surgery upon the suspicion of Boerhaave syndrome. It is worth pointing out that time for surgical resolution is the main prognostic element, and thus, this condition is to be considered as differential diagnosis in patients with acute thoracic pain.

Resumo: A perfuração esofágica espontânea ou síndrome de Boerhaave é uma entidade rara. É definida como ruptura do esôfago não relacionada a trauma, exames invasivos, patologia esofágica prévia ou corpos estranhos. As rupturas esofágicas são consideradas as perfurações mais graves do trato digestivo, com alto índice de morbimortalidade principalmente relacionado ao desenvolvimento de mediastinite posterior. Apresentamos um paciente do sexo masculino, 63 anos, que após ingestão abundante apresentou esforço ineficaz de vômito e, posteriormente, dor epigástrica intensa, acompanhada de enfisema subcutâneo. Foi realizada tomografia de tórax que evidenciou coleção de contraste paraesofágico. Com diagnóstico de síndrome de Boerhaave, a cirurgia de emergência foi decidida. Ressaltamos que o principal elemento prognóstico é o tempo de resolução cirúrgica, portanto, devemos considerar essa patologia como um diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes com dor torácica de início agudo.

Enfoque terapéutico en el Síndrome de Boerhaave / Therapeutic Approach of Boerhaave's Syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: La perforación del esófago constituye una de las urgencias más graves y difíciles que ha de afrontar un cirujano por las características y ubicación del órgano. El pronóstico depende sobre todo de la rapidez del diagnóstico y de la elección del tratamiento instaurado en principio. Objetivo: Presentar un caso portador del Síndrome de Boerhaave. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino en la 5ta década de vida que acudió por dolor torácico posterior a cuadro emético. Luego de estudio radiográfico se diagnosticó ruptura espontánea de esófago o síndrome de Boerhaave. Conclusiones: El enfoque terapéutico adecuado asociado al diagnóstico oportuno y precoz del síndrome garantiza mejores índices de sobrevida(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Esophageal perforation is one of the most serious and difficult emergencies that a surgeon has to face due to the characteristics and location of the organ. Such prognosis depends mainly on the speed of the diagnosis and the choice of treatment established initially. Objectives: To present a case with such syndrome and to review the literature to update the therapeutic approach of this entity given its high mortality. Clinical case: Male patient in the fifth decade of life who presented for chest pain after an emetic condition. After a radiographic study, a spontaneous rupture of the esophagus or Boerhaave syndrome was diagnosed. Conclusions: The appropriate therapeutic approach associated with the early and timely diagnosis of the syndrome guarantees better survival rates(AU)

Complications After endoscopic balloon dilatation of esophageal strictures in children. Experience from a tertiary center in Shiraz - Iran (Nemazee Teaching Hospital) / Complicaciones posteriores a dilatación endoscópica con balón en niños con estenosis esofágica. Experiencia de un centro de referencia en Shiraz - Iran (Nemazee Teaching Hospital)

Background: Esophageal stricture is one of the most important complication of the caustic ingestion. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate complications of balloon dilatation among children with esophageal stenosis. Material and methods: In this retrospective study 82 children were included. Children who underwent balloon dilatation for esophageal stenosis were included in our study. Duration of study was 14 year starting from 2001. Mean age of the cases was 3.95±0.4 year (Min: 15 days, Max: 14 year). Chart review and telephone calling were the methods of data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: In this study, 47% of the patients were male and 53% of the cases were female. Caustic ingestion (33.7%) was the most common etiology for the esophageal stricture. Vomiting (87.8%) was the most common presenting symptom. Among our cases, 76.8% had no compliant after esophageal dilatation. Chest pain was the most common compliant after esophageal dilatation. Response rate was similar among boys and girls. Toddler age had the best treatment response after esophageal dilatation. Conclusion: Among our cases, 76.8% had no post procedural compliant after esophageal dilatation. Esophageal perforation was seen in 4.9% of the cases. Chest pain was the most common post dilatation complication.

Antecedentes: La estenosis esofágica es una de las más importantes complicaciones de la ingesta de caústicos. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las complicaciones de la dilatación endoscópica con balón en niños con estenosis esofágica. Material y métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo se incluyeron 82 niños. Se incluyeron todos los niños que se sometieron a una dilatación endoscópica con balón por estenosis esofágica. La duración del estudio fue 14 años iniciando en el año 2001. La edad media de los pacientes fue 3,95 +/- 0,4 años (Min. 15 días, Máx. 14 años). La recolección de datos se realizó revisando las historias clínicas y con llamadas telefónicas. Los datos se analizaron con el Sistema SPSS. Resultados: En este estudio, 47% de los casos fueron varones y 53% fueron mujeres. La ingesta de caústicos fue la causa más frecuente de estenosis esofágica (33,7%). El síntoma más común fueron los vómitos (87,8%). Entre nuestros casos, 76,8% no presentaron molestias luego de la dilatación esofágica. El dolor torácico fue la molestia más común luego de la dilatación esofágica. La tasa de respuesta al tratamiento fue similar entre hombres y mujeres. Los niños pequeños tuvieron la mejor respuesta al tratamiento luego de la dilatación esofágica. Conclusiones: Entre nuestros casos, 76,8% no presentaron molestias luego de la dilatación esofágica. La perforación esofágica se presentó en 4,9% de los casos. El dolor torácico fue la complicación más común posterior a la dilatación.

