Serie parasitosis en dermatología: pediculosis / Parasitosis in dermatology: pediculosis

La enfermedad producida por Pediculus humanus capitis, conocida como pediculosis, es una parasitosis específica del ser humano de distribución mundial. El contagio puede ser directo por contacto con el cuero cabelludo de una persona afectada, o por fómites contaminados con parásitos, por lo que no distingue raza, sexo, edad ni nivel socioeconómico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 80 años con una forma típica de pediculosis. (AU)

The disease caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, known as pediculosis, is a human specific parasitosis. It has a worldwide distribution. Transmission can be by direct contact with the scalp of an affected person or by contaminated fomites with parasites. This infestation makes no distinction of race, sex, age, or socioeconomic status. We present a case of an 80 years old patient with a typical case of pediculosis. (AU)

Actualización: repelentes naturales y sintéticos / Update: natural and synthetic repellents

Las picaduras de mosquitos constituyen un riesgo frecuente al que se adiciona la posible transmisión de enfermedades. Para evitarlas contamos con barreras físicas, ropas, mosquiteros y repelentes. La elección del repelente a usar debe desprenderse de una meticulosa evaluación entre los beneficios y los riesgos generados por cada producto. El DEET (n,n-dietil,m,toluamida o su nueva denominación n,n-dietil-3-metilbenzamida) es, hasta el momento, el repelente más usado, mejor estudiado y efectivo, pero existen otros productos más nuevos. En este artículo se describen los repelentes naturales y sintéticos más utilizados que se encuentran disponibles en el mercado y se intenta orientar para una adecuada elección de los mismos en situaciones especiales como el embarazo, la lactancia y la niñez.

Mosquitoe bites are a common risk in which we have to take into account the transmission of many diseases. To prevent both risks we count with physical barriers, clothes, nets and repellents. The election of the repellent should be the result of a very meticulous evaluation of the risks and benefits of each product. The DEET (n,n-dietil,m,toluamida or the new name for the same product: n,n-dietil-3-metilbenzamida) is up to date the most used, best studied and effective repellent, but there are many other new options. In this article we describe the different natural and synthetic repellents on the market and try to help on the adequate election in special situations such as pregnancy, nursing and childhood.

Comparative performance of imagicides on Anopheles stephensi, main malaria vector in a malarious area, southern Iran.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Jiroft district has subtropical climate and prone to seasonal malaria transmission with annual parasite index (API) 4.2 per 1000 in 2006. Anopheles stephensi Liston is a dominant malaria vector. The monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and irritability was conducted using discriminative dose as described by WHO. METHODS: The IV instar larvae were collected from different larval breeding places and transported to the temporary insectary, fed with Bemax and then 2-3 days-old emerged and sugar-fed adults were used for susceptibility and irritability tests employing WHO methods and kits to organochlorine (OC) and pyrethroid (PY) insecticides. RESULTS: Mortality rates of field strain of An. stephensi were 91.3 +/- 0.14 and 90 +/- 0.47% to DDT and dieldrin, respectively at one hour exposure time but was susceptible to all pyrethroids tested. The average number of take-offs per min per adult was 2.09 +/- 0.13 for DDT, 0.581 +/- 0.05 for dieldrin, 1.85 +/- 0.08 for permethrin, 1.87 +/- 0.21 for lambda-cyhalothrin, 1.53 +/- 0.13 for cyfluthrin, and 1.23 +/- 0.1 for deltamethrin. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Currently, deltamethrin is being used for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors in the endemic areas of Iran. The findings revealed that the main malaria species is susceptible to all pyrethroids including deltamethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin but was tolerant to DDT and dieldrin. This report and the finding are coincided with results of previous studies carried out during 1957-61 in the same area. Irritability tests to OC and PY insecticides revealed the moderate level of irritability to DDT compared to pyrethroids and dieldrin. Monitoring for possible cross-resistance between OC and PY insecticides should come into consideration for malaria control programme.

Efficacy of permethrin cream and oral ivermectin in treatment of scabies.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of mass treatment of scabies with permethrin cream and oral ivermectin in a closed urban pediatric population. METHODS: A comparative trial of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin was conducted in a closed population of 84 children living in a urban hostel of Delhi. RESULTS: After mass treatment with 2 doses of oral ivermectin, one case was recorded in following 6 months, as compared to 22 cases in preceding 6 months when children were treated with a single application of 5% permethrin. CONCLUSION: Mass treatment of scabies with ivermectin in an endemic population is more efficacious as compared to topical permethrin application in reducing the baseline prevalence, decreasing the chain of transmission and chances of reinfection.