Perforación aorto-esofágica, diagnóstico clínico e imaginológico: reporte de dos casos clínicos con manejo endovascular / Aorto-esophagic perforation, clinical and imaging diagnosis: report of two cases managed by endovascular technique

La perforación concomitante de esófago y aorta se puede presentar después de la ingestión de cuerpos extraños. El reparo aórtico por técnica endovascular, a pesar de ser reciente, es un tratamiento de primera línea por tratarse de un abordaje poco invasivo, rápido y que permite la estabilización hemodinámica, en comparación con la reparación abierta tradicional. Se presentan dos casos de perforación aórtica, en los cuales se llevó a cabo el reparo endovascular con éxito. El primer paciente sufrió una ruptura contenida de la aorta torácica, secundaria a la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño (espina de pescado), y presentó mediastinitis. El segundo paciente sufrió una ruptura aórtica en el arco distal a la arteria subclavia, la cual se corrigió por vía endovascular, pero desarrolló una fístula aorto-esofágica y, finalmente, murió

Concomitant esophageal and aortic perforation has been described in the literature as major complications of foreign body ingestion. Although it has not been widely studied, aortic endovascular repair is the first line of treatment, for it is less invasive, faster and allows early patient stabilization, as compared with the traditional open repair. We present two cases managed successfully with endovascular repair of the aortic perforation. The first case had a contained rupture of the thoracic aorta caused by the ingestion of a foreign body (fish bone) and developed mediastinitis. The second case had an aortic rupture in the arc distal to the subclavian artery, managed with endovascular but he developed an aortoesophageal fistula which was finally lethal.

Risk factors predicting development of complications in 72 dogs with esophageal foreign bodies / 대한수의학회지

The aim of this study was to determine predictive risk factors implicated in complications in dogs with esophageal foreign bodies. Medical records of 72 dogs diagnosed with esophageal foreign bodies by endoscopy were reviewed retrospectively. Factors analyzed included age; breed; gender; body weight, location, dimension, and type of foreign body; and duration of impaction. To identify risk factors associated with complications after foreign body ingestion, categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and multivariate analysis, as appropriate. Complications secondary to esophageal foreign body ingestion included megaesophagus, esophagitis, perforation, laceration, diverticulum, and pleuritis. Univariate analysis revealed that the location and duration of impaction after foreign body ingestion were associated with an increased risk of esophageal laceration and perforation. Multivariate analysis showed that age, duration of impaction, and foreign body dimension were significant independent risk factors associated with the development of complications in dogs with esophageal foreign bodies. In conclusion, these results showed that longer duration of impaction and larger foreign body dimensions may increase the risks of esophageal laceration, perforation, and plueritis in dogs.

Esophageal Perforation after Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case analyses.PURPOSE: To investigate the causes, diagnosis, and management of esophageal perforation, depending on the time of diagnosis.OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: To date, few studies have addressed these issues.METHODS: A total of seven patients were included in this study. The patients were classified into three groups based on esophageal perforation diagnosis time: intraoperative (diagnosed during surgery), perioperative (diagnosed within 30 days postoperatively), and delayed (diagnosed >30 days postoperatively) groups.RESULTS: In the intraoperative group (N=2), infectious spondylitis was the main cause of esophageal perforation. Anterior plate and screw removal, followed by posterior instrumentation, was performed. The injured esophagus was managed by omentum flap repair in one patient and primary repair in one patient. In the perioperative group (N=2), revision surgery for infection and metal failure were the main causes of esophageal perforation. In both cases, food residue was drained on the third postoperative day. The injured esophagus was managed conservatively. In the delayed group (N=3), chronic irritation caused by metal failure was the main cause of esophageal perforation. In all patients, there was no associated infection. The anterior instrumentation was removed, and the two patients were treated by primary repair, and one patient was treated using sternocleidomastoid muscle flap. One patient in intraoperative group died of sepsis.CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of intraoperative esophageal perforation was esophageal adhesions because of infectious spondylitis. However, perioperative and delayed esophageal perforations were caused by chronic irritation because of metal failure. Anterior plate and screw removal was necessary, and posterior instrumentation and fusion may be considered, depending on the fusion status.

Successful Treatment Using Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy after Failure of Primary Closure in Boerhaave Syndrome / 대한소화기학회지

Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural perforation of the esophagus and typically occurs after forceful emesis. Boerhaave syndrome is a destructive disease with a high mortality rate, though surgical intervention within 24 hours has a beneficial effect. On the other hand, late surgical intervention is associated with poorer prognoses. Several therapeutic strategies, ranging from medical to surgical management, are available for Boerhaave syndrome. Recently, endoscopic endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) was introduced as a treatment option. Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old male patient with Boerhaave syndrome who was successfully treated by EVT after primary closure failure. The patient recovered without complication.

Perforación esofágica durante el monitoreo intraoperatorio con ecocardiografía transesofágica. Reparación en el mismo acto quirúrgico / Esophageal injury secondary to transesophageal ecocardiography monitoring and repair

Monitoring with intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) has proven to be a tool of very high utility for both control of the hemodynamic status, cardiac function and to make new diagnoses. It is a minimally invasive technique and, like any medical procedure, it is not exempt from complications that do not exceed 1%. These range from mild oropharyngeal lesions to the most serious lesion, esophageal perforation. We describe a case of esophageal perforation from the esophagogastric junction to the middle third of the esophagus in the intraoperative period of laparoscopic Nissen surgery. The injury was repaired immediately and the closure of the lesion was verified with pneumatic maneuvers through the nasogastric tube. The patient was discharged after 35 days

El monitoreo con Ecocardiografía Transesofágica intraoperatorio (ETE) ha demostrado ser una herramienta de muy alta utilidad tanto para control del estado hemodinámico, función cardíaca y para realizar nuevos diagnósticos. Se trata de una técica seiinvasiva y como todo procedimiento médico no está exento de complicaciones que no superan al 1%. Estas son desde lesiones leves orofaríngeas hasta la lesión más grave que es la perforación esofágica. Se describe un caso de perforación esofágica con desgrarro de éste desde la unión esofagogástrica hacia el tercio medio del esófago en el íntraoperatorio de cirugía de Nissen laparoscópico. La reparación de la injuria se realizó en forma inmediata y se comprobó con maniobras neumáticas a través de la sonda nasogástrica el cierre de la lesión. La paciente fue dada de alta a los 35 días.

Incidência de lesões esofágicas em pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial com cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®) / Incidence of esophageal lesions in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation with multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®)

Lesões do esôfago são descritas como complicação da ablação por radiofrequência da fibrilação atrial. Os trabalhos que avaliaram a formação das lesões esofágicas em ablações de fibrilação atrial tiveram como padrão de fonte de energia a radiofrequência em modo unipolar, utilizando o cateter irrigado. Atualmente está disponível o cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®), que utiliza ciclos de aplicação de energia em fases (Duty-Cycled Phased RF). Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de lesão esofágica em pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial utilizando-se o cateter PVAC-GOLD®. Método: Entre agosto de 2014 e agosto de 2017, foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a ablação de fibrilação atrial sintomática com uso do cateter PVAC-GOLD®. Por meio da realização de endoscopia digestiva alta no pós-operatório, buscou-se determinar a ocorrência de lesão esofágica térmica associada ao procedimento. Resultados: O estudo incluiu um total de 117 pacientes (74% com fibrilação atrial paroxística), com média de idade de 54,8 anos, e predominantemente do sexo masculino. Destes, apenas 2 apresentaram lesões esofágicas térmicas diagnosticadas por meio da endoscopia digestiva alta. Conclusão: A lesão esofágica parece ser um achado incomum em pacientes submetidos a isolamento elétrico das veias pulmonares com o cateter circular multipolar (PVAC-GOLD®)

Esophageal lesions are described as a complication after ablation for atrial fibrillation. The studies evaluating the development of esophageal lesions in ablation due to atrial fibrillation had unipolar mode radiofrequency energy source using an irrigated catheter. A multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®) is currently available, which uses phase-in cycles of energy (Duty-Cycled Phased RF). This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of esophageal lesions in patients undergoing ablations due to atrial fibrillation using the PVAC-GOLD® catheter. Method: Between August 2014 and August 2017, patients undergoing ablation due to symptomatic atrial fibrillation with the use of the PVAC-GOLD® catheter were included in the study. Upper digestive endoscopy was performed in the postoperative period to determine the presence of thermal esophageal lesions associated to the procedure. Results: A total of 117 patients, with mean age of 54.8 years, predominantly males, were included in the study. Of these patients, only 2 presented thermal esophageal lesions diagnosed by endoscopy. Conclusion: Esophageal lesion seems to be an unusual finding in patients undergoing electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins using the multipolar pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC-GOLD®)

Perforación esofágica cervical tardía por rotura y desplazamiento de placa de artrodesis cervical anterior / Delayed cervical esophageal perforation by rupture and displacement of anterior cervical arthrodesis plaque

Resumen Introducción: La perforación esofágica es una posible complicación de la artrodesis cervical anterior. Sin embargo, estas suelen ocurrir intraoperatoriamente o en el posoperatorio precoz. Caso clínico: Mujer de 35 años sometida, 3 años antes, a artrodesis de C3-C5, que tras sufrir un traumatismo leve con latigazo cervical, comienza con disfagia. Se objetiva un absceso retroesofágico por perforación esofágica, causado por rotura de la placa protésica y extrusión de un tornillo.