Comparison of the efficacy of topical 1% lindane vs 5% permethrin in scabies: a randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, is not yet available in Iran and may be a useful substitute for the control of scabies in Iran. AIM: To compare the efficacy of topical lindane with topical permethrin in the treatment of scabies in a population in Iran. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized study, all consecutive patients with scabies were randomized into two groups. One group and their family contacts received 1% lindane cream, and the other group and their family contacts were treated with topical 5% permethrin cream. Subsequently, patients were followed up at 2- and 4-week post-treatment. RESULTS: Of the 99 patients enrolled in the study, 47 patients received 1% lindane cream, and 52 patients were treated topically with 5% permethrin cream. Permethrin provided an improvement rate of 84.6% after two weeks, whereas lindane was effective only in 48.9% of patients. CONCLUSION: Permethrin (5%) cream was found to be significantly more effective in the treatment of scabies in comparison with lindane in this study, and it seems that it could be an alternative treatment.

Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of permethrin on ovary activation in the predator Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Inseticidas podem causar mortalidade e efeitos deletérios em percevejos predadores. Por isso investigou-se o efeito de cinco concentrações de permetrina aplicadas em ninfas de terceiro estádio de Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) em sua ativação ovariana. Essas ninfas receberam aplicação tópica de permetrina nas seguintes concentrações (mg i.a./ml): 10ù7, 10ù6, 10ù5, 10ù4, 10ù3. O comprimento dos ovários e o número de ovócitos foram quantificados após a primeira postura. O comprimento do ovário variou de 5,7 mm na concentração de 10ù4 mg i.a./ml a 6,4 mm na concentração de 10ù7 mg i.a./ml, com valores semelhantes para as outras concentrações de permetrina e controle. O número de ovócitos por fêmea variou de 13,5 (10ù3 mg i.a./ml) a 29,2 no controle, com diferenças significativas entre concentrações. O número de ovócitos por fêmea, proveniente de ninfas expostas a concentração de 10ù5 mg i.a./ml, foi semelhante àquele do controle. No entanto, o menor número de ovócitos por fêmea, provenientes de ninfas expostas a outras concentrações de permetrina, sugere que esse inseticida pode afetar a capacidade reprodutiva. Esses resultados são discutidos em relação à tolerância de Heteroptera predador aos inseticidas e a possível ocorrência de hormese.

efficacy of permethrin-treated military uniforms as a personal protection against culex pipiens [diptera: culicidae] and its environmental consequences

Naturally, there are different species of Culex mosquitoes in Iran. Culex pipiens complex is widespread in many parts of the country, specially in urban areas. In spite of this fact that Cx. pipiens species is the vector of some orboviruses and filariasis in many countries of the World, it does not have an important role in transmission of diseases in Iran. This species can easily reproduce in urban areas, due to the infection of surface waters and presence of sewage canals. The importance of Cx.pipiens for mankind is in fact, its biting and nuisance, specially at sleeping time. In this study, six types of current military uniforms of Iran's army were treated by permethrin [0.125 mg. permethrin [AI]/cm2] and examined against the biting of natural population of Cx.pipiens in urban areas in Tehran. Eight volunteer were selected for this study. Six of them put on the treated uniforms and the other two of them wore the untreated uniforms. All the subjects participated in the night biting test for eight active nights July 2004. There was no significant difference in the protection of different treated uniforms against mosquitoes biting. The average number of biting among who wore untreated uniforms [control] was 2.14 mosquito biting/min/person [128.2/hr], While it was 0.23 [13.8/hr] for who wore treated uniforms. The percent protection of treated uniforms, in comparison with untreated ones, was about 89%. The protection percent of treated uniforms for different species of mosquitoes, in comparison with untreated ones, was calculated through determining the species of captured mosquitoes, separately from case and control subjects. The results of species identification among captured mosquitoes of a field study showed that about 95% of them are of Cx.pipiens species, and protection of treated uniforms against them, was estimated 87%. Moreover, as an accompaning environmental consequence a significant reduction in mosquito's density was seen

Evaluation à court et moyen terme de l'effet de la permethrine sur la faune icthtyologique du fleuve Sassanda (Côte d'Ivoire)

Convention IET/OMS