Introduction: Esophageal perforation is a possible complication after anterior cervical fusion. However, these complications usually appear intraoperatively or in the early postoperative course. Case report: A 35-years-old females, who underwent a C3-C5 anterior cervical fusion 3 years ago, after suffering a mild cervical trauma, she complained of dysphagia. A retroesophageal abscess was observed, caused by esophageal perforation, secondary to plaque rupture and screw extrusion.

Efficacy of the Over-the-Scope Clip System for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Fistulas, Leaks, and Perforations: A Korean Multi-Center Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Currently, a new over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system has been introduced. This system has been used for gastrointestinal perforations and fistulas in other countries. The aim of our study is to examine the therapeutic success rate of endoscopic treatment using the OTSC system in Korea. METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective study. A total of seven endoscopists at seven centers performed this procedure. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients were included, with gastrointestinal leakages from anastomosis sites, fistulas, or esophageal perforations due to Boerhaave’s syndrome. Among these, there were three gastrojejunostomy sites, three esophagojejunostomy sites, four esophagogastrostomy sites, one esophagocolonostomy site, one jejuno-jejunal site, two endoscopic full thickness resection site closures, one Boerhaave’s syndrome, two esophago-bronchial fistulas, one gastrocolonic fistula, and one colonopseudocyst fistula. The size of the leakage ranged from 5 to 30 mm. The median procedure time was 16 min. All cases were technically successful. Complete closure of the leak was achieved in 14 of 19 patients using OTSC alone. CONCLUSIONS: The OTSC system is a safe and effective method for the management of gastrointestinal leakage, especially in cases of anastomotic leakage after surgery.

Esophageal Foreign Body: Treatment and Complications / 대한소화기학회지

The most common cause of esophageal foreign bodies in adults is meat in Western countries and fish bones in Asian countries, including Korea. Although most ingested foreign bodies pass spontaneously through the esophagus without any clinical sequelae, some sharp foreign bodies, such as fish bones embedded in the esophagus, require treatment. Endoscopic management is the first choice in the treatment of esophageal foreign bodies because it is quite safe and effective. Major complications occur as a result of esophageal perforation; in particular, sharp foreign bodies, such as fish bones, are more likely to cause perforation. Complications include mediastinitis, paraesophageal abscess, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, tracheoesophagal fistula, aortoesophageal fistula, aspiration, and asphyxia. Unnecessary delays should be avoided in endoscopic intervention for esophageal foreign bodies to prevent complications.

Role of Endoscopy in the Management of Boerhaave Syndrome

Boerhaave syndrome (BS) is a spontaneous esophageal perforation which carries high mortality. Surgical treatment is well established, but the development of interventional endoscopy has proposed new therapies. We expose our experience in a Gastrointestinal and Endoscopy Unit. With a retrospective, observational, open-label, single center, consecutive case series. All patients diagnosed with BS who were managed in our center were included. Treated conservatively, endoscopically or surgically, according to their clinical condition and lesion presentation. Fourteen patients were included. Ten were treated with primary surgery. One conservatively. In total, 7/14 patients required an endoscopic treatment. All required metallic stents deployment, 3 cases over-the-scope-clips concomitantly and one case a novel technique an internal drain. 6/7 cases endoscopically treated achieved complete esophageal healing. In conclusion, endoscopy is an useful tool at all stages BS management: difficult diagnosis, primary treatment in selected patients and as salvage when surgery fails. With mortality rates and outcomes comparables to surgery.

Esophageal Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy with Enteral Feeding Using a Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube / 대한흉부외과학회지

Early diagnosis followed by primary repair is the best treatment for spontaneous esophageal perforation. However, the appropriate management of esophageal leakage after surgical repair is still controversial. Recently, the successful adaptation of vacuum-assisted closure therapy, which is well established for the treatment of chronic surface wounds, has been demonstrated for esophageal perforation or leakage. Conservative treatment methods require long-term fasting with total parenteral nutrition or enteral feeding through invasive procedures, such as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or a feeding jejunostomy. We report 2 cases of esophageal leakage after primary repair treated by endoscopic vacuum therapy with continuous enteral feeding using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.